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Gouri V, Roy G, Kanojia A, Singh S, Muthuswami R, Samant M. Identification of novel inhibitors from Rubus ellipticus as anti-leishmanial agents targeting DDX3-DEAD box RNA helicase of Leishmania donovani. 3 Biotech 2025; 15:18. [PMID: 39711919 PMCID: PMC11659541 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 11/28/2024] [Indexed: 12/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by Leishmania donovani, remains challenging to treat due to severe side effects and increasing drug resistance associated with current chemotherapies. Our study investigates the anti-leishmanial potential of Rubus ellipticus from Uttarakhand, India, with extracts prepared from leaves and stems using ethanol and hexane. Advanced GC-MS analysis identified over 100 bioactive compounds, which were screened using molecular docking to assess their binding to LdHEL-67, a DDX3-DEAD box RNA helicase of L. donovani. Our results spotlighted nine major compounds with high binding energy, which were then further analyzed for ADMET properties and toxicity predictions, demonstrating their promising pharmacokinetic profiles. Among these, clionasterol emerged as the standout compound, displaying superior results in all in silico analyses compared to Amphotericin B (the control). Notably, clionasterol was present in significant proportions across all the mentioned extracts. Subsequent treatment with these extracts led to a remarkable reduction in the intracellular amastigote and axenic amastigote, and promastigote forms of L. donovani and non-toxic to THP-1-derived macrophages. Moreover, the extracts induced apoptotic effects, as evidenced by the fragmentation of parasitic genomic DNA. This study marks a significant leap in developing herbal-based, target-specific inhibitors against VL. Hence, our findings highlight the immense potential of R. ellipticus as a natural treatment for VL. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-04183-4.
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Kanojia A, Roy G, Madhubala R, Muthuswami R. Interplay between DOT1L and HDAC1 regulates Leishmania donovani infection in human THP-1 cells. Acta Trop 2024; 258:107352. [PMID: 39103111 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, causes visceral leishmaniasis. The parasite modifies the global gene expressions of the host genome, facilitating its survival within the host. Thus, the host epigenetic modulators play important roles in host-pathogen interaction and host epigenetic modification in response to infection. Previously, we had reported that the host epigenetic modulator, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) expression was upregulated on Leishmania donovani infection. This upregulation led to the repression of host defensin genes in response to the infection. In this paper, we have investigated the interplay between the host DOT1L, a histone methyltransferase, and HDAC1 in response to Leishmania donovani infection. We show that the expression of DOT1L is upregulated both at transcript and protein level following infection leading to increase in H3K79me, H3K79me2, and H3K79me3 levels. ChIP experiments showed that DOT1L regulated the expression of HDAC1. Downregulation of DOT1L using siRNA resulted in decreased expression of HDAC1 and increased transcription of defensin genes and thereby, lower parasite load. In turn, HDAC1 regulates the expression of DOT1L on Leishmania donovani infection as downregulation of HDAC1 using siRNA led to reduced expression of DOT1L. Thus, during Leishmania donovani infection, an interplay between DOT1L and HDAC1 regulates the expression of these two histone modifiers leading to downregulation of defensin gene expression.
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Chakrabarty D, Wang K, Roy G, Bhojgaria A, Zhang C, Pavlu J, Chakrabartty J. Constructing training set using distance between learnt graphical models of time series data on patient physiology, to predict disease scores. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292404. [PMID: 37856497 PMCID: PMC10586698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interventional endeavours in medicine include prediction of a score that parametrises a new subject's susceptibility to a given disease, at the pre-onset stage. Here, for the first time, we provide reliable learning of such a score in the context of the potentially-terminal disease VOD, that often arises after bone marrow transplants. Indeed, the probability of surviving VOD, is correlated with early intervention. In our work, the VOD-score of each patient in a retrospective cohort, is defined as the distance between the (posterior) probability of a random graph variable-given the inter-variable partial correlation matrix of the time series data on variables that represent different aspects of patient physiology-and that given such time series data of an arbitrarily-selected reference patient. Such time series data is recorded from a pre-transplant to a post-transplant time, for each patient in this cohort, though the data available for distinct patients bear differential temporal coverage, owing to differential patient longevities. Each graph is a Soft Random Geometric Graph drawn in a probabilistic metric space, and the computed inter-graph distance is oblivious to the length of the time series data. The VOD-score learnt in this way, and the corresponding pre-transplant parameter vector of each patient in this retrospective cohort, then results in the training data, using which we learn the function that takes VOD-score as its input, and outputs the vector of pre-transplant parameters. We model this function with a vector-variate Gaussian Process, the covariance structure of which is kernel parametrised. Such modelling is easier than if the score variable were the output. Then for any prospective patient, whose pre-transplant variables are known, we learn the VOD-score (and the hyperparameters of the covariance kernel), using Markov Chain Monte Carlo based inference.
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Jain K, Mohan KV, Roy G, Sinha P, Jayaraman V, Kiran, Yadav AS, Phasalkar A, Deepanshu, Pokhrel A, Perumal N, Sinha N, Chaudhary K, Upadhyay P. Reconditioned monocytes are immunomodulatory and regulate inflammatory environment in sepsis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14977. [PMID: 37696985 PMCID: PMC10495550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is caused by dysregulated immune response to severe infection and hyper inflammation plays a central role in worsening the disease. The immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been evaluated as a therapeutic candidate for sepsis. Reconditioned monocytes (RM), generated from healthy human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) exhibit both macrophage and MSCs-like properties. RM were administered at different stages of sepsis in a mouse model. It reduced serum levels of IL6, MCP-1, IL-10, improved hypothermia, increased survival, and recovery from 0 to 66% when combined with antibiotics in the mouse model. The reduced human leucocyte antigen DR molecules expression on RM enables their co-culture with PBMCs of sepsis patients which resulted in reduced ROS production, and up-regulated TGF-β while down-regulating IL6, IL8, and IL-10 in-vitro. RM are potentially immunomodulatory, enhance survival in sepsis mouse model and modulate inflammatory behaviour of sepsis patient's PBMCs.
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Núñez C, Carrasco A, Corzo M, Pariente R, Esteve M, Roy G. Flow cytometric analysis of duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytes (celiac lymphogram): A diagnostic test for celiac disease. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 179:143-155. [PMID: 37625872 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) diagnosis in adults and certain cases of children mainly relies on the assessment of histopathological features in duodenal biopsies. However, none of the histological findings that characterize CD are pathognomonic. This, in addition to the clinical heterogeneity of the disease and the presence of seronegative forms, makes the diagnosis of CD still a challenge. A hallmark of the celiac mucosa is the elevated number of TCRγδ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) in the epithelium, which may remain increased even long after gluten withdrawal. Active disease is also characterized by the decreased CD3- IEL subset. The use of flow cytometry enables a precise cell counting and phenotyping, allowing the ascertainment of both TCRγδ+ and CD3- IEL subsets, what is known as the "IEL lymphogram." Although determination of this lymphogram has become a routine evaluation tool in numerous hospitals, standardization of the technical method will guarantee an accurate performance in order to become a pivotal technique for CD diagnosis. Here we describe the protocol to process duodenal biopsies in order to obtain the IELs from the mucosa and to characterize lymphocyte populations by flow cytometry to obtain the IEL lymphogram.
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Sachdev R, Roy G, Allan G. A framework for assessing the potential for a double dividend from a policy-induced reduction in alcohol consumption on the economy. Public Health 2023; 218:180-185. [PMID: 37060738 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tax policies targeted at reducing alcohol consumption are typically understood to be associated with economic losses, including in alcohol production and trade sectors. This study sought to determine whether the overall effect of reduced alcohol consumption might be positive once improvements in productivity associated with reduced alcohol-related consumption are considered. STUDY DESIGN This study used Computable General Equilibrium economic modelling. METHODS An economic modelling framework was developed for Scotland, which considered the fiscal and economic impacts of alcohol taxation and the economy-wide impacts. Simulation of hypothetical alcohol taxes and improvements in labour productivity calibrated on losses due to absenteeism and presenteeism in Scotland in 2017. RESULTS The long-run impacts of a five pence increase in taxation alone produce negative economic impacts on jobs and Gross Domestic Product in Scotland (1189 jobs and £71.12 million). These effects are reduced by half - but remain negative - when the revenues from such policy are recycled to the economy through government spending. A small improvement in labour productivity - equivalent to 4.95% of the total productivity gap from absenteeism and presenteeism estimated for Scotland - would be sufficient to turn the economic consequence non-negative. CONCLUSIONS The overall macroeconomic impact of policies targeted at alcohol consumption should include consideration of the potential productivity effect and that impact studies that do not include such mechanisms are likely to overstate the negative economic impacts of alcohol policies.
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Chakraborty A, Roy G, Fatima F, Swami B, Bhaskar S. Mycobacterium indicus pranii therapy suppresses systemic dissemination of tumor cells in B16F10 murine model of melanoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114307. [PMID: 36739765 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer associated morbidity is mostly attributed to the dissemination of tumor cells from their primary niche into the circulation known as "metastasis". Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) an approved immunotherapeutic agent against lung cancer (NSCLC) has shown potent anti-tumor activity in prior studies. While evaluating anti-tumor activity of MIP in mouse model, MIP treated animals typically exhibited less metastatic lesions in their pulmonary compartment. To study the role of MIP in metastasis closely, B16F10 melanoma cells were implanted subcutaneously in the mice, and the dissemination of tumor cells from the solid tumor was evaluated over a period of time. When B16F10 melanoma cells were treated with MIP in vitro, downregulation of epithelial mesenchymal transition markers was observed in these cells, which in turn suppressed the invasion, migration and adhesion of tumor cells. Notably, MIP therapy was found to be effectively reducing the metastatic burden in murine model of melanoma. Molecular characterization of MIP treated tumor cells substantiated that MIP upregulates the PPARγ expression within the tumor cells, which attenuates the NFκB/p65 levels within the nucleus, resulting in the suppression of Mmp9 expression in tumor cells. Besides that, MIP also downregulated the surface expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 in murine melanoma cells, where chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed the impeded recruitment of p50 and c-Rel factors to the Cxcr4 promoter, resulting in its downregulation transcriptionally. Taken together, MIP suppressed the dissemination of tumor cells in vivo, by regulating the expression of MMP9 and CXCR4 on these cells.
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Chakraborty A, Roy G, Swami B, Bhaskar S. Tumor targeted delivery of mycobacterial adjuvant encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles showed potential anti-cancer activity and immune cell activation in tumor microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109463. [PMID: 36462337 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Targeting immunotherapeutics inside the tumor microenvironment (TME) with intact biological activity remains a pressing issue. Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP), an approved adjuvant therapy for leprosy has exhibited promising results in clinical trials of lung (NSCLC) and bladder cancer. Whole MIP as well as its cell wall fraction have shown tumor growth suppression and enhanced survival in mice model of melanoma, when administered peritumorally. Clinically, peritumoral delivery remains a procedural limitation. In this study, a tumor targeted delivery system was designed, where chitosan nanoparticles loaded with MIP adjuvants, when administered intravenously showed preferential accumulation within the TME, exploiting the principle of enhanced permeability and retention effect. Bio-distribution studies revealed their highest concentration inside the tumor after 6 h of administration. Interestingly, MIP adjuvant nano-formulations significantly reduced the tumor volume in the treated groups and increased the frequency of activated immune cells inside the TME. For chemoimmunotherapeutics studies, MIP nano-formulation was combined with standard dosage regimen of Paclitaxel. Combined therapy exhibited a further reduction in tumor volume relative to either of the MIP nano formulations. From this study a three-pronged strategy emerged as the underlying mechanism; chitosan and Paclitaxel have shown direct role in tumor cell death and the MIP nano-formulation activates the tumor residing immune cells which ultimately leads to the reduced tumor growth.
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Roy G, Chakraborty A, Swami B, Pal L, Ahuja C, Basak S, Bhaskar S. Type 1 interferon mediated signaling is indispensable for eliciting anti-tumor responses by Mycobacterium indicus pranii. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1104711. [PMID: 37122749 PMCID: PMC10140407 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1104711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The evolving tumor secretes various immunosuppressive factors that reprogram the tumor microenvironment (TME) to become immunologically cold. Consequently, various immunosuppressive cells like Tregs are recruited into the TME which in turn subverts the anti-tumor response of dendritic cells and T cells.Tumor immunotherapy is a popular means to rejuvenate the immunologically cold TME into hot. Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) has shown strong immunomodulatory activity in different animal and human tumor models and has been approved for treatment of lung cancer (NSCLC) patients as an adjunct therapy. Previously, MIP has shown TLR2/9 mediated activation of antigen presenting cells/Th1 cells and their enhanced infiltration in mouse melanoma but the underlying mechanism by which it is modulating these immune cells is not yet known. Results This study reports for the first time that MIP immunotherapy involves type 1 interferon (IFN) signaling as one of the major signaling pathways to mediate the antitumor responses. Further, it was observed that MIP therapy significantly influenced frequency and activation of different subsets of T cells like regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD8+ T cells in the TME. It reduces the migration of Tregs into the TME by suppressing the expression of CCL22, a Treg recruiting chemokine on DCs and this process is dependent on type 1 IFN. Simultaneously, in a type 1 IFN dependent pathway, it enhances the activation and effector function of the immunosuppressive tumor resident DCs which in turn effectively induce the proliferation and effector function of the CD8+ T cells. Conclusion This study also provides evidence that MIP induced pro-inflammatory responses including induction of effector function of conventional dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells along with reduction of intratumoral Treg frequency are essentially mediated in a type 1 IFN-dependent pathway.
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Roy G, Kadekar P, Douglas L, Currie J, Dhillon J, Cesarone G, Siderits R, Kirchner K, Demeule M, Marsolais C. Expression of the sortilin 1 receptor (SORT1) in healthy and tumor tissues. Eur J Cancer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(22)01112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Loarce-Martos J, Calvo Sanz L, Garrote-Corral S, Rits C, Ballester Gonzalez R, García-Soidan A, Bachiller-Corral J, Roy G. POS0847 MYOSITIS AUTOANTIBODIES DETECTED BY LINE BLOT IMMUNOASSAY: CLINICAL ASSOCIATIONS AND CORRELATION WITH ANTIBODY TITERS. Ann Rheum Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundIdiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are a heterogeneous group of autoimmune diseases (AID) characterized by muscle inflammation and weakness, often accompanied with other organ involvement, such as skin rash or interstitial lung disease (ILD). Myositis specific (MSA) and myositis associated antibodies (MAA) can be detected in approximately 60% of patients with IIM. Besides, antibody titers have been suggested to be related with diagnostic accuracy, although it has not been widely studied. MSA are considered to be exclusive of patients with IIM, whilst MAA can occur in IIM and other systemic autoimmune diseases, nevertheless, most of the studies are focused exclusively on IIM patients.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to assess the relationship between MSA/MAA and diagnosis (including IIM and other AID), and to explore the impact of antibody titers in diagnostic accuracy.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all the serum samples obtained from patients tested for MSA/MAA between 01/01/2018 and 31/12/2020 in the Immunology department of Ramón y Cajal University Hospital (Spain). These antibodies were tested by line blot immunoassay (LIA) (EUROLINE Autoimmune Inflammatory Myopathies 16 Ag, Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany). Positivity was stablished according to absorbance titer and adjusted by positive control of each test (arbitrary units, AU). True positive (TP) MSA and MAA were defined as those patients with IIM or AID with phenotypes expected of that MSA/MAA, according to the available information. The patients that did not have a phenotype compatible with that antibody were regarded as false positive (FP). Statistical analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS statistics version 22.ResultsWe analyzed 130 positive samples which corresponded to 130 patients, 85 were women and mean age was 55.08 years. 44 patients (33.8%) were classified as IIM, 43 (33.1%) as AID, and 43 (33.1%) as non-IIM/AID. Among these 130 patients, 164 MSA/MAA were detected. 83 (50.6%) positive MSA/MAA were regarded as TP, and 81 (49.4%) as FP (positive predictive value [PPV] 50.6%). Antibodies regarded as TP had a higher antibody titer compared to FP (49,19 AU vs 26,96 AU, p<0.001). This difference was statistically significant for MSA and MAA when analysed separately (Figure 1). FP antibodies were associated with negative ANA and low titer ANA (p<0.001). Multiple positive antibodies (antibodies included in samples that were positive for > 1 MSA/MAA) were more frequently FP in comparison with isolated positive MSA/MAA (p<0.001).Figure 1.Autoantibody titers comparison between false positives and true positives. MSA=myositis specific antibody, MAA=myositis associated antibody, FP=false positive, TP=true positiveConclusionIn this study we confirm that FP results using LIA are relatively frequent, and are associated with lower titer MSA/MAA, negative ANA, lower titer ANA, and with multiple positive MSA/MAA within one sample.References[1]Betteridge Z, Tansley S, Shaddick G, et al (2019) Frequency, mutual exclusivity and clinical associations of myositis autoantibodies in a combined European cohort of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy patients. J Autoimmun 101:48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2019.04.001[2]Cavazzana I, Fredi M, Ceribelli A, et al (2016) Testing for myositis specific autoantibodies: Comparison between line blot and immunoprecipitation assays in 57 myositis sera. J Immunol Methods 433:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2016.02.017[3]Tansley SL, Li D, Betteridge ZE, McHugh NJ (2020) The reliability of immunoassays to detect autoantibodies in patients with myositis is dependent on autoantibody specificity. Rheumatol (United Kingdom) 59:2109–2114. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keaa021[4]Mahler M, Betteridge Z, Bentow C, et al (2019) Comparison of Three Immunoassays for the Detection of Myositis Specific Antibodies. Front Immunol 10:848. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00848Disclosure of InterestsNone declared
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Brar HK, Roy G, Kanojia A, Madan E, Madhubala R, Muthuswami R. Chromatin-Remodeling Factor BRG1 Is a Negative Modulator of L. donovani in IFNγ Stimulated and Infected THP-1 Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:860058. [PMID: 35433496 PMCID: PMC9011159 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.860058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens manipulate the host cell for their own survival by contributing to modifications of host epigenome, and thus, altering expression of genes involved in the pathogenesis. Both ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex and histone modifications has been shown to be involved in the activation of IFNγ responsive genes. Leishmania donovani is an intracellular pathogen that causes visceral leishmaniasis. The strategies employed by Leishmania donovani to modulate the host epigenome in order to overcome the host defense for their persistence has been worked out in this study. We show that L. donovani negatively affects BRG1, a catalytic subunit of mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, to alter IFNγ induced host responses. We observed that L. donovani infection downregulates BRG1 expression both at transcript and protein levels in cells stimulated with IFNγ. We also observed a significant decrease in IFNγ responsive gene, Class II transactivator (CIITA), as well as its downstream genes, MHC-II (HLA-DR and HLA-DM). Also, the occupancy of BRG1 at CIITA promoters I and IV was disrupted. A reversal in CIITA expression and decreased parasite load was observed with BRG1 overexpression, thus, suggesting BRG1 is a potential negative regulator for the survival of intracellular parasites in an early phase of infection. We also observed a decrease in H3 acetylation at the promoters of CIITA, post parasite infection. Silencing of HDAC1, resulted in increased CIITA expression, and further decreased parasite load. Taken together, we suggest that intracellular parasites in an early phase of infection negatively regulates BRG1 by using host HDAC1 for its survival inside the host.
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Pal L, Nandani R, Kumar P, Swami B, Roy G, Bhaskar S. Macrophages Are the Key Players in Promoting Hyper-Inflammatory Response in a Mouse Model of TB-IRIS. Front Immunol 2021; 12:775177. [PMID: 34899731 PMCID: PMC8662811 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.775177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TB-IRIS is an abnormal inflammatory response in a subset of HIV-TB co-infected patients shortly after initiation of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Therapy in these patients could have greatly improved the life expectancy as ART reconstitutes the function and number of CD4+ T cells and many patients see improvement in symptoms but paradoxically up to 54% of co-infected patients develop TB-IRIS. Different studies have indicated that both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in the pathology of IRIS but the role of macrophages in abnormal activation of CD4+ T cells is poorly understood. Since macrophages are one of the major antigen-presenting cells and are infected by M.tb at a high frequency, they are very much likely to be involved in the development of TB-IRIS. In this study, we have developed a mouse model of experimental IRIS, in which M.tb-infected T-cell knockout mice undergo a fatal inflammatory disease after CD4+ T cell reconstitution. Lung macrophages and blood monocytes from M.tb-infected TCRβ-/- mice showed upregulated expression of cell surface activation markers and also showed higher mRNA expression of inflammation-associated chemokines and matrix metalloproteases responsible for tissue damage. Furthermore, cytokine and TLR signaling feedback mechanism to control excessive inflammation was also found to be dysregulated in these macrophages under lymphopenic conditions. Previous studies have shown that hyperactive CD4+ T cells are responsible for disease induction and our study shows that somehow macrophages are in a higher activated state when infected with M.tb in an immune-deficient condition, which results in excessive activation of the adoptively transferred CD4+ T cells. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of TB-IRIS would facilitate identification of prospective biomarkers for disease development in HIV-TB co-infected patients before starting antiretroviral therapy.
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Majella MG, Thekkur P, Kumar AM, Chinnakali P, Saka VK, Roy G. Effect of mobile voice calls on treatment initiation among patients diagnosed with tuberculosis in a tertiary care hospital of Puducherry: A randomized controlled trial. J Postgrad Med 2021; 67:205-212. [PMID: 34169923 PMCID: PMC8706537 DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_1105_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In India, about one third of tuberculosis (TB) patients diagnosed at tertiary hospitals are missed during a referral to peripheral health institutes for treatment. To address this, we assessed whether mobile voice call reminders to TB patients after diagnosis at a tertiary hospital decrease the proportion of "pretreatment loss to follow-up" (PTLFU), compared with the conventional paper-based referral. Design A two-group parallel-arm randomized controlled trial was conducted. Setting The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital at Puducherry, South India. Participants All newly diagnosed TB patients, both pulmonary and extrapulmonary, who were referred for treatment from the selected tertiary care hospital and possessed a mobile phone were eligible to participate. The participants were enrolled between March 2015 and June 2016 and were randomized to study groups using the block randomization with allocation concealment. Intervention The participants in the intervention arm received standardized mobile voice calls reminding them to register for anti-TB treatment on the second and seventh day after referral in addition to the conventional paper-based referral received by the control group. Primary outcomes Patients not started on anti-TB treatment within 14 days of referral were considered as PTLFU. The outcome of PTLFU was ascertained through phone calls made on the 14th day after referral. The intention-to-treat analysis was used, and the proportion of PTLFU in the study groups and the risk difference with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Results Of the 393 patients assessed for eligibility, 310 were randomized to the intervention (n = 155) and control (n = 155) arms. In the intervention arm, 14 (9%) out of 155 were PTLFU compared with 28 (18%) of the 155 patients in the control arm. The absolute risk difference was 9% (95% CI [1.5, 16.6], P = 0.01). Conclusion Mobile voice call reminder to patients is a feasible intervention and can reduce PTLFU among referred TB patients.
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Choudhury M, Jyethi DS, Dutta J, Purkayastha SP, Deb D, Das R, Roy G, Sen T, Bhattacharyya KG. Investigation of groundwater and soil quality near to a municipal waste disposal site in Silchar, Assam, India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY AND WATER RESOURCES 2021. [PMCID: PMC7930903 DOI: 10.1007/s42108-021-00117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Unscientific management of municipal solid waste is one of the direct sources of contamination in developing countries, such as India. The present investigation carried out during Oct–Dec 2019 attempts to assess the parameters, such as quality of groundwater and soil along three depths (0–5, 5–15 and 15–30 cm), in proximity to a dumping site in Silchar, a rapidly evolving city of North-East India. Standard protocols of soil and water quality assessments were carried out. The pH values of the surface soils were found to be slightly acidic. Decrease in acidity with increasing depth was observed in the study site. The relative abundance of the analyzed elements at all soil depths was Zn > Fe > Ni > Cu > Cr. Weak correlation between the concentration of Cu, Fe and Zn, and the bulk density of the soil highlighted the micronutrient status of the soil. The impact of the nearby dumpsite on trace element contamination is indicated by the ‘extremely contaminated’ status of the soils with respect to geo-accumulation index. Majority of the groundwater samples exhibited pH levels below the desired limits, making it unfit for consumption by local communities. While Fe, Cu and Ni levels in groundwater samples exceeded the guideline values, Cr and Zn concentrations were found to be within limits except one sample. Principal Component Analysis of the observed data was carried out to ascertain the predominant sources of contamination. The observations indicate the negative impacts of nearby dumpsite on environmental parameters, such as groundwater and soil quality, as highlighted in this research.
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Roy G, Bhoi A, Bhaumik S. A Comparative Approach for MI-Based EEG Signals Classification Using Energy, Power and Entropy. Ing Rech Biomed 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chiasson R, Aboulhouda I, Roy G, Boucher A, Gagnon MP, Boutin S, Kankindi B, Ouellet M. E-health, community housing and nursing interprofessional clinic for equity. Eur J Public Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Problem
From a focus on transmittable diseases, attention to prevention and promotion has become a priority since 2011. Influenced by the Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases and The Rio Declaration on Social Determinants of Health, many countries across the world have identified targets aiming at chronic diseases prevention, preventable death and reduced morbidity. Individual behavior changes remain a challenge for health practitioners. Shanghai Declaration suggests that health literacy is a critical determinant for healthy choices and decisions.
Description
A healthy living program has been developed and offered in partnership between local public health and university Laval. We present the case of the community housing Mimosa du Quartier and its preventative nursing clinic. Eight-week Preventative circles and e-prevention interventions from kinesiologist, nutritionist and nurses are explored. IPads were provided to families and we used REACT technology.
Results
Discussion on e-health relevance, feasibility and impact is proposed. Program description, personalised action plan using SMART goals, health literacy and prevention gains are revealed. Relevance, feasibility and perceived impact are discussed. Learning about the user's experience, we can improve the telehealth program in support of continuity of care within the homes of families. This strategy is key to self-management and empowerment Lessons. Health promotion with e-prevention is strategic for sustainable family health. Combining strategies can improve outcomes. This pilot research shows promising results and practical considerations are given to the importance of the relational and alliance aspect of the care relationship even through technology use, to digital literacy capabilities, to family's motivation and engagement and finally to the advantages provided by the technology use.
Key messages
E-health prevention is an innovative avenue to fight chronic disease. Increased engagement in self-management leads to equity and less adverse outcomes for vulnerable families.
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Loarce-Martos J, Rita C, Ballester Gonzalez R, Calvo Sanz L, Garrote Corral S, García-Soidan A, García-Hoz C, Iturrieta-Zuazo I, Bachiller-Corral J, Roy G. FRI0250 “ARE MYOSITIS ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHY DIAGNOSIS?” CLINICAL CORRELATION OF A COHORT OF PATIENTS POSITIVE FOR MYOSITIS ANTIBODIES. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background:Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) are a group of immune-mediated diseases characterized my muscle weakness, skin rash and systemic involvement. Myositis-specific antibodies (MSA) and myositis-associated antibodies (MAA) play a major role in IIM diagnosis, classification and prognosis. Nevertheless, MSA/MAA testing is not standardized and there very few studies addressing their relationship with other diseases.Objectives:To describe a cohort of patients tested positive for MSA/MAA, and to explore it´s relationship with IIM and other autoimmune diseases.Methods:We retrospectively review all the serum samples obtained from patients tested for MSA/MAA during 2019 in the Immunology department of Ramón y Cajal University Hospital (Madrid, Spain). These antibodies were tested by specific immunoblot (EUROLINE: Autoimmune Inflammatory Myopathies 16 Ag) with highly purified MSA/MAA. Positivity was stablished according to absorbance titer and adjusted by positive control of each test (arbitrary units, AU). Patients were diagnosed with IIM according to their clinician diagnosis. Diagnosis and classification were confirmed by an independent rheumatologist (JL) according to current understanding of IIM classification.Results:Three-hundred-seventy-five samples were tested for MSA during the study period. Two-hundred-seventy-nine were negative for all antibodies tested. Ninety-six samples were positive for one or more MSA/MAA, corresponding to 74 patients (11 patients had 2 different samples). Forty-nine (66.2%) of the patients who tested positive were female and 25 (33.8%) were male. Mean age was 58.65 years. Only 22 patients (29.7%) had a confirmed diagnosis of IIM, 24 (32.4%) had a diagnosis of other autoimmune disease, and 11 (14.9%) were diagnosed with interstitial lung disease (ILD) (Figure 1). Six ILD patients had anti-PM-Scl or anti-Ku antibodies, which are associated with scleroderma or overlap-CTD myositis, nevertheless, they remained classified as ILD as no other features were described in this group.Seventeen patients were positive for more than 1 MAA or MSA, including 14 patients positive for anti Ro-52. Antibody titer was higher in the IIM group compared to non-myositis group (59.59 vs 44.16, p=0.015). Anti Mi-2 was positive in 4 ILD without any other myositis features, and high titer anti-SRP (n=4, mean 59.75 AU) was found in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) patients. Additionally, 5 patients positive for antiJo-1 using ELIA (Thermo Fisher) were diagnosed with antisynthetase syndrome. IIM diagnosis and its relationship with antibody titer is represented in table 1.Table 1.Autoantibody titer according to diagnosis.Antibody (Number of patients)Number of samplesIIMIIM antibody titer (AU)Non-IIMNon-IIM antibody titer (AU)Other AI diseasesAnti Ro-52Anti Jo-1 (n=1)11 (100%)92.70-01 (100%)Anti PL-7 (n=8)113 (37.5%)29.595 (62.5%)25.595 (62.5%)2 (25%)Anti PL-12 (n=3)21 (33.3%)53.952 (66.6%)69.971 (33.3%)2 (50%)Anti EJ (n=1)11 (100%)99.460-01 (100%)Anti OJ (n=2)40-2 (100%)23.041 (50%)0Anti Ku (n=14)193 (21.4%)107.2511 (78.6%)31.855 (35.7%)0Anti Tif1gamma (n=5)63 (60%)40.122 (40%)23.841 (20%)0Anti NXP2 (n=2)30-2 (100%)13.991 (50%)1 (50%)Anti Mi2 (n=12)173 (25%)48.659 (75%)26.674 (33.3%)0Anti SAE (n=1)10-1 (100%)1800Anti MDA5 (n=2)32 (100%)30.5401 (50%)1 (50%)Anti SRP (n=9)124 (44.4%)42.695 (55.6%)68.165 (55.5%)2 (22.2%)Anti PM-Scl75 and PM-Scl100 (n=2)21 (50%)68.61 (50%)36.6700Anti PM-Scl75 (n=8)10016.268 (100%)22.723 (37.5%)1 (12.5%)Anti PM-Scl100 (n=4)50-4 (100%)23.622 (50%)0Conclusion:Only 28.7% of the patients that were MAA/MSA positive had a diagnosis of IIM. Other autoimmune diseases and ILD were commonly found in this group of MSA/MAA positive patients.References:[1]Damoiseaux J, Vulsteke JB, Tseng CW, Platteel ACM, Piette Y, Shovman O, et al. Autoantibodies in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: Clinical associations and laboratory evaluation by mono- and multispecific immunoassays. Vol. 18, Autoimmunity Reviews. Elsevier B.V.; 2019. p. 293–305.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Hernández-Breijo B, Plasencia C, García-Hoz C, Sobrino C, Navarro-Compán V, Martínez-Feito A, Nieto-Gañán I, Lapuente-Suanzes P, Bachiller-Corral J, Bonilla G, Pijoan Moratalla C, Roy G, Vázquez Díaz M, Balsa A, Villar LM, Pascual-Salcedo D, Rodríguez-Martín E. FRI0582 GM-CSF PRODUCED BY CD4+ T CELLS AS A MARKER OF CLINICAL REMISSION IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS TREATED WITH TNF INHIBITORS. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background:According to the EULAR recommendations, the therapeutic target in patients with RA should be remission (REM). However, no more than 50% of the patients treated with TNF inhibitors (TNFi) attains this outcome. Previous investigations suggested the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as markers associated with the TNFi treatment success1,2. Granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plays a relevant role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) because it promotes the macrophage differentiation, survival and activation3.Objectives:To analyse the intracellular cytokine production by PBMC and its association with REM attainment after 6 months (m) of TNFi treatment in patients with RA.Methods:This was a prospective bi-center pilot study including 36 patients with RA. PBMC were isolated from patients at baseline and after 6m of treatment with TNFi and cryopreserved until studied. Intracellular cytokine production by PBMC was stimulated in the presence of 2µg/mL brefeldin as follow: monocytes were stimulated with 20ng/mL LPS during 4h; and simultaneously lymphocytes were stimulated with 50ng/mL phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and 750ng/mL ionomycin during 4h at 37°C. To identify IL-10-producing B cells, PBMC were pre-incubated with 3µg/mL of CpG oligonucleotide during 20h at 37°C prior to stimulation in presence of 2µmol/L monensin. Intracellular cytokine production (TNFα, IL6, GM-CSF, IL10) by the different cell subsets (monocytes, CD4+and CD8+T cells, naïve and memory B cells) was analysed by flow-cytometry. Clinical activity at baseline and after 6m was assessed by DAS28. REM was defined as DAS28≤2.6 at 6m. The association between REM and the change in cytokine production (Δ, 6m-0m) by each PBMC subset was analysed through univariable and multivariable logistic regression models.Results:Seventy-eight percent of the patients were female. After 6m of TNFi treatment, 47% patients attained REM. Univariable analyses was performed to investigate the association between REM and the baseline variables. Male sex (OR: 12.6; 95% CI: 1.35-117.57; p=0.03) and having lower baseline DAS28 (OR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.19-0.85; p=0.02) were independently associated with attaining REM after 6m of TNFi. In the multivariable analysis, only being male (OR: 19.7; 95% CI: 1.4-273.9; p=0.03) remained independently associated with REM after 6m of treatment. Therefore, further analyses were adjusted by sex. Decreased production of GM-CSF by CD4+T cells percentage was found after 6m of TNFi treatment in REM patients (0m: 6.07%; 6m: 3.87%; p=0.007) while no-REM patients did not show differences with the baseline (0m: 3.70%; 6m: 3.75%; p=0.9). The decrease was significantly associated with attaining REM (OR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.33-0.95; p: 0.03). No significant association was found between any other analysed intracellular cytokine produced by the different PBMC subsets and REM.Conclusion:GM-CSF intracellular production by CD4+T cells was significantly decreased by TNFi treatment only in patients who attained REM. Therefore, our results suggest that GM-CSF production by CD4+T cells may be a useful marker of REM to TNFi in RA.References:[1] Sobrino C, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019; 78 (S2): A1665.[2] Hernández-Breijo B, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019; 78 (S2): A711.[3] Avci AB, et al. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2016; 34 (S98), 39-44.Figure. 1:Association between the change in intracellular cytokine production (Δ, 6m-0m) by each PBMC subset and REM. Adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed for each cytokine.Acknowledgments:ISCIII (PI16/00474; PI16/01092)Disclosure of Interests:Borja Hernández-Breijo: None declared, Chamaida Plasencia: None declared, Carlota García-Hoz: None declared, Cristina Sobrino: None declared, Victoria Navarro-Compán Consultant of: Abbvie, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, MSD, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, ANA MARTÍNEZ-FEITO: None declared, Israel Nieto-Gañán: None declared, Paloma Lapuente-Suanzes: None declared, Javier Bachiller-Corral: None declared, Gemma Bonilla: None declared, Cristina Pijoan Moratalla: None declared, Garbiñe Roy: None declared, Mónica Vázquez Díaz: None declared, Alejandro Balsa Grant/research support from: BMS, Roche, Consultant of: AbbVie, Gilead, Lilly, Pfizer, UCB, Sanofi, Sandoz, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Lilly, Sanofi, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Roche, Nordic, Sandoz, Luisa María Villar: None declared, DORA PASCUAL-SALCEDO Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Novartis & Progenika, Speakers bureau: Pfizer, Merck, Novartis, Takeda, Menarini & Grifols, Eulalia Rodríguez-Martín: None declared
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Roy G, Brar HK, Muthuswami R, Madhubala R. Epigenetic regulation of defense genes by histone deacetylase1 in human cell line-derived macrophages promotes intracellular survival of Leishmania donovani. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008167. [PMID: 32275661 PMCID: PMC7176143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, an intracellular protozoan parasite upon infection, encounters a range of antimicrobial factors within the host cells. Consequently, the parasite has evolved mechanisms to evade this hostile defense system through inhibition of macrophage activation that, in turn, enables parasite replication and survival. There is growing evidence that epigenetic down-regulation of the host genome by intracellular pathogens leads to acute infection. Epigenetic modification is mediated by chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, or DNA methylation. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) removes acetyl groups from lysine residues on histones, thereby leading to chromatin remodeling and gene silencing. Here, using L. donovani infected macrophages differentiated from THP-1 human monocytic cells, we report a link between host chromatin modifications, transcription of defense genes and intracellular infection with L. donovani. Infection with L. donovani led to the silencing of host defense gene expression. Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) transcript levels, protein expression, and enzyme activity showed a significant increase upon infection. HDAC1 occupancy at the promoters of the defense genes significantly increased upon infection, which in turn resulted in decreased histone H3 acetylation in infected cells, resulting in the down-regulation of mRNA expression of host defense genes. Small molecule mediated inhibition and siRNA mediated down-regulation of HDAC1 increased the expression levels of host defense genes. Interestingly, in this study, we demonstrate that the silencing of HDAC1 by both siRNA and pharmacological inhibitors resulted in decreased intracellular parasite survival. The present data not only demonstrate that up-regulation of HDAC1 and epigenetic silencing of host cell defense genes is essential for L. donovani infection but also provides novel therapeutic strategies against leishmaniasis.
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Mitra S, Das R, Singh A, Mukhopadhyay MK, Roy G, Ghosh SK. Surface Activities of a Lipid Analogue Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid and Its Effects on Phospholipid Membrane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:328-339. [PMID: 31826620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There are great efforts of synthesizing imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) for developing new antibiotics as these molecules have shown strong antibacterial activities. Compared to a single-hydrocarbon-chained IL, the lipid analogues (LAs) with two chains are more effective. In the present study, the LA molecule MeIm(COOH)Me(Oleylamine)Iodide has been synthesized and its surface activities along with the effectiveness in restructuring of a model cellular membrane have been quantified. The molecule is found to be highly surface active as estimated from the area-pressure isotherm of a monolayer of the molecules formed at the air-water interface. The X-ray reflectivity (XRR) studies of a monolayer dip-coated on a hydrophilic substrate have shown the structural properties of the layer which resembles to those of unsaturated phospholipids. The LA molecules are observed to fluidize a phospholipid bilayer formed by the saturated lipid 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC). At a lower surface pressure, the lipid monolayer of DPPC has exhibited a thickening effect at a low concentration of added LA and a thinning effect at higher concentration. However, at a high surface pressure of the monolayer, the thickness is found to decrease monotonically. The in-plane pressure-dependent interaction of LA molecules with model cellular membrane and the corresponding perturbation in the structure and physical properties of the membrane may be linked to the strong lysing effect of these types of molecules.
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Roy G, Reier J, Garcia A, Martin T, Rice M, Wang J, Prophet M, Christie R, Dall’Acqua W, Ahuja S, Bowen MA, Marelli M. Development of a high yielding expression platform for the introduction of non-natural amino acids in protein sequences. MAbs 2020; 12:1684749. [PMID: 31775561 PMCID: PMC6927762 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1684749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to genetically encode non-natural amino acids (nnAAs) into proteins offers an expanded tool set for protein engineering. nnAAs containing unique functional moieties have enabled the study of post-translational modifications, protein interactions, and protein folding. In addition, nnAAs have been developed that enable a variety of biorthogonal conjugation chemistries that allow precise and efficient protein conjugations. These are being studied to create the next generation of antibody-drug conjugates with improved efficacy, potency, and stability for the treatment of cancer. However, the efficiency of nnAA incorporation, and the productive yields of cell-based expression systems, have limited the utility and widespread use of this technology. We developed a process to isolate stable cell lines expressing a pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNApyl pair capable of efficient nnAA incorporation. Two different platform cell lines generated by these methods were used to produce IgG-expressing cell lines with normalized antibody titers of 3 g/L using continuous perfusion. We show that the antibodies produced by these platform cells contain the nnAA functionality that enables facile conjugations. Characterization of these highly active and robust platform hosts identified key parameters that affect nnAA incorporation efficiency. These highly efficient host platforms may help overcome the expression challenges that have impeded the developability of this technology for manufacturing proteins with nnAAs and represents an important step in expanding its utility.
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Catteau L, Garcia A, Boissonnade O, Karmouche K, Roy G, Calenge A, Pierre M, Guérif S. Évaluation de la toxicité de l’escalade de dose par curiethérapie de haut débit sur une cohorte monocentrique de 245 patients pris en charge pour un cancer de prostate localement évolué. Cancer Radiother 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2019.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Biscans C, Garcia A, Roy G, Calenge A, Debiais Delpech C, Guérif S. Intérêt des biopsies transpérinéales en saturation et ciblées pour la topographie de la récidive intraprostatique après une irradiation première. Cancer Radiother 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Garcia A, Roy G, Kiefer C, Wilson S, Marelli M. qPCR assays to quantitate tRNApyl and pylRS expression in engineered cell lines. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216356. [PMID: 31071154 PMCID: PMC6508675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-natural amino acids (nnAA) contain unique functional moieties that greatly expand the available tool set for protein engineering. But incorporation of nnAAs requires the function of an orthogonal aminoacyl tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair. Stable cell lines expressing these components have been shown capable of producing gram per liter levels of antibodies with nnAAs. However, little has been reported on the genetic makeup of these cells. To gain a better understanding of the minimal requirements for efficient nnAA incorporation we developed qPCR methods for the quantitation of the key components. Here we describe the development of qPCR assays for the quantification of tRNApyl and pylRS. qPCR was chosen because it provides a large dynamic range, has high specificity for its target, and is a non-radioactive method used routinely for cell line characterization. Designing assays for tRNAs present challenges due to their short length (~72 nucleotides) and high secondary structure. These tRNA assays have a ≥ 5 log dynamic range with the tRNApyl assays being able to discern the mature and unprocessed forms of the tRNApyl. Cell line analysis showed tRNApyl was expressed at higher levels than the CHO-K1 endogenous Met and Phe tRNAs and that >88% of tRNApyl was the mature form.
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