Emerging Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials for Cancer Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy (RT) including external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and internal radioisotope therapy (RIT) has been widely used for clinical cancer treatment. However, owing to the low radiation absorption of tumors, high doses of ionizing radiations are often needed during RT, leading to severe damages to normal tissues adjacent to tumors. Meanwhile, the RT efficacies are limited by different mechanisms, among which the tumor hypoxia-associated radiation resistance is a well-known one, as there exists hypoxia inside most solid tumors while oxygen is essential to enhance radiation-induced DNA damages. With the development in nanotechnology, there have been great interests in using nanomedicine strategies to enhance radiation responses of tumors. Nanomaterials containing high-Z elements to absorb radiation rays (e.g. X-ray) can act as radio-sensitizers to deposit radiation energy within tumors and promote treatment efficacy. Nanoscale carriers are able to deliver therapeutic radioisotopes into tumors for internal RIT, or chemotherapeutic drugs for synergistically combined chemo-radiotherapy. As uncovered in recent studies, the tumor microenvironment could be modulated by various nanomedicine approaches to overcome hypoxia-associated radiation resistance. Herein, the authors will summarize the applications of nanomedicine for RT cancer treatment, and pay particular attention to the latest development of 'advanced materials' for enhanced cancer RT.

Perfluorocarbon-Loaded Hollow Bi2Se3 Nanoparticles for Timely Supply of Oxygen under Near-Infrared Light to Enhance the Radiotherapy of Cancer

Hollow Bi2 Se3 nanoparticles prepared by a cation exchange method are loaded with perfluorocarbon as an oxygen carrier. With these nanoparticles, a promising concept is demonstrated to enhance radiotherapy by not only using their X-ray-absorbing ability to locally concentrate radiation energy in the tumor, but also employing near-infrared light to trigger burst release of oxygen from the nanoparticles to overcome hypoxia-associated radio-resistance.

Increased protein kinase C activity and expression of Ca2+-sensitive isoforms in the failing human heart

BACKGROUND

Increased expression of Ca2+-sensitive protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms may be important markers of heart failure. Our aim was to determine the relative expression of PKC-beta1, -beta2, and -alpha in failed and nonfailed myocardium.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Explanted hearts of patients in whom dilated cardiomyopathy or ischemic cardiomyopathy was diagnosed were examined for PKC isoform content by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, enzymatic activity, and in situ hybridization and compared with nonfailed left ventricle. Quantitative immunoblotting revealed significant increases of >40% in PKC-beta1 (P<0.05) and -beta2 (P<0.04) membrane expression in failed hearts compared with nonfailed; PKC-alpha expression was significantly elevated by 70% in membrane fractions (P<0.03). PKC-epsilon expression was not significantly changed. In failed left ventricle, PKC-beta1 and -beta2 immunostaining was intense throughout myocytes, compared with slight, scattered staining in nonfailed myocytes. PKC-alpha immunostaining was also more evident in cardiomyocytes from failed hearts with staining primarily localized to intercalated disks. In situ hybridization revealed increased PKC-beta1 and -beta2 mRNA expression in cardiomyocytes of failed heart tissue. PKC activity was significantly increased in membrane fractions from failed hearts compared with nonfailed (1021+/-189 versus 261+/-89 pmol. mg-1. min-1, P<0.01). LY333531, a selective PKC-beta inhibitor, significantly decreased PKC activity in membrane fractions from failed hearts by 209 pmol. min-1. mg-1 (versus 42.5 pmol. min-1. mg-1 in nonfailed, P<0.04), indicating a greater contribution of PKC-beta to total PKC activity in failed hearts.

CONCLUSIONS

In failed human heart, PKC-beta1 and -beta2 expression and contribution to total PKC activity are significantly increased. This may signal a role for Ca2+-sensitive PKC isoforms in cardiac mechanisms involved in heart failure.

Emerging nanomedicine approaches fighting tumor metastasis: animal models, metastasis-targeted drug delivery, phototherapy, and immunotherapy

Nanomedicine approaches may bring new opportunities for tumor metastasis treatment.

Smart Nanoreactors for pH-Responsive Tumor Homing, Mitochondria-Targeting, and Enhanced Photodynamic-Immunotherapy of Cancer

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an oxygen-dependent light-triggered noninvasive therapeutic method showing many promising aspects in cancer treatment. For effective PDT, nanoscale carriers are often needed to realize tumor-targeted delivery of photosensitizers, which ideally should further target specific cell organelles that are most vulnerable to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Second, as oxygen is critical for PDT-induced cancer destruction, overcoming hypoxia existing in the majority of solid tumors is important for optimizing PDT efficacy. Furthermore, as PDT is a localized treatment method, achieving systemic antitumor therapeutic outcomes with PDT would have tremendous clinical values. Aiming at addressing the above challenges, we design a unique type of enzyme-encapsulated, photosensitizer-loaded hollow silica nanoparticles with rationally designed surface engineering as smart nanoreactors. Such nanoparticles with pH responsive surface coating show enhanced retention responding to the acidic tumor microenvironment and are able to further target mitochondria, the cellular organelle most sensitive to ROS. Meanwhile, decomposition of tumor endogenous H₂O₂ triggered by those nanoreactors would lead to greatly relieved tumor hypoxia, further favoring in vivo PDT. Moreover, by combining our nanoparticle-based PDT with check-point-blockade therapy, systemic antitumor immune responses could be achieved to kill nonirradiated tumors 1-2 cm away, promising for metastasis inhibition.

Catalase-Loaded TaOx Nanoshells as Bio-Nanoreactors Combining High-Z Element and Enzyme Delivery for Enhancing Radiotherapy

A novel type of bio-nanoreactor with catalase loaded inside TaOx hollow nanoshells is fabricated via a mild one-step method. Such bio-nanoreactors could efficiently improve the tumor oxygenation by supplying oxygen via decomposition of endogenic H2 O2 in a tumor microenvironment, and thus synergistically enhance the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy by both depositing radiation energy within the tumor and overcoming hypoxia-induced radiotherapy resistance.

Core-Shell MnSe@Bi2 Se3 Fabricated via a Cation Exchange Method as Novel Nanotheranostics for Multimodal Imaging and Synergistic Thermoradiotherapy

MnSe@Bi2 Se3 core-shell nanostructures with highly integrated imaging and therapy functions are fabricated by a simple cation exchange method. Using those nanoparticles as a theranostic agent, a promise concept is further demonstrated to enhance conventional radiotherapy by: i) using X-ray absorbing agents to locally concentrate radiation energy and ii) employing near-infrared-light-triggered photothermal therapy to overcome hypoxia-associated radioresistance.

Hyaluronidase To Enhance Nanoparticle-Based Photodynamic Tumor Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered as a safe and selective way to treat a wide range of cancers as well as nononcological disorders. However, as oxygen is required in the process of PDT, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment has largely limited the efficacy of PDT to treat tumors especially those with relatively large sizes. To this end, we uncover that hyaluronidase (HAase), which breaks down hyaluronan, a major component of extracellular matrix (ECM) in tumors, would be able to enhance the efficacy of nanoparticle-based PDT for in vivo cancer treatment. It is found that the administration of HAase would lead to the increase of tumor vessel densities and effective vascular areas, resulting in increased perfusion inside the tumor. As a result, the tumor uptake of nanomicelles covalently linked with chlorine e6 (NM-Ce6) would be increased by ∼2 folds due to the improved "enhanced permeability and retention" (EPR) effect, while the tumor oxygenation level also shows a remarkable increase, effectively relieving the hypoxia state inside the tumor. Those effects taken together offer significant benefits in greatly improving the efficacy of PDT delivered by nanoparticles. Taking advantage of the effective migration of HAase from the primary tumor to its drainage sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs), we further demonstrate that this strategy would be helpful to the treatment of metastatic lymph nodes by nanoparticle-based PDT. Lastly, both enhanced EPR effect of NM-Ce6 and relieved hypoxia state of tumor are also observed after systemic injection of modified HAase, proving its potential for clinical translation. Therefore, our work presents a new concept to improve the efficacy of nanomedicine by modulating the tumor microenvironment.

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium report, data summary of 50 countries for 2010-2015: Device-associated module

BACKGROUND

We report the results of International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2010-December 2015 in 703 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific.

METHODS

During the 6-year study period, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Healthcare Safety Network (CDC-NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 861,284 patients hospitalized in INICC hospital ICUs for an aggregate of 3,506,562 days.

RESULTS

Although device use in INICC ICUs was similar to that reported from CDC-NHSN ICUs, DA-HAI rates were higher in the INICC ICUs: in the INICC medical-surgical ICUs, the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection, 4.1 per 1,000 central line-days, was nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.8 per 1,000 central line-days reported from comparable US ICUs, the overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher, 13.1 versus 0.9 per 1,000 ventilator-days, as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection, 5.07 versus 1.7 per 1,000 catheter-days. From blood cultures samples, frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (29.87% vs 10%) and to imipenem (44.3% vs 26.1%), and of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (73.2% vs 28.8%) and to imipenem (43.27% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC ICUs compared with CDC-NHSN ICUs.

CONCLUSIONS

Although DA-HAIs in INICC ICU patients continue to be higher than the rates reported in CDC-NSHN ICUs representing the developed world, we have observed a significant trend toward the reduction of DA-HAI rates in INICC ICUs as shown in each international report. It is INICC's main goal to continue facilitating education, training, and basic and cost-effective tools and resources, such as standardized forms and an online platform, to tackle this problem effectively and systematically.

FeSe2-Decorated Bi2Se3 Nanosheets Fabricated via Cation Exchange for Chelator-Free 64Cu-labeling and Multimodal Image-Guided Photothermal-Radiation Therapy

Multifunctional theranostic agents have become rather attractive to realize image-guided combination cancer therapy. Herein, we develop a novel method to synthesize Bi2Se3 nanosheets decorated with mono-dispersed FeSe2 nanoparticles (FeSe2/Bi2Se3) for tetra-modal image-guided combined photothermal & radiation tumor therapy. Interestingly, upon addition of Bi(NO3)3, pre-made FeSe2 nanoparticles via cation exchange would be gradually converted into Bi2Se3 nanosheets, on which remaining FeSe2 nanoparticles are decorated. The yielded FeSe2/Bi2Se3 composite-nanostructures were then modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Taking advantages of the high r2 relaxivity of FeSe2, the X-ray attenuation ability of Bi2Se3, the strong near-infrared (NIR) optical absorbance of the whole nanostructure, as well as the chelate-free radiolabeling of 64Cu on FeSe2/Bi2Se3-PEG, in vivo magnetic resonance (MR)/computer tomography (CT)/photoacoustic (PA)/position emission tomography (PET) multimodal imaging was carried out, revealing efficient tumor homing of FeSe2/Bi2Se3-PEG after intravenous injection. Utilizing the intrinsic physical properties of FeSe2/Bi2Se3-PEG, in vivo photothermal & radiation therapy to achieve synergistic tumor destruction was then realized, without causing obvious toxicity to the treated animals. Our work presents a unique method to synthesize composite-nanostructures with highly integrated functionalities, promising not only for nano-biomedicine, but also potentially for other different nanotechnology fields.

Catalase-loaded cisplatin-prodrug-constructed liposomes to overcome tumor hypoxia for enhanced chemo-radiotherapy of cancer

Aiming at improved therapeutic efficacies, the combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy (chemo-radiotherapy) has been widely studied and applied in clinic. However, the hostile characteristics of tumor microenvironment such as hypoxia often limit the efficacies in both types of cancer therapies. Herein, catalase (CAT), an antioxidant enzyme, is encapsulated inside liposomes constituted by cisplatin (IV)-prodrug-conjugated phospholipid, forming CAT@Pt (IV)-liposome for enhanced chemo-radiotherapy of cancer. After being loaded inside liposomes, CAT within CAT@Pt (IV)-liposome shows retained and well-protected enzyme activity, and is able to trigger decomposition of H₂O₂ produced by tumor cells, so as to produce additional oxygen for hypoxia relief. As the result, treatment of CAT@Pt (IV)-liposome induces the highest level of DNA damage in cancer cells after X-ray radiation compared to the control groups. In vivo tumor treatment further demonstrates a remarkably improved therapeutic outcome in chemo-radiotherapy with such CAT@Pt (IV)-liposome nanoparticles. Hence, an exquisite type of liposome-based nanoparticles is developed in this work by integrating cisplatin-based chemotherapy and catalase-induced tumor hypoxia relief together for combined chemo-radiotherapy with great synergistic efficacy, promising for clinical translation in cancer treatment.

Ultrathin PEGylated W18O49 nanowires as a new 980 nm-laser-driven photothermal agent for efficient ablation of cancer cells in vivo

A new photothermal coupling agent for photothermal ablation (PTA) therapy of tumors is developed based on ultrathin PEGylated W18O49 nanowires. After being injected with the nanowire solution, the in vivo tumors exhibit a rapid temperature rise to 50.0 ± 0.5 °C upon irradiation with NIR laser light at a safe, low intensity (0.72 W cm(-2)) for 2 min (left-hand mouse in the figure),), resulting in the efficient PTA of cancer cells in vivo in 10 min.

TaOx decorated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets as oxygen reservoirs to overcome tumor hypoxia and enhance cancer radiotherapy

Cancer radiotherapy (RT) is a clinically used tumor treatment strategy applicable for a wide range of solid tumors. However, during RT treatment of tumors, only a small portion of applied ionizing irradiation energy is absorbed by the tumor, in which the largely hypoxic microenvironment also limits the anti-tumor efficacy of RT. In this work, we rationally fabricate polyethylene glycol (PEG) stabilized perfluorocarbon (PFC) nano-droplets decorated with TaOx nanoparticles (TaOx@PFC-PEG) as a multifunctional RT sensitizer. The obtained TaOx@PFC-PEG nanoparticles on one hand can absorb X-ray by TaOx to concentrate radiation energy within tumor cells, on the other hand after saturating PFC with oxygen will act as an oxygen reservoir to gradually release oxygen and improve tumor oxygenation. As the result, remarkably enhanced in vivo RT treatment is achieved with TaOx@PFC-PEG nanoparticles in our mouse tumor model experiments. Our work thus presents a new nanotechnology strategy to enhance RT-induced tumor treatment by simultaneously concentrating radiation energy within tumors and improving tumor oxygenation, using one multifunctional agent.

TNF-alpha gene expression in macrophages: regulation by NF-kappa B is independent of c-Jun or C/EBP beta

The interaction of transcription factors is critical in the regulation of gene expression. This study characterized the mechanism by which NF-kappa B family members interact to regulate the human TNF-alpha gene. A 120-bp TNF-alpha promoter-reporter, possessing binding sites for NF-kappa B (kappa B3), C/EBP beta (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta), and c-Jun, was activated by cotransfection of plasmids expressing the wild-type version of each of these transcription factors. Employing adenoviral vectors, dominant-negative versions of NF-kappa B p65, and c-Jun, but not C/EBP beta, suppressed (p < 0.05-0.001) LPS-induced TNF-alpha secretion in primary human macrophages. Following LPS stimulation, NF-kappa B p50/p65 heterodimers bound to the kappa B3 site and c-Jun to the -103 AP-1 site of the TNF-alpha promoter. By transient transfection, NF-kappa B p65 and p50 synergistically activated the TNF-alpha promoter. In contrast, no synergy was observed between NF-kappa B p65, with or without NF-kappa B p50, and c-Jun or C/EBP beta, even in the presence of the coactivator p300. The contribution of the upstream kappa B binding sites was also examined. Following LPS stimulation, the kappa B1 site bound both NF-kappa B p50/p65 heterodimers and p50 homodimers. The binding by NF-kappa B p50 homodimers to the kappa B1, but not to the kappa 3, site contributed to the inability of macrophages to respond to a second LPS challenge. In summary, adjacent kappa B3 and AP-1 sites in the human TNF-alpha promoter contribute independently to LPS-induced activation. Although both the kappa B1 and kappa B3 sites bound transcriptionally active NF-kappa B p50/p65 heterodimers, only the kappa B1 site contributed to down-regulation by NF-kappa B p50 homodimers.

In Vivo Long-Term Biodistribution, Excretion, and Toxicology of PEGylated Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides MS2 (M = Mo, W, Ti) Nanosheets

With unique 2D structures and intriguing physicochemical properties, various types of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have attracted much attention in many fields including nanomedicine. Hence, it is of great importance to carefully study the in vivo biodistribution, excretion, and toxicology profiles of different TMDCs, and hopefully to identify the most promising type of TMDCs with low toxicity and fast excretion for further biomedical applications. Herein, the in vivo behaviors of three representative TMDCs including molybdenum dichalcogenides (MoS2), tungsten dichalcogenides (WS2), and titanium dichalcogenides (TiS2) nanosheets are systematically investigated. Without showing significant in vitro cytotoxicity, all the three types of polyethylene glycol (PEG) functionalized TMDCs show dominate accumulation in reticuloendothelial systems (RES) such as liver and spleen after intravenous injection. In marked contrast to WS2-PEG and TiS2-PEG, which show high levels in the organs for months, MoS2-PEG can be degraded and then excreted almost completely within one month. Further degradation experiments indicate that the distinctive in vivo excretion behaviors of TDMCs can be attributed to their different chemical properties. This work suggests that MoS2, among various TMDCs, may be particularly interesting for further biomedical applications owning to its low toxicity, capability of biodegradation, and rapid excretion.

Janus Iron Oxides @ Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticle Tracer for Cell Tracking by Magnetic Particle Imaging

Iron oxides nanoparticles tailored for magnetic particle imaging (MPI) have been synthesized, and their MPI signal intensity is three-times that of commercial MPI contrast (Ferucarbotran, also called Vivotrax) and seven-times that of MRI contrast (Feraheme) at the same Fe concentration. MPI tailored iron oxide nanoparticles were encapsulated with semiconducting polymers to produce Janus nanoparticles that possessed optical and magnetic properties for MPI and fluorescence imaging. Janus particles were applied to cancer cell labeling and in vivo tracking, and as few as 250 cells were imaged by MPI after implantation, corresponding to an amount of 7.8 ng of Fe. Comparison with MRI and fluorescence imaging further demonstrated the advantages of our Janus particles for MPI-super sensitivity, unlimited tissue penetration, and linear quantitativity.

GeneChip analysis after acute spinal cord injury in rat

Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to induction and/or suppression of several genes, the interplay of which governs the neuronal death and subsequent loss of motor function. Using GeneChip, the present study analyzed changes in the mRNA abundance at 3 and 24 h after SCI in adult rats. SCI was induced at T9 level by the New York University impactor by dropping a 10-g weight from a height of 25 mm. Several transcription factors, immediate early genes, heat-shock proteins, pro-inflammatory genes were up-regulated by 3 h, and persisted at 24 h, after SCI. On the other hand, some neurotransmitter receptors and transporters, ion channels, kinases and structural proteins were down-regulated by 3 h, and persisted at 24 h, after SCI. Several genes that play a role in growth/differentiation, survival and neuroprotection were up-regulated at 24 h after SCI. Using real-time quantitative PCR, the changes observed by GeneChip were confirmed for seven up-regulated (interleukin-6, heat-shock protein-70, heme oxygenase-1, suppressor of cytokine signaling 2, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, interferon regulatory factor-1, neuropeptide Y), two down-regulated (vesicular GABA transporter and cholecystokinin precursor) and two unchanged (Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase and phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase) genes. The present study shows that inflammation, neurotransmitter dysfunction, increased transcription, ionic imbalance and cytoskeletal damage starts as early as 3 h after SCI. In addition to these effects, 24 h after SCI the repair and regeneration process begins in an attempt to stabilize the injured spinal cord.

Carbon-coated FeCo nanoparticles as sensitive magnetic-particle-imaging tracers with photothermal and magnetothermal properties

The low magnetic saturation of iron oxide nanoparticles, which are developed primarily as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, limits the sensitivity of their detection using magnetic particle imaging (MPI). Here, we show that FeCo nanoparticles that have a core diameter of 10 nm and bear a graphitic carbon shell decorated with poly(ethylene glycol) provide an MPI signal intensity that is sixfold and fifteenfold higher than the signals from the superparamagnetic iron oxide tracers VivoTrax and Feraheme, respectively, at the same molar concentration of iron. We also show that the nanoparticles have photothermal and magnetothermal properties and can therefore be used for tumour ablation in mice, and that they have high optical absorbance in a broad near-infrared region spectral range (wavelength, 700-1,200 nm), making them suitable as tracers for photoacoustic imaging. As sensitive multifunctional and multimodal imaging tracers, carbon-coated FeCo nanoparticles may confer advantages in cancer imaging and hyperthermia therapy.

Facile synthesis of porous MnCo2O4.5 hierarchical architectures for high-rate supercapacitors

A supercapacitor electrode of porous urchin-like MnCo₂O_4.5 hierarchical architectures demonstrated an outstanding rate capability and excellent cycling stability, which could be considered as a potential mixed transition metal oxide material for high-rate supercapacitors.

Chemical Design of Activatable Photoacoustic Probes for Precise Biomedical Applications

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging technology, a three-dimensional hybrid imaging modality that integrates the advantage of optical and acoustic imaging, has great application prospects in molecular imaging due to its high imaging depth and resolution. To endow PA imaging with the ability for real-time molecular visualization and precise biomedical diagnosis, numerous activatable molecular PA probes which can specifically alter their PA intensities upon reacting with the targets or biological events of interest have been developed. This review highlights the recent developments of activatable PA probes for precise biomedical applications including molecular detection of the biotargets and imaging of the biological events. First, the generation mechanism of PA signals will be given, followed by a brief introduction to contrast agents used for PA probe design. Then we will particularly summarize the general design principles for the alteration of PA signals and activatable strategies for developing precise PA probes. Furthermore, we will give a detailed discussion of activatable PA probes in molecular detection and biomedical imaging applications in living systems. At last, the current challenges and outlooks of future PA probes will be discussed. We hope that this review will stimulate new ideas to explore the potentials of activatable PA probes for precise biomedical applications in the future.

Hydrophilic molybdenum oxide nanomaterials with controlled morphology and strong plasmonic absorption for photothermal ablation of cancer cells

The molybdenum oxide nanosheets have shown strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) region. However, the long alky chains of ligands made them hydrophobic and less biocompatible. To meet the requirements of molybdenum based nanomaterials for use as a future photothermal therapy, a simple hydrothermal route has been developed for hydrophilic molybdenum oxide nanospheres and nanoribbons using a molybdenum precursor and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). First, molybdenum oxide nanomaterials prepared in the presence of PEG exhibit strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption in near-infrared (NIR) region, compared with that of no PEG. Second, elevation of synthetic temperature leads to a gradual transformation of molybdenum oxide nanospheres into nanoribbons, entailing the evolution of an intense LSPR absorption in the NIR region. Third, as-prepared molybdenum oxide nanomaterials coated with PEG possess a hydrophilic property and thus can be directly used for biological applications without additional post treatments. Moreover, molybdenum oxide nanoribbons as a model of photothermal materials can efficiently convert the 980 nm wavelength laser energy into heat energy, and this localized hyperthermia produces the effective thermal ablation of cancer cells, meaning a potential photothermal material.

Reactive Oxygen Correlated Chemiluminescent Imaging of a Semiconducting Polymer Nanoplatform for Monitoring Chemodynamic Therapy

In chemodynamic therapy (CDT), real-time monitoring of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is critical to reducing the nonspecific damage during CDT and feasibly evaluating the therapeutic response. However, CDT agents that can emit ROS-related signals are rare. Herein, we synthesize a semiconducting polymer nanoplatform (SPN) that can not only produce highly toxic ROS to kill cancer cells but also emit ROS-correlated chemiluminescent signals. Notably, the efficacy of both chemiluminescence and CDT can be significantly enhanced by hemin doping (∼10-fold enhancement for luminescent intensity). Such ROS-dependent chemiluminescence of SPN allows ROS generation within a tumor to be optically monitored during the CDT process. Importantly, SPN establishes an excellent correlation of chemiluminescence intensities with cancer inhibition rates in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our nanoplatform represents the first intelligent strategy that enables chemiluminescence-imaging-monitored CDT, which holds potential in assessing therapeutic responsivity and predicting treatment outcomes in early stages.