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Ezra-Nevo G, Henriques SF, Ribeiro C. The diet-microbiome tango: how nutrients lead the gut brain axis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 62:122-132. [PMID: 32199342 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients and the microbiome have a profound impact on the brain by influencing its development and function in health and disease. The mechanisms by which they shape brain function have only started to be uncovered. Here we propose that the interaction of diet with the microbiome is at the core of most mechanisms by which gut microbes affect host brain function. The microbiome acts on the host by altering the nutrients in the diet and by using them as precursors for synthetizing psychoactive metabolites. Diet is also a major modulator of gut microbiome composition making this another key mechanism by which they affect the host brain. Nutrient-microbiome-host interactions therefore provide an overarching framework to understand the function of the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gili Ezra-Nevo
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Sílvia F Henriques
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Carlos Ribeiro
- Behavior and Metabolism Laboratory, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal.
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Münch D, Ezra-Nevo G, Francisco AP, Tastekin I, Ribeiro C. Nutrient homeostasis - translating internal states to behavior. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 60:67-75. [PMID: 31816522 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral neuroscience aims to describe a causal relationship between neuronal processes and behavior. Animals' ever-changing physiological needs alter their internal states. Internal states then alter neuronal processes to adapt the behavior of the animal enabling it to meet its needs. Here, we describe nutrient-specific appetites as an attractive framework to study how internal states shape complex neuronal processes and resulting behavioral outcomes. Understanding how neurons detect nutrient states and how these are integrated at the level of neuronal circuits will provide a multilevel description of the mechanisms underlying complex feeding and foraging decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Münch
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
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Ezra-Nevo G, Volk N, Ramot A, Kuehne C, Tsoory M, Deussing J, Chen A. Inferior olive CRF plays a role in motor performance under challenging conditions. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:107. [PMID: 29802362 PMCID: PMC5970254 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A well-coordinated stress response is pivotal for an organisms' survival. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is an essential component of the emotional and neuroendocrine stress response, however its role in cerebellar functions is poorly understood. Here, we explore the role of CRF in the inferior olive (IO) nucleus, which is a major source of input to the cerebellum. Using a CRF reporter line, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate very high levels of the CRF neuropeptide expression throughout the IO sub-regions. By generating and characterizing IO-specific CRF knockdown and partial IO-CRF knockout, we demonstrate that reduction in IO-CRF levels is sufficient to induce motor deficiency under challenging conditions, irrespective of basal locomotion or anxiety-like behavior. Furthermore, we show that chronic social defeat stress induces a persistent decrease in IO-CRF levels, and that IO-CRF mRNA is upregulated shortly following stressful situations that demand a complex motor response. Taken together our results indicate a role for IO-CRF in challenge-induced motor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gili Ezra-Nevo
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Naama Volk
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Assaf Ramot
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Kuehne
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Tsoory
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jan Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany.
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