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Välimets S, Sun P, Virginia LJ, van Erven G, Sanders MG, Kabel MA, Peterbauer C. Characterization of Amycolatopsis 75iv2 dye-decolorizing peroxidase on O-glycosides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0020524. [PMID: 38625022 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00205-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Dye-decolorizing peroxidases are heme peroxidases with a broad range of substrate specificity. Their physiological function is still largely unknown, but a role in the depolymerization of plant cell wall polymers has been widely proposed. Here, a new expression system for bacterial dye-decolorizing peroxidases as well as the activity with previously unexplored plant molecules are reported. The dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Amycolatopsis 75iv2 (DyP2) was heterologously produced in the Gram-positive bacterium Streptomyces lividans TK24 in both intracellular and extracellular forms without external heme supplementation. The enzyme was tested on a series of O-glycosides, which are plant secondary metabolites with a phenyl glycosidic linkage. O-glycosides are of great interest, both for studying the compounds themselves and as potential models for studying specific lignin-carbohydrate complexes. The primary DyP reaction products of salicin, arbutin, fraxin, naringin, rutin, and gossypin were oxidatively coupled oligomers. A cleavage of the glycone moiety upon radical polymerization was observed when using arbutin, fraxin, rutin, and gossypin as substrates. The amount of released glucose from arbutin and fraxin reached 23% and 3% of the total substrate, respectively. The proposed mechanism suggests a destabilization of the ether linkage due to the localization of the radical in the para position. In addition, DyP2 was tested on complex lignocellulosic materials such as wheat straw, spruce, willow, and purified water-soluble lignin fractions, but no remarkable changes in the carbohydrate profile were observed, despite obvious oxidative activity. The exact action of DyP2 on such lignin-carbohydrate complexes therefore remains elusive. IMPORTANCE Peroxidases require correct incorporation of the heme cofactor for activity. Heterologous overproduction of peroxidases often results in an inactive enzyme due to insufficient heme synthesis by the host organism. Therefore, peroxidases are incubated with excess heme during or after purification to reconstitute activity. S. lividans as a production host can produce fully active peroxidases both intracellularly and extracellularly without the need for heme supplementation. This reduces the number of downstream processing steps and is beneficial for more sustainable production of industrially relevant enzymes. Moreover, this research has extended the scope of dye-decolorizing peroxidase applications by studying naturally relevant plant secondary metabolites and analyzing the formed products. A previously overlooked artifact of radical polymerization leading to the release of the glycosyl moiety was revealed, shedding light on the mechanism of DyP peroxidases. The key aspect is the continuous addition, rather than the more common approach of a single addition, of the cosubstrate, hydrogen peroxide. This continuous addition allows the peroxidase to complete a high number of turnovers without self-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Välimets
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse, Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral Programme Biomolecular Technology of Proteins (BioToP), BOKU, Muthgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ludovika Jessica Virginia
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse, Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral Programme Biomolecular Technology of Proteins (BioToP), BOKU, Muthgasse, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark G Sanders
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Clemens Peterbauer
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse, Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral Programme Biomolecular Technology of Proteins (BioToP), BOKU, Muthgasse, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Duran K, Kohlstedt M, van Erven G, Klostermann CE, America AHP, Bakx E, Baars JJP, Gorissen A, de Visser R, de Vries RP, Wittmann C, Comans RNJ, Kuyper TW, Kabel MA. From 13C-lignin to 13C-mycelium: Agaricus bisporus uses polymeric lignin as a carbon source. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadl3419. [PMID: 38640242 PMCID: PMC11029805 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Plant biomass conversion by saprotrophic fungi plays a pivotal role in terrestrial carbon (C) cycling. The general consensus is that fungi metabolize carbohydrates, while lignin is only degraded and mineralized to CO2. Recent research, however, demonstrated fungal conversion of 13C-monoaromatic compounds into proteinogenic amino acids. To unambiguously prove that polymeric lignin is not merely degraded, but also metabolized, carefully isolated 13C-labeled lignin served as substrate for Agaricus bisporus, the world's most consumed mushroom. The fungus formed a dense mycelial network, secreted lignin-active enzymes, depolymerized, and removed lignin. With a lignin carbon use efficiency of 0.14 (g/g) and fungal biomass enrichment in 13C, we demonstrate that A. bisporus assimilated and further metabolized lignin when offered as C-source. Amino acids were high in 13C-enrichment, while fungal-derived carbohydrates, fatty acids, and ergosterol showed traces of 13C. These results hint at lignin conversion via aromatic ring-cleaved intermediates to central metabolites, underlining lignin's metabolic value for fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Duran
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michael Kohlstedt
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus A 1.5, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cynthia E. Klostermann
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen Netherlands
| | - Antoine H. P. America
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Edwin Bakx
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Johan J. P. Baars
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
- CNC Grondstoffen, Driekronenstraat 6, 6596 MA Milsbeek, Netherlands
| | - Antonie Gorissen
- IsoLife bv, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ries de Visser
- IsoLife bv, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus A 1.5, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rob N. J. Comans
- Soil Chemistry and Chemical Soil Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Thomas W. Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, Netherlands
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3
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Hammoud M, Debs E, van den Broek LA, Rajha HN, Safi C, van Erven G, Maroun RG, Chokr A, Rammal H, Louka N. Intensification of extraction process through IVDV pretreatment from Eryngium creticum leaves and stems: Maximizing yields and assessing biological activities. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27431. [PMID: 38509897 PMCID: PMC10951497 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
"Intensification of Vaporization by Decompression to the Vacuum" (IVDV) has initially emerged as a technology primarily employed for expanding and enhancing the texture of biological products. However, its recent applications have showcased significant promise in the realm of extracting bioactive molecules from various plant materials. In this context, optimization using response surface methodology was conducted to investigate the impact of IVDV pretreatment on the extractability of phenolic compounds from Eryngium creticum leaves and stems, as well as their biological activities. Using IVDV preceding the extraction led to higher total phenolic content (TPC) and enhanced antiradical activities in treated materials compared to untreated ones. The optimal processing conditions in terms of water content, steam pressure and treatment time were determined in order to maximize TPC (89.07 and 20.06 mg GAE/g DM in leaves and stems, respectively) and antiradical (DPPH) inhibition percentage (93.51% and 27.54% in leaves and stems, respectively). IVDV-treated extracts showed superior antioxidant, antibacterial and antibiofilm capacities compared to raw extracts. Using RP-UHPLC-PDA-MS, caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid were identified in IVDV-treated leaves. IVDV can be implemented as an innovative treatment applied prior to extraction to boost the recovery of biomolecules from plant matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Hammoud
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, B.P. 17-5208 Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
- Research Laboratory of Microbiology (RLM), Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, Beirut, Lebanon
- Platform of Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Espérance Debs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli P. O. Box 100, Lebanon
| | | | - Hiba N. Rajha
- Ecole Supérieure d’Ingénieurs de Beyrouth (ESIB), Saint-Joseph University, Mkalles Mar Roukos, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carl Safi
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Richard G. Maroun
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, B.P. 17-5208 Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Chokr
- Research Laboratory of Microbiology (RLM), Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, Beirut, Lebanon
- Platform of Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Rammal
- Research Laboratory of Microbiology (RLM), Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, Beirut, Lebanon
- Platform of Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Agronomy, Lebanese University, Dekweneh-Lebanon
| | - Nicolas Louka
- Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, B.P. 17-5208 Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
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4
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Sapouna I, van Erven G, Heidling E, Lawoko M, McKee LS. Impact of Extraction Method on the Structure of Lignin from Ball-Milled Hardwood. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2023; 11:15533-15543. [PMID: 37920800 PMCID: PMC10618921 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c02977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structure of hardwoods can permit better valorization of lignin by enabling the optimization of green, high-yield extraction protocols that preserve the structure of wood biopolymers. To that end, a mild protocol was applied for the extraction of lignin from ball-milled birch. This made it possible to understand the differences in the extractability of lignin in each extraction step. The fractions were extensively characterized using 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This comprehensive characterization highlighted that lignin populations extracted by warm water, alkali, and ionic liquid/ethanol diverged in structural features including subunit composition, interunit linkage content, and the abundance of oxidized moieties. Moreover, ether- and ester-type lignin-carbohydrate complexes were identified in the different extracts. Irrespective of whether natively present in the wood or artificially formed during extraction, these complexes play an important role in the extractability of lignin from ball-milled hardwood. Our results contribute to the further improvement of lignin extraction strategies, for both understanding lignin as present in the lignocellulosic matrix and for dedicated lignin valorization efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Sapouna
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 114 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Wageningen
Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse
Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emelie Heidling
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 114 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Lawoko
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division
of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer
Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lauren Sara McKee
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 114 21 Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Duran K, Miebach J, van Erven G, Baars JJP, Comans RNJ, Kuyper TW, Kabel MA. Oxidation-driven lignin removal by Agaricus bisporus from wheat straw-based compost at industrial scale. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125575. [PMID: 37385314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are main lignin degraders and the edible white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, inhabits lignocellulose-rich environments. Previous research hinted at delignification when A. bisporus colonized pre-composted wheat straw-based substrate in an industrial setting, assumed to aid subsequent release of monosaccharides from (hemi-)cellulose to form fruiting bodies. Yet, structural changes and specific quantification of lignin throughout A. bisporus mycelial growth remain largely unresolved. To elucidate A. bisporus routes of delignification, at six timepoints throughout mycelial growth (15 days), substrate was collected, fractionated, and analyzed by quantitative pyrolysis-GC-MS, 2D-HSQC NMR, and SEC. Lignin decrease was highest between day 6 and day 10 and reached in total 42 % (w/w). The substantial delignification was accompanied by extensive structural changes of residual lignin, including increased syringyl to guaiacyl (S/G) ratios, accumulated oxidized moieties, and depleted intact interunit linkages. Hydroxypropiovanillone and hydroxypropiosyringone (HPV/S) subunits accumulated, which are indicative for β-|O-4' ether cleavage and imply a laccase-driven ligninolysis. We provide compelling evidence that A. bisporus is capable of extensive lignin removal, have obtained insights into mechanisms at play and susceptibilities of various substructures, thus we were contributing to understanding fungal lignin conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Duran
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanne Miebach
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johan J P Baars
- CNC Grondstoffen, Driekronenstraat 6, 6596 MA Milsbeek, the Netherlands
| | - Rob N J Comans
- Soil Chemistry and Chemical Soil Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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6
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Hammoud M, Rajha HN, Chokr A, Safi C, van den Broek LAM, van Erven G, Maroun RG, Debs E, Rammal H, Louka N. Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Centranthus longiflorus Stems Extracts Recovered Using Ired-Irrad®, an Innovative Infrared Technology, Compared to Water Bath and Ultrasound. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1288. [PMID: 37374071 DOI: 10.3390/life13061288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraction of polyphenols from Centranthus longiflorus stems was conducted using ultrasound and infrared Ired-Irrad® techniques, and compared to the conventional water bath method. Response surface methodology was used to analyse the effect of time, temperature, and ethanol percentage, as well as to optimize the three extraction methods. The highest phenolic content (81 mg GAE/g DM) and antioxidant activity (76% DPPH inhibition) were recorded with the Ired-Irrad® extract obtained under the optimal conditions: 55 °C, 127 min, 48% (v/v) ethanol. Biological activities (antioxidant, antibacterial and antibiofilm) of the three extracts were assessed. All C. longiflorus stems extracts showed limited antibacterial effects regardless of the extraction method (MIC = 50 mg/mL), whereas Ired-Irrad® extract exhibited the highest biofilm eradication and prevention capacities (93% against Escherichia coli and 97% against Staphylococcus epidermidis, respectively). This bioactivity is likely related to abundant caffeoylquinic acid and quercetin rutinoside, as identified by RP-UHPLC-PDA-MS analysis. The results obtained further promote the effectiveness of Ired-Irrad® as a highly flexible and cost-efficient extraction technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Hammoud
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, CST-Mar Roukos-Dekwaneh, Riad El Solh, P.O. Box 1514, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon
- Research Laboratory of Microbiology (RLM), Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, P.O. Box 5, Beirut 1683, Lebanon
- Platform of Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology (DSST), Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, P.O. Box 6573/14, Beirut 1683, Lebanon
| | - Hiba N Rajha
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, CST-Mar Roukos-Dekwaneh, Riad El Solh, P.O. Box 1514, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon
- Ecole Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Beyrouth (ESIB), Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, CST-Mar Roukos-Dekwaneh, Riad El Solh, P.O. Box 1514, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon
| | - Ali Chokr
- Research Laboratory of Microbiology (RLM), Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, P.O. Box 5, Beirut 1683, Lebanon
- Platform of Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology (DSST), Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, P.O. Box 6573/14, Beirut 1683, Lebanon
| | - Carl Safi
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gijs van Erven
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G Maroun
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, CST-Mar Roukos-Dekwaneh, Riad El Solh, P.O. Box 1514, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon
| | - Espérance Debs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Rammal
- Research Laboratory of Microbiology (RLM), Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, P.O. Box 5, Beirut 1683, Lebanon
- Platform of Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology (DSST), Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, P.O. Box 6573/14, Beirut 1683, Lebanon
| | - Nicolas Louka
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, CST-Mar Roukos-Dekwaneh, Riad El Solh, P.O. Box 1514, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon
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7
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Pazhavelikkakath Purushothaman RK, van Erven G, van Es DS, Rohrbach L, Frissen AE, van Haveren J, Gosselink RJA. New insights into the base catalyzed depolymerization of technical lignins: a systematic comparison. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4898-4909. [PMID: 36762076 PMCID: PMC9906982 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06998a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A first systematic approach on the base catalyzed depolymerization (BCD) of five technical lignins derived from various botanical origins (herbaceous, hardwood and softwood) and covering the main three industrial pulping methods (soda, kraft and organosolv) is reported. This study provides a first of its kind in-depth quantification and structural characterization of two main BCD fractions namely lignin oil and lignin residue, describing the influence of the BCD process conditions. Depolymerization is evaluated in terms of lignin conversion, lignin oil yield, phenolic monomer selectivity and the production of lignin residue and char. Lignin oils were extensively characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), GC-MS, GC-FID, 13C-NMR, HSQC NMR and elemental analysis. GC × GC-FID was used to identify and quantify distinct groups of monomeric compounds (methoxy phenols, phenols, dihydroxy-benzenes) in the lignin oil. The lignin oil yields (w/w) ranged from 20-31% with total monomer contents ranging from 48 to 57% w/w. SEC analysis indicated the presence of dimers/oligomers in the lignin oil, which through HSQC NMR analysis were confirmed to contain new, non-native interunit linkages. 13C NMR analyses of the lignin oils suggest the presence of diaryl type linkages (i.e. aryl-aryl, aryl C-O) evidencing deconstruction and recombination of lignin fragments during BCD. Irrespective of the lignin source, a residue, often regarded as 'unreacted' residual lignin was the main product of BCD (43 to 70% w/w). Our study highlights that this residue has different structural properties and should not be considered as unreacted lignin, but rather as an alkali soluble condensed aromatic material. HSQC, DEPT-135, 13C, and 31P NMR and SEC analyses confirm that the BCD residues are indeed more condensed, with increased phenolic hydroxyl content and lower molecular weights compared to all feed lignins. Subsequent BCD of solid residual fractions produced only low oil yields (6-9% w/w) with lower phenolic monomer yields (4% w/w) compared to original lignin, confirming the significantly more recalcitrant structure. Our study improves the overall understanding of the BCD process, highlights important feedstock-dependent outcomes and ultimately contributes to the complete valorization of BCD-derived lignin streams.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen The Netherlands .,Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Daan S. van Es
- Wageningen Food & Biobased ResearchBornse Weilanden 96708 WGWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Léon Rohrbach
- Green Chemical Reaction Engineering, ENTEG, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenthe Netherlands
| | - Augustinus E. Frissen
- Wageningen Food & Biobased ResearchBornse Weilanden 96708 WGWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Haveren
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen The Netherlands
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8
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Ruiz HA, Sganzerla WG, Larnaudie V, Veersma RJ, van Erven G, Ríos-González LJ, Rodríguez-Jasso RM, Rosero-Chasoy G, Ferrari MD, Kabel MA, Forster-Carneiro T, Lareo C. Advances in process design, techno-economic assessment and environmental aspects for hydrothermal pretreatment in the fractionation of biomass under biorefinery concept. Bioresour Technol 2023; 369:128469. [PMID: 36509309 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development and sustainability of second-generation biorefineries are essential for the production of high added value compounds and biofuels and their application at the industrial level. Pretreatment is one of the most critical stages in biomass processing. In this specific case, hydrothermal pretreatments (liquid hot water [LHW] and steam explosion [SE]) are considered the most promising process for the fractionation, hydrolysis and structural modifications of biomass. This review focuses on architecture of the plant cell wall and composition, fundamentals of hydrothermal pretreatment, process design integration, the techno-economic parameters of the solubilization of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) focused on the operational costs for large-scale process implementation and the global manufacturing cost. In addition, profitability indicators are evaluated between the value-added products generated during hydrothermal pretreatment, advocating a biorefinery implementation in a circular economy framework. In addition, this review includes an analysis of environmental aspects of sustainability involved in hydrothermal pretreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A Ruiz
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico.
| | | | - Valeria Larnaudie
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La República, J. Herrera y Reissig 565, CP 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Romy J Veersma
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leopoldo J Ríos-González
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico
| | - Rosa M Rodríguez-Jasso
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico
| | - Gilver Rosero-Chasoy
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico
| | - Mario Daniel Ferrari
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La República, J. Herrera y Reissig 565, CP 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tânia Forster-Carneiro
- School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Lareo
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La República, J. Herrera y Reissig 565, CP 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
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9
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Kouzounis D, van Erven G, Soares N, Kabel MA, Schols HA. The fate of insoluble arabinoxylan and lignin in broilers: Influence of cereal type and dietary enzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:1096-1106. [PMID: 36427614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Insoluble fiber degradation by supplemented enzymes was previously shown to improve fermentation in poultry, and has been further postulated to disrupt the cereal cell wall matrix, thus improving nutrient digestion. Here, we characterized insoluble feed-derived polysaccharides and lignin in digesta from broilers fed wheat-soybean and maize-soybean diets without or with xylanase/glucanase supplementation. Enzyme supplementation in wheat-soybean diet increased the yield of water-extractable arabinoxylan (AX) in the ileum. Still, most AX (> 73 %) remained insoluble across wheat-soybean and maize-soybean diets. Analysis of so-far largely ignored lignin demonstrated that a lignin-rich fiber fraction accumulated in the gizzard, while both insoluble AX and lignin reaching the ileum appeared to be excreted unfermented. More than 20 % of water-insoluble AX was extracted by 1 M NaOH and 11-20 % was sequentially extracted by 4 M NaOH, alongside other hemicelluloses, from ileal digesta and excreta across all diets. These findings showed that enzyme-supplementation did not impact AX extractability by alkali, under the current experimental conditions. It is, therefore, suggested that the degradation of insoluble AX by dietary xylanase in vivo mainly results in arabinoxylo-oligosaccharide release, which is not accompanied by a more loose cell wall architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kouzounis
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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10
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Pfeifer L, van Erven G, Sinclair EA, Duarte CM, Kabel MA, Classen B. Profiling the cell walls of seagrasses from A (Amphibolis) to Z (Zostera). BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:63. [PMID: 35120456 PMCID: PMC8815203 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polyphyletic group of seagrasses shows an evolutionary history from early monocotyledonous land plants to the marine environment. Seagrasses form important coastal ecosystems worldwide and large amounts of seagrass detritus washed on beaches might also be valuable bioeconomical resources. Despite this importance and potential, little is known about adaptation of these angiosperms to the marine environment and their cell walls. RESULTS We investigated polysaccharide composition of nine seagrass species from the Mediterranean, Red Sea and eastern Indian Ocean. Sequential extraction revealed a similar seagrass cell wall polysaccharide composition to terrestrial angiosperms: arabinogalactans, pectins and different hemicelluloses, especially xylans and/or xyloglucans. However, the pectic fractions were characterized by the monosaccharide apiose, suggesting unusual apiogalacturonans are a common feature of seagrass cell walls. Detailed analyses of four representative species identified differences between organs and species in their constituent monosaccharide composition and lignin content and structure. Rhizomes were richer in glucosyl units compared to leaves and roots. Enhalus had high apiosyl and arabinosyl abundance, while two Australian species of Amphibolis and Posidonia, were characterized by high amounts of xylosyl residues. Interestingly, the latter two species contained appreciable amounts of lignin, especially in roots and rhizomes whereas Zostera and Enhalus were lignin-free. Lignin structure in Amphibolis was characterized by a higher syringyl content compared to that of Posidonia. CONCLUSIONS Our investigations give a first comprehensive overview on cell wall composition across seagrass families, which will help understanding adaptation to a marine environment in the evolutionary context and evaluating the potential of seagrass in biorefinery incentives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth A. Sinclair
- School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA Australia
| | - Carlos M. Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit Classen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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11
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Sun P, Laurent CVFP, Boerkamp VJP, van Erven G, Ludwig R, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. Regioselective C4 and C6 Double Oxidation of Cellulose by Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202102203. [PMID: 34859958 PMCID: PMC9299857 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) play a key role in enzymatic degradation of hard-to-convert polysaccharides, such as chitin and cellulose. It is widely accepted that LPMOs catalyze a single regioselective oxidation of the C1 or C4 carbon of a glycosidic linkage, after which the destabilized linkage breaks. Here, a series of novel C4/C6 double oxidized cello-oligosaccharides was discovered. Products were characterized, aided by sodium borodeuteride reduction and hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric analysis. The C4/C6 double oxidized products were generated by C4 and C1/C4 oxidizing LPMOs, but not by C1 oxidizing ones. By performing incubation and reduction in H2 18 O, it was confirmed that the C6 gem-diol structure resulted from oxygenation, although oxidation to a C6 aldehyde, followed by hydration to the C6 gem-diol, could not be excluded. These findings can be extended to how the reactive LPMO-cosubstrate complex is positioned towards the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchBornse Weilanden 96708 WGWageningen (TheNetherlands
| | - Christophe V. F. P. Laurent
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing LaboratoryDepartment of Food Science and TechnologyBOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
- Institute of Molecular Modeling and SimulationDepartment of Material Sciences and Process EngineeringBOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
| | - Vincent J. P. Boerkamp
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchBornse Weilanden 96708 WGWageningen (TheNetherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchBornse Weilanden 96708 WGWageningen (TheNetherlands
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing LaboratoryDepartment of Food Science and TechnologyBOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
| | - Willem J. H. van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchBornse Weilanden 96708 WGWageningen (TheNetherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchBornse Weilanden 96708 WGWageningen (TheNetherlands
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12
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Csarman F, Gusenbauer C, Wohlschlager L, van Erven G, Kabel MA, Konnerth J, Potthast A, Ludwig R. Non-productive binding of cellobiohydrolase i investigated by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Cellulose (Lond) 2021; 28:9525-9545. [PMID: 34720466 PMCID: PMC8550311 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-021-04002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Future biorefineries are facing the challenge to separate and depolymerize biopolymers into their building blocks for the production of biofuels and basic molecules as chemical stock. Fungi have evolved lignocellulolytic enzymes to perform this task specifically and efficiently, but a detailed understanding of their heterogeneous reactions is a prerequisite for the optimization of large-scale enzymatic biomass degradation. Here, we investigate the binding of cellulolytic enzymes onto biopolymers by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy for the fast and precise characterization of enzyme adsorption processes. Using different sensor architectures, SPR probes modified with regenerated cellulose as well as with lignin films were prepared by spin-coating techniques. The modified SPR probes were analyzed by atomic force microscopy and static contact angle measurements to determine physical and surface molecular properties. SPR spectroscopy was used to study the activity and affinity of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) glycoforms on the modified SPR probes. N-glycan removal led to no significant change in activity or cellulose binding, while a slightly higher tendency for non-productive binding to SPR probes modified with different lignin fractions was observed. The results suggest that the main role of the N-glycosylation in CBHI is not to prevent non-productive binding to lignin, but probably to increase its stability against proteolytic degradation. The work also demonstrates the suitability of SPR-based techniques for the characterization of the binding of lignocellulolytic enzymes to biomass-derived polymers. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-021-04002-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Csarman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Gusenbauer
- Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Lena Wohlschlager
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Konnerth
- Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Underlin EN, Frommhagen M, Dilokpimol A, van Erven G, de Vries RP, Kabel MA. Feruloyl Esterases for Biorefineries: Subfamily Classified Specificity for Natural Substrates. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:332. [PMID: 32391342 PMCID: PMC7191039 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases (FAEs) have an important role in the enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass by decoupling plant cell wall polysaccharides and lignin. Moreover, FAEs release anti-oxidative hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) from biomass. As a plethora of FAE candidates were found in fungal genomes, FAE classification related to substrate specificity is an indispensability for selection of most suitable candidates. Hence, linking distinct substrate specificities to a FAE classification, such as the recently classified FAE subfamilies (SF), is a promising approach to improve the application of these enzymes for a variety of industrial applications. In total, 14 FAEs that are classified members of SF1, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 13 were tested in this research. All FAEs were investigated for their activity toward a variety of substrates: synthetic model substrates, plant cell wall-derived substrates, including lignin, and natural substrates. Released HCAs were determined using reverse phase-ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to UV detection and mass spectrometry. Based on this study, FAEs of SF5 and SF7 showed the highest release of FA, pCA, and diFAs over the range of substrates, while FAEs of SF6 were comparable but less pronounced for diFAs release. These results suggest that SF5 and SF7 FAEs are promising enzymes for biorefinery applications, like the production of biofuels, where a complete degradation of the plant cell wall is desired. In contrast, SF6 FAEs might be of interest for industrial applications that require a high release of only FA and pCA, which are needed as precursors for the production of biochemicals. In contrast, FAEs of SF1, 9 and 13 showed an overall low release of HCAs from plant cell wall-derived and natural substrates. The obtained results substantiate the previous SF classification as a useful tool to predict the substrate specificity of FAEs, which eases the selection of FAE candidates for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie N. Underlin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Matthias Frommhagen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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14
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van Erven G, Kleijn AF, Patyshakuliyeva A, Di Falco M, Tsang A, de Vries RP, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. Evidence for ligninolytic activity of the ascomycete fungus Podospora anserina. Biotechnol Biofuels 2020; 13:75. [PMID: 32322305 PMCID: PMC7161253 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ascomycete fungus Podospora anserina has been appreciated for its targeted carbohydrate-active enzymatic arsenal. As a late colonizer of herbivorous dung, the fungus acts specifically on the more recalcitrant fraction of lignocellulose and this lignin-rich biotope might have resulted in the evolution of ligninolytic activities. However, the lignin-degrading abilities of the fungus have not been demonstrated by chemical analyses at the molecular level and are, thus far, solely based on genome and secretome predictions. To evaluate whether P. anserina might provide a novel source of lignin-active enzymes to tap into for potential biotechnological applications, we comprehensively mapped wheat straw lignin during fungal growth and characterized the fungal secretome. RESULTS Quantitative 13C lignin internal standard py-GC-MS analysis showed substantial lignin removal during the 7 days of fungal growth (24% w/w), though carbohydrates were preferably targeted (58% w/w removal). Structural characterization of residual lignin by using py-GC-MS and HSQC NMR analyses demonstrated that Cα-oxidized substructures significantly increased through fungal action, while intact β-O-4' aryl ether linkages, p-coumarate and ferulate moieties decreased, albeit to lesser extents than observed for the action of basidiomycetes. Proteomic analysis indicated that the presence of lignin induced considerable changes in the secretome of P. anserina. This was particularly reflected in a strong reduction of cellulases and galactomannanases, while H2O2-producing enzymes clearly increased. The latter enzymes, together with laccases, were likely involved in the observed ligninolysis. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we provide unambiguous evidence for the ligninolytic activity of the ascomycete fungus P. anserina and expand the view on its enzymatic repertoire beyond carbohydrate degradation. Our results can be of significance for the development of biological lignin conversion technologies by contributing to the quest for novel lignin-active enzymes and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne F. Kleijn
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandrina Patyshakuliyeva
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos Di Falco
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J. H. van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Sun P, Frommhagen M, Kleine Haar M, van Erven G, Bakx EJ, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. Mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns discriminate C1- and C4-oxidised cello-oligosaccharides from their non-oxidised and reduced forms. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 234:115917. [PMID: 32070536 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are powerful enzymes that degrade recalcitrant polysaccharides, such as cellulose. However, the identification of LPMO-generated C1- and/or C4-oxidised oligosaccharides is far from straightforward. In particular, their fragmentation patterns have not been well established when using mass spectrometry. Hence, we studied the fragmentation behaviours of non-, C1- and C4-oxidised cello-oligosaccharides, including their sodium borodeuteride-reduced forms, by using hydrophilic interaction chromatography and negative ion mode collision induced dissociation - mass spectrometry. Non-oxidised cello-oligosaccharides showed predominantly C- and A-type cleavages. In comparison, C4-oxidised ones underwent B-/Y- and X-cleavage close to the oxidised non-reducing end, while closer to the reducing end C-/Z- and A-fragmentation predominated. C1-oxidised cello-oligosaccharides showed extensively A-cleavage. Reduced oligosaccharides showed predominant glycosidic bond cleavage, both B-/Y- and C-/Z-, close to the non-reducing end. Our findings provide signature mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns to unambiguously elucidate the catalytic behaviour and classification of LPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Matthias Frommhagen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Maloe Kleine Haar
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Edwin J Bakx
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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16
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van Erven G, Wang J, Sun P, de Waard P, van der Putten J, Frissen GE, Gosselink RJA, Zinovyev G, Potthast A, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. Structural Motifs of Wheat Straw Lignin Differ in Susceptibility to Degradation by the White-Rot Fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2019; 7:20032-20042. [PMID: 31867146 PMCID: PMC6921689 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora delignifies plant biomass extensively and selectively and, therefore, has great biotechnological potential. We previously demonstrated that after 7 weeks of fungal growth on wheat straw 70% w/w of lignin was removed and established the underlying degradation mechanisms via selectively extracted diagnostic substructures. In this work, we fractionated the residual (more intact) lignin and comprehensively characterized the obtained isolates to determine the susceptibility of wheat straw lignin's structural motifs to fungal degradation. Using 13C IS pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS), heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) and 31P NMR spectroscopy, and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) analyses, it was shown that β-O-4' ethers and the more condensed phenylcoumarans and resinols were equally susceptible to fungal breakdown. Interestingly, for β-O-4' ether substructures, marked cleavage preferences could be observed: β-O-4'-syringyl substructures were degraded more frequently than their β-O-4'-guaiacyl and β-O-4'-tricin analogues. Furthermore, diastereochemistry (threo > erythro) and γ-acylation (γ-OH > γ-acyl) influenced cleavage susceptibility. These results indicate that electron density of the 4'-O-coupled ring and local steric hindrance are important determinants of oxidative β-O-4' ether degradation. Our findings provide novel insight into the delignification mechanisms of C. subvermispora and contribute to improving the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jianli Wang
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter de Waard
- MAGNEFY
(MAGNEtic Resonance Research FacilitY), Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708
WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacinta van der Putten
- Wageningen
Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guus E. Frissen
- Wageningen
Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J. A. Gosselink
- Wageningen
Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Grigory Zinovyev
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department
of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Willem J. H. van Berkel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Nayan N, van Erven G, Kabel MA, Sonnenberg ASM, Hendriks WH, Cone JW. Evaluation of fungal degradation of wheat straw cell wall using different analytical methods from ruminant nutrition perspective. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:4054-4062. [PMID: 30737799 PMCID: PMC6593870 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White rot fungi have been used to improve the nutritive value of lignocellulose for ruminants. In feed analysis, the Van Soest method is widely used to determine the cell wall contents. To assess the reliability of this method (Method A) for determination of cell wall contents in fungal-treated wheat straw, we compared a combined monosaccharide analysis and pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) (Method B). Ruminal digestibility, measured as in vitro gas production (IVGP), was subsequently used to examine which method explains best the effect of fungal pretreatment on the digestibility of wheat straw. RESULTS Both methods differed considerably in the mass recoveries of the individual cell wall components, which changed on how we assess their degradation characteristics. For example, Method B gave a higher degradation of lignin (61.9%), as compared to Method A (33.2%). Method A, however, showed a better correlation of IVGP with the ratio of lignin to total structural carbohydrates, as compared to Method B (Pearson's r of -0.84 versus -0.69). Nevertheless, Method B provides a more accurate quantification of lignin, reflecting its actual modification and degradation. With the information on the lignin structural features, Method B presents a substantial advantage in understanding the underlying mechanisms of lignin breakdown. Both methods, however, could not accurately quantify the cellulose contents - among others, due to interference of fungal biomass. CONCLUSION Method A only accounts for the recalcitrant residue and therefore is more suitable for evaluating ruminal digestibility. Method B allows a more accurate quantification of cell wall, required to understand and better explains the actual modification of the cell wall. The suitability of both methods, therefore, depends on their intended purposes. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazri Nayan
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Wouter H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - John W Cone
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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18
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Nayan N, van Erven G, Kabel MA, Sonnenberg ASM, Hendriks WH, Cone JW. Improving ruminal digestibility of various wheat straw types by white-rot fungi. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:957-965. [PMID: 30125969 PMCID: PMC6587845 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the ruminal degradability of various wheat straw types by the white-rot fungi Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (CS) and Lentinula edodes (LE). Different cultivars (CV) of wheat straw at different maturity stages (MS) were treated with the fungi for 7 weeks and assessed for chemical composition and in vitro gas production (IVGP). RESULTS Both fungi showed a more pronounced degradation of lignin on a more mature straw (MS3; 89.0%) in comparison with the straw harvested at an earlier stage (MS1; 70.7%). Quantitative pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, using 13 C lignin as an internal standard 13 C-IS Py-GC/MS revealed that lignin in more mature straw was degraded and modified to a greater extent. In contrast, cellulose was less degraded in MS3, as compared to MS1 (8.3% versus 14.6%). There was no effect of different MS on the IVGP of the fungus-treated straws. Among the different straw cultivars, the extent of lignin degradation varied greatly (47% to 93.5%). This may explain the significant (P < 0.001) effect of cultivar on the IVGP of the fungal-treated straws. Regardless of the factors tested, both fungi were very capable of improving the IVGP of all straw types by 15.3% to 47.6%, (as compared to untreated straw), with CS performing better than LE - on different MS (33.6% versus 20.4%) and CVs (43.2% versus 29.1%). CONCLUSION The extent of lignin degradation caused by fungal treatment was more pronounced on the more mature and lignified straw, while variable results were obtained with different cultivars. Both fungi were capable of improving the IVGP of various straw types. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazri Nayan
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Wouter H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - John W Cone
- Animal Nutrition GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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19
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Mouthier TMB, de Rink B, van Erven G, de Gijsel P, Schols HA, Kabel MA. Low liquid ammonia treatment of wheat straw increased enzymatic cell wall polysaccharide degradability and decreased residual hydroxycinnamic acids. Bioresour Technol 2019; 272:288-299. [PMID: 30366288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia treatment of lignocellulose improves carbohydrate degradability, however, low ammonia dose treatment effects and mechanisms are hardly considered. This study describes low dose ammonia treatment of wheat straw in a statistical design of experiments (Taguchi design) to evaluate the effects of ammonia concentration, treatment time and the Solid:Liquid ratio on structure, composition and enzymatic degradability of the residual fractions. The results showed that low ammonia concentration (≤2 w/w % NH3) resulted in a high carbohydrate recovery (>80%) coupled enzymatic hydrolysis of 50% of xylan and 40% of glucan of the treated material using a (hemi-) cellulase enzyme cocktail. This effect coincidences with the relative decrease in ferulic acid by 10% and coumaric acid by more than 50% analysed via pyrolysis-GC-MS, measured as 4-vinyl-phenol and 4-vinyl-guaiacol, respectively. Our findings show that lowering ammonia concentration increased the effect of treatment time on the enzymatic degradability of the residual fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut M B Mouthier
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bake de Rink
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter de Gijsel
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Broxterman SE, van Erven G, Schols HA. The solubility of primary plant cell wall polysaccharides in LiCl-DMSO. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 200:332-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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van Erven G, Nayan N, Sonnenberg ASM, Hendriks WH, Cone JW, Kabel MA. Mechanistic insight in the selective delignification of wheat straw by three white-rot fungal species through quantitative 13C-IS py-GC-MS and whole cell wall HSQC NMR. Biotechnol Biofuels 2018; 11:262. [PMID: 30263063 PMCID: PMC6156916 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The white-rot fungi Ceriporiopsis subvermispora (Cs), Pleurotus eryngii (Pe), and Lentinula edodes (Le) have been shown to be high-potential species for selective delignification of plant biomass. This delignification improves polysaccharide degradability, which currently limits the efficient lignocellulose conversion into biochemicals, biofuels, and animal feed. Since selectivity and time efficiency of fungal delignification still need optimization, detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms at molecular level is required. The recently developed methodologies for lignin quantification and characterization now allow for the in-depth mapping of fungal modification and degradation of lignin and, thereby, enable resolving underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Wheat straw treated by two strains of Cs (Cs1 and Cs12), Pe (Pe3 and Pe6) and Le (Le8 and Le10) was characterized using semi-quantitative py-GC-MS during fungal growth (1, 3, and 7 weeks). The remaining lignin after 7 weeks was quantified and characterized using 13C lignin internal standard based py-GC-MS and whole cell wall HSQC NMR. Strains of the same species showed similar patterns of lignin removal and degradation. Cs and Le outperformed Pe in terms of extent and selectivity of delignification (Cs ≥ Le >> Pe). The highest lignin removal [66% (w/w); Cs1] was obtained after 7 weeks, without extensive carbohydrate degradation (factor 3 increased carbohydrate-to-lignin ratio). Furthermore, though after treatment with Cs and Le comparable amounts of lignin remained, the structure of the residual lignin vastly differed. For example, Cα-oxidized substructures accumulated in Cs treated lignin up to 24% of the total aromatic lignin, a factor two higher than in Le-treated lignin. Contrarily, ferulic acid substructures were preferentially targeted by Le (and Pe). Interestingly, Pe-spent lignin was specifically depleted of tricin (40% reduction). The overall subunit composition (H:G:S) was not affected by fungal treatment. CONCLUSIONS Cs and Le are both able to effectively and selectively delignify wheat straw, though the underlying mechanisms are fundamentally different. We are the first to identify that Cs degrades the major β-O-4 ether linkage in grass lignin mainly via Cβ-O-aryl cleavage, while Cα-Cβ cleavage of inter-unit linkages predominated for Le. Our research provides a new insight on how fungi degrade lignin, which contributes to further optimizing the biological upgrading of lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nazri Nayan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anton S. M. Sonnenberg
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - John W. Cone
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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22
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van Erven G, de Visser R, Merkx DWH, Strolenberg W, de Gijsel P, Gruppen H, Kabel MA. Quantification of Lignin and Its Structural Features in Plant Biomass Using 13C Lignin as Internal Standard for Pyrolysis-GC-SIM-MS. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10907-10916. [PMID: 28926698 PMCID: PMC5647568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Understanding
the mechanisms underlying plant biomass recalcitrance
at the molecular level can only be achieved by accurate analyses of
both the content and structural features of the molecules involved.
Current quantification of lignin is, however, majorly based on unspecific
gravimetric analysis after sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Hence, our research
aimed at specific lignin quantification with concurrent characterization
of its structural features. Hereto, for the first time, a polymeric 13C lignin was used as internal standard (IS) for lignin quantification
via analytical pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric
detection in selected ion monitoring mode (py-GC-SIM-MS). In addition,
relative response factors (RRFs) for the various pyrolysis products
obtained were determined and applied. First, 12C and 13C lignin were isolated from nonlabeled and uniformly 13C labeled wheat straw, respectively, and characterized by
heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC), nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR), and py-GC/MS. The two lignin isolates were found to have identical
structures. Second, 13C-IS based lignin quantification
by py-GC-SIM-MS was validated in reconstituted biomass model systems
with known contents of the 12C lignin analogue and was
shown to be extremely accurate (>99.9%, R2 > 0.999)
and
precise (RSD < 1.5%). Third, 13C-IS based lignin quantification
was applied to four common poaceous biomass sources (wheat straw,
barley straw, corn stover, and sugar cane bagasse), and lignin contents
were in good agreement with the total gravimetrically determined lignin
contents. Our robust method proves to be a promising alternative for
the high-throughput quantification of lignin in milled biomass samples
directly and simultaneously provides a direct insight into the structural
features of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs van Erven
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry , Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ries de Visser
- IsoLife bv , Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Donny W H Merkx
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry , Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Unilever R&D Vlaardingen , Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Strolenberg
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry , Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter de Gijsel
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry , Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry , Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Food Chemistry , Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Frommhagen M, van Erven G, Sanders M, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA, Gruppen H. RP-UHPLC-UV-ESI-MS/MS analysis of LPMO generated C4-oxidized gluco-oligosaccharides after non-reductive labeling with 2-aminobenzamide. Carbohydr Res 2017; 448:191-199. [PMID: 28302276 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are able to cleave recalcitrant polysaccharides, such as cellulose, by oxidizing the C1 and/or C4 atoms. The analysis of the resulting products requires a variety of analytical techniques. Up to now, these techniques mainly focused on the identification of non-oxidized and C1-oxidized oligosaccharides. The analysis of C4-oxidized gluco-oligosaccharides is mostly performed by using high pressure anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC). However, the alkaline conditions used during HPAEC analysis lead to tautomerization of C4-oxidized gluco-oligosaccharides, which limits the use of this technique. Here, we describe the use of reverse phase-ultra high performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC) in combination with non-reductive 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB) labeling. Non-reductive 2-AB labeling enabled separation of C4-oxidized gluco-oligosaccharides from their non-oxidized counterparts. Moreover, RP-UHPLC does not require buffered mobile phases, which reduce mass spectrometry (MS) sensitivity. The latter is seen as an advantage over other techniques such as hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and porous graphitized carbon coupled to MS. RP-UHPLC coupled to UV detection and mass spectrometry allowed the identification of both labeled non-oxidized and C4-oxidized oligosaccharides. Non-reductive labeling kept the ketone at the C4-position of LPMO oxidized oligosaccharides intact, while selective reducing agents such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride (STAB) reduced this ketone group. Our results show that RP-UHPLC-UV-ESI-MS in combination with non-reductively 2-AB labeling is a suitable technique for the separation and identification of LPMO-generated C4-oxidized gluco-oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Frommhagen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mark Sanders
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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