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Bennett CL, Hoque S, Olivieri N, Taylor MA, Aboulafia D, Lubaczewski C, Bennett AC, Vemula J, Schooley B, Witherspoon BJ, Godwin AC, Ray PS, Yarnold PR, Ausdenmoore HC, Fishman M, Herring G, Ventrone A, Aldaco J, Hrushesky WJ, Restaino J, Thomsen HS, Yarnold PR, Marx R, Migliorati C, Ruggiero S, Nabhan C, Carson KR, McKoy JM, Yang YT, Schoen MW, Knopf K, Martin L, Sartor O, Rosen S, Smith WK. Consequences to patients, clinicians, and manufacturers when very serious adverse drug reactions are identified (1997-2019): A qualitative analysis from the Southern Network on Adverse Reactions (SONAR). EClinicalMedicine 2021; 31:100693. [PMID: 33554084 PMCID: PMC7846671 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse drug/device reactions (ADRs) can result in severe patient harm. We define very serious ADRs as being associated with severe toxicity, as measured on the Common Toxicity Criteria Adverse Events (CTCAE)) scale, following use of drugs or devices with large sales, large financial settlements, and large numbers of injured persons. We report on impacts on patients, clinicians, and manufacturers following very serious ADR reporting. METHODS We reviewed clinician identified very serious ADRs published between 1997 and 2019. Drugs and devices associated with reports of very serious ADRs were identified. Included drugs or devices had market removal discussed at Food and Drug Advisory (FDA) Advisory Committee meetings, were published by clinicians, had sales > $1 billion, were associated with CTCAE Grade 4 or 5 toxicity effects, and had either >$1 billion in settlements or >1,000 injured patients. Data sources included journals, Congressional transcripts, and news reports. We reviewed data on: 1) timing of ADR reports, Boxed warnings, and product withdrawals, and 2) patient, clinician, and manufacturer impacts. Binomial analysis was used to compare sales pre- and post-FDA Advisory Committee meetings. FINDINGS Twenty very serious ADRs involved fifteen drugs and one device. Legal settlements totaled $38.4 billion for 753,900 injured persons. Eleven of 18 clinicians (61%) reported harms, including verbal threats from manufacturer (five) and loss of a faculty position (one). Annual sales decreased 94% from $29.1 billion pre-FDA meeting to $4.9 billion afterwards (p<0.0018). Manufacturers of four drugs paid $1.7 billion total in criminal fines for failing to inform the FDA and physicians about very serious ADRs. Following FDA approval, the median time to ADR reporting was 7.5 years (Interquartile range 3,13 years). Twelve drugs received Box warnings and one drug received a warning (median, 7.5 years following ADR reporting (IQR 5,11 years). Six drugs and 1 device were withdrawn from marketing (median, 5 years after ADR reporting (IQR 4,6 years)). INTERPRETATION Because very serious ADRs impacts are so large, policy makers should consider developing independently funded pharmacovigilance centers of excellence to assist with clinician investigations. FUNDING This work received support from the National Cancer Institute (1R01 CA102713 (CLB), https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/national-cancer-institute-nci; and two Pilot Project grants from the American Cancer Society's Institutional Grant Award to the University of South Carolina (IRG-13-043-01) https://www.cancer.org/ (SH; BS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L. Bennett
- City of Hope National Medical Center in Duarte, California, United States
- University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
- The SONAR Project of University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Shamia Hoque
- University of South Carolina College of Engineering and Computing in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | | | - Matthew A. Taylor
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - David Aboulafia
- Virginia Mason Medical Center in Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Courtney Lubaczewski
- University of South Carolina College of Arts and Sciences in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Andrew C. Bennett
- The SONAR Project of University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Jay Vemula
- University of South Carolina College of Arts and Sciences in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Benjamin Schooley
- University of South Carolina College of Engineering and Computing in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Bartlett J. Witherspoon
- The SONAR Project of University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Ashley C Godwin
- University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
- The SONAR Project of University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Paul S. Ray
- The SONAR Project of University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Paul R. Yarnold
- The SONAR Project of University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Henry C. Ausdenmoore
- City of Hope National Medical Center in Duarte, California, United States
- University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
- University of South Carolina College of Engineering and Computing in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
- University of South Carolina College of Arts and Sciences in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine in Miami, Florida, United States
- Uniformed Services University F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland, United States
- Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Rush University School of Medicine in Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
- University of Copenhagen in Copenhagen, Denmark
- Caris Life Sciences in Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Highland Hospital in Oakland, California, United States
- Virginia Mason Medical Center in Seattle, Washington, United States
- New York Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in New Hyde Park, New York, United States
- University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Marc Fishman
- The SONAR Project of University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Georgne Herring
- University of South Carolina College of Arts and Sciences in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Anne Ventrone
- University of South Carolina College of Arts and Sciences in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Juan Aldaco
- City of Hope National Medical Center in Duarte, California, United States
| | - William J. Hrushesky
- The SONAR Project of University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - John Restaino
- University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
- The SONAR Project of University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | | | - Paul R. Yarnold
- The SONAR Project of University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Robert Marx
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine in Miami, Florida, United States
| | | | - Salvatore Ruggiero
- New York Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in New Hyde Park, New York, United States
| | - Chadi Nabhan
- The SONAR Project of University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
- Caris Life Sciences in Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Carson
- Rush University School of Medicine in Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - June M. McKoy
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Y. Tony Yang
- George Washington University School of Nursing and Milken Institute School of Public Health in Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Martin W. Schoen
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Kevin Knopf
- The SONAR Project of University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
- Highland Hospital in Oakland, California, United States
| | - Linda Martin
- The SONAR Project of University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy in Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Oliver Sartor
- Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Steven Rosen
- City of Hope National Medical Center in Duarte, California, United States
| | - William K. Smith
- Uniformed Services University F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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