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Flood J, Byrne D, Bauquier J, Agne GF, Wise JC, Medina‐Torres CE, Wood K, Sullivan O, Stewart AJ. Right dorsal colitis in horses: A multicenter retrospective study of 35 cases. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2535-2543. [PMID: 37800408 PMCID: PMC10658563 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right dorsal colitis (RDC) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) induced, protein losing enteropathy in horses associated with a high case fatality rate. OBJECTIVES To describe signalment, NSAID usage, clinical presentations, clinical pathology, ultrasonographic findings, treatments, outcomes, and factors associated with survival in horses diagnosed with RDC. ANIMALS Thirty-five horses from 7 Australian equine hospitals diagnosed with RDC. METHODS Retrospective case series. Clinical records of cases were accepted if definitively or presumptively diagnosed by an internist with RDC and had ≥3 of: hypoproteinemia or hypoalbuminemia; diarrhea with negative test results for infectious diseases; colic for which other diseases were excluded or right dorsal colon thickening on ultrasound. Descriptive data analysis was performed for categorical and continuous variables. Univariate binominal logistic regressions were used to assess factors associated with survival. RESULTS An overdose of NSAIDs occurred in 84% (21/25) cases where dose was known. Common clinical presentations included diarrhea (69%; 22/32), colic (61%; 20/33), and tachycardia (53%, 17/32). Common clinicopathological findings included hypoalbuminemia (83%; 26/31), hypocalcaemia (79%, 23/29), and hyperlactatemia (77%, 14/18). The right dorsal colon wall appeared subjectively thickened in 77% (24/31) cases using ultrasonography. Case fatality rate was 43% (15/35). Odds of survival significantly decreased with increasing heart rate (odds 0.84, 95% CI = 0.71-0.92, P = .01), packed cell volume (odds 0.91, 95% CI 0.82-0.98, P = .05) and abnormal appearance of mucous membranes (odds 0.05, 95% CI 0.005-0.28, P = .001) on hospital presentation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE An overdose of NSAIDs is common in horses diagnosed with RDC. Serum albumin concentrations should be monitored in horses receiving a prolonged course of NSAIDs. Overall prognosis for RDC remains fair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Flood
- School of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of QueenslandGattonQueenslandAustralia
- Present address:
Scone Equine HospitalSconeNew South WalesAustralia
| | - David Byrne
- School of Veterinary MedicineMurdoch UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jennifer Bauquier
- Melbourne Veterinary SchoolUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Gustavo Ferlini Agne
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jessica C. Wise
- School of Animal and Veterinary SciencesCharles Sturt UniversityWagga WaggaNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Carlos E. Medina‐Torres
- School of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of QueenslandGattonQueenslandAustralia
- Present address:
Pferdeklinik SaarLorLux GmbHUeberherrnGermany
| | - Kelly Wood
- School of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of QueenslandGattonQueenslandAustralia
- Present address:
NSW Department of Primary IndustriesGoulburnNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Olivia Sullivan
- Melbourne Veterinary SchoolUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Present address:
Yarra Ranges Animal HospitalLilydaleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Allison J. Stewart
- School of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of QueenslandGattonQueenslandAustralia
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Ferlini Agne G, Somogyi AA, Sykes B, Knych H, Franklin S. Identification and kinetics of microsomal and recombinant equine liver cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for in vitro metabolism of omeprazole. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115635. [PMID: 37285945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In humans, omeprazole is metabolised by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 with differences in CYP2C19 genotypes leading to variable response to therapy. Despite a wide use of omeprazole in horses with evidence of variable therapeutic efficiency, information regarding enzymatic metabolism is not currently available. This study aims to describe the in vitro kinetics of omeprazole metabolism and determine which enzyme(s) are responsible for omeprazole metabolism in horses. Omeprazole (0-800 uM) was incubated with liver microsomes and a panel of equine recombinant CYP450s (eq-rCYP). Metabolite concentrations were quantified by LC-MS and the kinetics of metabolites' formation were calculated by non-linear regression analysis. The in vitro liver microsomes formed three metabolites (5-hydroxy-omeprazole, 5-O-desmethyl-omeprazole and omeprazole-sulfone). The 5-O-desmesthyl-omeprazole formation was best fitted to a two enzyme Michaelis-Menten (MM) model with the high affinity site Clint double that of the low affinity site. For 5-hydroxy-omeprazole the best fit was to a 1 enzyme MM model with a Clint higher than for 5-O-desmesthyl-omeprazole (0.12 vs 0.09 pmol/min/pmol P450). The formation of omeprazole-sulfone was negligible. Recombinant CYP3A89 and CYP3A97 produced substantial amounts of 5-hydroxy-omeprazole (1551.72 ng/mL and 1665.33 ng/mL, respectively), while 5-O-desmethyl-omeprazole and omeprazole-sulfone were formed to a much lesser extent by multiple eq-rCYP from the CYP2C and CYP3A family. In vitro metabolism of omeprazole in horses is different to that in humans, with major metabolites produced by the CYP3A family. The current study provides the basis for further investigations of CYP450 single nucleotide polymorphisms that could affect omeprazole metabolism and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ferlini Agne
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Andrew A Somogyi
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ben Sykes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Massey University, Palmerston North, NZ
| | - Heather Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Samantha Franklin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia
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Ferlini Agne G, May BE, Lovett A, Simon O, Steel C, Santos L, Guedes do Carmo L, Barbosa B, Werner LC, Daros RR, Somogyi AA, Sykes B, Franklin S. Horse Grimace Scale Does Not Detect Pain in Horses with Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1623. [PMID: 37238054 PMCID: PMC10215503 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a highly prevalent and presumptively painful condition, although the amount of pain horses might experience is currently unknown. The aims of this study were to determine if the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) could identify pain behaviours in horses with and without EGUS and if severity would be positively associated with the HGS score. Horse grimace scale scores were assessed blindly using facial photographs by seven observers and involved evaluation of 6 facial action units as 0 (not present), 1 (moderately present) and 2 (obviously present). Lameness examination, serum amyloid A (SAA) measurement and gastroscopy evaluation were performed on all horses. Horses (n = 61) were divided into two and three groups based on the presence (yes, no) and severity (none, mild, moderate-severe) of EGUS, respectively. Presence of lameness and elevated SAA (≥50 µg/mL) were used as exclusion criteria. Inter-observer reliability was analyzed by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). HGS scores between groups were compared using Welch's and Brown Forsythe tests (p < 0.05). Overall, HGS ICC was "excellent" (0.75). No significant differences (p = 0.566) were observed in HGS scores between horses with and without gastric lesions (mean, 95% CI; 3.36, 2.76-3.95 and 3, 1.79-4.20, respectively). HGS was not influenced by the presence or severity of EGUS in this current study. Further studies investigating the use of different pain scales in horses with EGUS are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ferlini Agne
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Bridget Eileen May
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Amy Lovett
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Simon
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Catherine Steel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Luiz Santos
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Laize Guedes do Carmo
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Bianca Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Laís Cristine Werner
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Ruan R. Daros
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Andrew A. Somogyi
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Benjamin Sykes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Samantha Franklin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
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Burbery K, Simon O, Woolford L, Ferlini Agne G. Bilateral thyroid adenomas in an alpaca. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2937-2942. [PMID: 34626440 PMCID: PMC8692192 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A 7-year-old neutered male alpaca (Vicugna pacos) was presented for evaluation of a 3-year history of large, bilateral, firm ventral cervical masses causing esophageal and tracheal impingement. Ultrasound examination, radiographic evaluation, histopathological findings, and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the masses to be bilateral thyroid adenomas. Conservative medical treatment by unilateral chemical ablation, using 10% formalin by aspiration technique, was performed on the left mass. Chemical ablation proved to be effective in decreasing the size of the mass, with no apparent adverse effects. To our knowledge, this case is the first known report of bilateral thyroid adenomas in an alpaca, a condition previously described in humans, horses, dogs, and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Burbery
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Olivier Simon
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lucy Woolford
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gustavo Ferlini Agne
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Pedler C, Nath L, Agne GF, Hebart M, Franklin S. Heritability estimates of atrial fibrillation in Thoroughbred racehorses in Hong Kong and Australia. J Vet Cardiol 2021; 36:115-122. [PMID: 34218164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common performance-limiting arrhythmia of racehorses. A genetic contribution has been suggested in Standardbred racehorses but has not been investigated in Thoroughbreds. The objective of this study was to determine the heritability of AF in Thoroughbred racehorses. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS Horses racing between 2007 and 2019 in Hong Kong and Australia that had AF detected postrace via auscultation (n = 463 cases) were compared with five randomly selected racing contemporaries (n = 2,315 controls). The ASReml-R programme was used to fit an animal model to the AF data to estimate heritability using the entire data set and a subset of horses (n = 106 cases) that had electrocardiographic confirmation of AF. Variance components were estimated assuming AF was normally distributed and on the logit-transformed scale. The risk of producing AF-affected offspring was calculated using Fisher's exact test for stallions that sired ≥10 individuals in the case-control population. RESULTS Heritability on the underlying scale was 0.064 ± 0.04 (logit animal) and 0.071 ± 0.04 (normal animal) for the entire population and 0.065 ± 0.097 (logit animal) and 0.058 ± 0.11 (normal animal) for electrocardiographic-confirmed AF cases. Of 71 stallions that sired ≥10 individuals, three were more likely to produce affected offspring (odds ratio: 4.05-7.57; p < 0.01). Age (p = 0.991), sex (p = 0.830), and year of birth (p = 0.547) did not contribute to expression. CONCLUSIONS Although some stallions were overrepresented amongst affected horses, the heritability of AF in this population of Thoroughbreds was low. Environmental and individual factors contributing to AF development require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pedler
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5353, Australia
| | - L Nath
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5353, Australia
| | - G F Agne
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5353, Australia
| | - M Hebart
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5353, Australia
| | - S Franklin
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5353, Australia.
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Agne GF, Stockler RM, Passler T, Maxwell H, Cole R. Successful surgical resolution of a ceco-cecal intussusception in a 15-month-old Angus heifer. Can Vet J 2018; 59:1071-1074. [PMID: 30510310 PMCID: PMC6135298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A 15-month-old Angus heifer was presented for anorexia and abdominal discomfort. Transabdominal ultrasound was suggestive of a ceco-cecal intussusception. Exploratory laparotomy confirmed the diagnosis and a cecectomy was performed. The heifer recovered well and continued to gain weight after discharge. This is the first report of a heifer with ceco-cecal intussusception in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ferlini Agne
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Ricardo M Stockler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Thomas Passler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Herris Maxwell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Robert Cole
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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