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Park SJ, Song IH, Yeom GS, Nimse SB. The microtubule cytoskeleton: A validated target for the development of 2-Aryl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole derivatives as potential anticancer agents. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116106. [PMID: 38181711 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of 2-Aryl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole derivatives were developed to target intra- and extracellular microtubule networks. Compounds O-7 and O-10 showed impressive anti-proliferative activity across various tested cell lines, demonstrating selectivity indexes of 151.7 and 61.9, respectively. O-7 achieved an IC50 value of 0.236 ± 0.096 μM, while O-10 showed an IC50 value of 0.622 ± 0.13 μM against A549 cell lines. The induction of early-stage apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner further underscored the potential of O-7 and O-10 as effective anti-proliferative agents. O-7 and O-10 exhibited substantial inhibition of wound closure, with wound closure percentages decreasing from 23% at 0 μM to 0.43% and 2.62% at 20 μM, respectively. Colony formation reduction rates were impressive, with O-7 at 74.2% and O-10 at 81.2%. These results indicate that the O-7 and O-10 can impede cancer cell migration and have a high potential to curtail colony formation. The mode of action investigations for O-7 and O-10 revealed that O-7 could inhibit in vitro tubulin polymerization and disrupt the intracellular microtubule cytoskeleton. This disruption led to cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, indicating that O-7 exerts its anticancer activity through microtubule destabilization. However, O-10 shows a different mode of action than O-7 and requires further investigation. Overall, our study showcases the potential of the synthesized benzimidazole derivatives as novel and selective anticancer agents, motivating further exploration of their pharmacological properties and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeong Park
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea
| | - In-Ho Song
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea
| | - Gyu Seong Yeom
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea
| | - Satish Balasaheb Nimse
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea.
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Park SJ, Patil M, Yeom GS, Bendre R, Kuwar A, Nimse SB. A dual-function fluorescence 'turn-on' probe that allows Zn (II) bioimaging and quantification of water in the organic solvent. Methods 2023; 218:84-93. [PMID: 37536375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, a Eugenol-derived fluorescence 'turn-on' probe FLHE was synthesized by condensing 2-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)amino)benzohydrazide with 5-allyl-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde. FLHE demonstrated very low fluorescence in the studied organic solvents of varying polarities. However, upon titration with Zn2+ in HEPES buffer (pH = 7.4, 50% ACN, v/v), FLHE showed 40-fold higher fluorescence signals indicating the formation of the FLHE-Zn2+ complex. The fluorescence turn-on phenomenon upon FLHE-Zn2+ complex formation results from a chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) effect. The FLHE-Zn2+ complexation demonstrated a stokes shift of 156 nm (λex = 350 nm, λem = 506 nm) and an about 33-fold increase in the quantum yield (FLHE, Φ = 0.007; FLHE-Zn2+ complex, Φ = 0.23). The binding constant (Ka) determined by the Benesi-Hildebrand plot for interaction between FLHE and Zn2+ was 5.33 × 103 M-1. FLHE demonstrated a LOD of 31.8 nM for detecting Zn2+ in the environmental samples without interference from other cations and anions. FLHE-based paper strip (FLHE-PS) assay was developed to quantify the Zn2+ ions in water and the water content of organic solvent. FLHE-PS allows the detection of Zn2+ in aqueous solutions with a LOD of 63.2 nM and quantifying water in acetonitrile with a LOD of 0.14%. These results indicate that the FLHE has high applicability for detecting Zn2+ in living cells and environmental samples and detecting the presence of water in the organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jeong Park
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Manohar Patil
- School of Chemical Science, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, India
| | - Gyu Seong Yeom
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ratnamala Bendre
- School of Chemical Science, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, India
| | - Anil Kuwar
- School of Chemical Science, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, India.
| | - Satish Balasaheb Nimse
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea.
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Song IH, Park SJ, Yeom GS, Song KS, Kim T, Nimse SB. Not all benzimidazole derivatives are microtubule destabilizing agents. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114977. [PMID: 37271075 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) have gained considerable interest in developing novel small-molecule anticancer drugs. MTAs demonstrate anticancer activity either as microtubule-stabilizing agents (paclitaxel) or microtubule-destabilizing agents (nocodazole). FDA-approved drugs containing a benzimidazole ring (nocodazole, albendazole, mebendazole, etc.) are well-known microtubule-destabilizing agents. Thus, most recent research on benzimidazole scaffold-based MTAs focuses on developing microtubule-destabilizing agents. However, there is no report on the benzimidazole scaffold-based microtubule-stabilizing agent. Here, we present the benzimidazole derivatives NI-11 and NI-18 that showed a profound anticancer activity as microtubule-stabilization agents. About twenty benzimidazole analogues were synthesized with excellent yield (80.0% ∼ 98.0%) and tested for their anticancer activity using two cancer cell lines (A549, MCF-7) and one normal cell line (MRC-5). NI-11 showed IC50 values of 2.90, 7.17, and 16.9 µM in A549, MCF-7, and MRC-5 cell lines. NI-18 showed IC50 values of 2.33, 6.10, and 12.1 µM in A549, MCF-7, and MRC-5 cell lines. Thus, NI-11 and NI-18 demonstrated selectivity indexes of 5.81 and 5.20, respectively, which are much higher than the currently available anticancer agents. NI-11 and NI-18 inhibited the cancer cell motility and migration, induced the early phase apoptosis. Both of these comounds were found to show an upregulation of DeY-α-tubulin and downregulation of Ac-α-tubulin expressions in cancer cells. Eventhough the reported benzimidazole scaffold-based commercially available drugs are known to be microtubule-destabilizing agents, the analogues NI-11 and NI-18 were found to have microtubule-stabilizing activity. The in vitro tubulin polymerization assay and the immunofluorescence assay results indicate that the NI-11 and NI-18 exhibit anticancer activity by stabilizing the microtubule network.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Ho Song
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea; Biometrix Technology, Inc., 2-2 Bio Venture Plaza 56, Chuncheon 24232, South Korea
| | - Su Jeong Park
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea
| | - Gyu Seong Yeom
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea
| | - Keum-Soo Song
- Biometrix Technology, Inc., 2-2 Bio Venture Plaza 56, Chuncheon 24232, South Korea
| | - Taisun Kim
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea
| | - Satish Balasaheb Nimse
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea.
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Song IH, Yeom GS, Kuwar A, Nimse SB. Elimination Reaction-Based Benzimidazole Probe for Cysteine Detection and Its Application in Serum Sample Analysis. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:bios12040224. [PMID: 35448284 PMCID: PMC9031725 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Benzimidazole-based compound 2-(p-tolyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (3) and its derivative probe A-B have been synthesized for the highly selective detection and quantification of Cys in human serum. The photophysical properties of A-B and compound 3 were evaluated by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. A-B showed high selectivity and sensitivity for Cys among tested analytes, including amino acids, anions, and cations. A-B selectively reacts with Cys and results in compound 3 with fluorescence turn-on effect. A-B did not show any interference from the components in the serum matrix for Cys detection in the human serum sample. A-B detects Cys in serum samples with 2.3-5.4-fold better LOD than reported methods. The detection limit of 86 nM and 43 nM in HEPES buffer using UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively, makes A-B an excellent chemosensor for Cys detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Ho Song
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Gyu Seong Yeom
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Anil Kuwar
- School of Chemical Sciences, KBC-North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, India
| | - Satish Balasaheb Nimse
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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Pal D, Song IH, Dashrath Warkad S, Song KS, Seong Yeom G, Saha S, Shinde PB, Balasaheb Nimse S. Indazole-based microtubule-targeting agents as potential candidates for anticancer drugs discovery. Bioorg Chem 2022; 122:105735. [PMID: 35298962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous research is focused on developing novel drug candidates targeting microtubules to inhibit their function in several cellular processes, including cell division. In this regard, several indazole derivatives were sought to target the colchicine binding site on the β-tubulin, a crucial protein required to form microtubules, to develop microtubule targeting agents. Even though there are several reviews on the indazole-based compounds, none of them focused on using indazole scaffold to develop microtubule targeting agents. Therefore, this review aims to present the advances in research on compounds containing indazole scaffolds as microtubule targeting agents based on the articles published in the last two decades. Among the articles reviewed, we found that compounds 6 and 7 showed the lowest IC50 values of 0.6 ∼ 0.9 nM in the cell line studies, making them the strongest indazole derivatives that target microtubules. The compounds 30, 31, 37 (IC50 = ∼ 1 nM) and compounds 8, 38 (IC50 = ∼ 2 nM) have proved to be potent microtubule inhibitors. The compounds 18, 31, 44, 45 also showed strong anticancer activity (IC50 = ∼ 8 nM). It is important to notice that except for compounds 9, 12, 13, 15, and SRF, the top activity compounds including 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 30, 31, 37, 44, and 45 contain 3,4,5‑trimethoxyphenyl substitution similar to that of colchicine. Therefore, it appears that the 3,4,5‑trimethoxyphenyl substituent on the indazole scaffold is crucial for targeting CBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilipkumar Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Viswavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 495009, India
| | - In-Ho Song
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea
| | | | - Keum-Soo Song
- Biometrix Technology, Inc., 2-2 Bio Venture Plaza 56, Chuncheon 24232, South Korea
| | - Gyu Seong Yeom
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea
| | - Supriyo Saha
- Sardar Bhagwan Singh Post Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science and Research, India
| | - Pramod B Shinde
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Satish Balasaheb Nimse
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea.
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Lee JS, Song IH, Warkad SD, Yeom GS, Nimse SB. An abiotic fluorescent probe for the detection and quantification of carcinoembryonic antigen. Bioorg Chem 2022; 119:105490. [PMID: 34836645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The reported methods mainly use biomolecules such as antibodies, enzymes, and aptamers for biomarker detection. However, applying an abiotic fluorescent probe to detect cancer biomarkers such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has not been reported. In this regard, we conceived an abiotic fluorescent probe BIQ-1 for the rapid yet straightforward detection of CEA. The bioinformatics tools and molecular docking techniques were used to develop the probe BIQ-1 for the selective detection and quantification of CEA in a buffer matrix resembling serum. The probe BIQ-1 exhibited a limit of detection of 0.2 ng/mL for CEA in a simple cuvette-based experiment. The BIQ-1 did no show interference from the possible interfering components such as hemoglobin, intralipid, and human serum albumin (HSA) in concentrations several-fold higher (µg/mL) than CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Seop Lee
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea
| | - In-Ho Song
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea
| | | | - Gyu Seong Yeom
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea
| | - Satish Balasaheb Nimse
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200702, South Korea.
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Lee J, Song I, Warkad SD, Yeom GS, Shinde PB, Song K, Nimse SB. Synthesis and evaluation of
2‐aryl‐1
H
‐benzo[d]imidazole derivatives as potential microtubule targeting agents. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:769-782. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung‐Seop Lee
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry Hallym University Chuncheon South Korea
| | - In‐ho Song
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry Hallym University Chuncheon South Korea
| | | | - Gyu Seong Yeom
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry Hallym University Chuncheon South Korea
| | - Pramod B. Shinde
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division CSIR‐Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR‐CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Bhavnagar Gujarat India
| | | | - Satish Balasaheb Nimse
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry Hallym University Chuncheon South Korea
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Patil MM, Park SJ, Yeom GS, Bendre RS, Kuwar A, Nimse SB. Fluorescence 'turn-on' probe for nanomolar Zn (II) detection in living cells and environmental samples. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02012b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a Schiff base ligand FHE was synthesized by condensing 5-allyl-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, a eugenol derivative with a derivative furan-2-carbohydrazide. FHE alone showed low fluorescence signals due to the intramolecular charge transfer...
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Yeom GS, Song IH, Warkad SD, Shinde PB, Kim T, Park SM, Nimse SB. Development of a Novel Benzimidazole-Based Probe and Portable Fluorimeter for the Detection of Cysteine in Human Urine. Biosensors (Basel) 2021; 11:420. [PMID: 34821635 PMCID: PMC8615561 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of cysteine in human urine and live cells is crucial for evaluating biological metabolism, monitoring and maintaining the immune system, preventing tissue/DNA damage caused by free radicals, preventing autoimmune diseases, and diagnosing disorders such as cystinuria and cancer. A method that uses a fluorescence turn-on probe and a portable fluorescence spectrometer device are crucial for highly sensitive, simple, rapid, and inexpensive cysteine detection. Herein, we present the synthesis and application of a benzimidazole-based fluorescent probe (ABIA) along with the design and development of a portable fluorescence spectrometer device (CysDDev) for detecting cysteine in simulated human urine. ABIA showed excellent selectivity and sensitivity in detecting cysteine over homocysteine, glutathione, and other amino acids with the response time of 1 min and demonstrated a detection limit of 16.3 nM using the developed CysDDev. Further, ABIA also demonstrated its utility in detecting intracellular cysteine, making it an excellent probe for bio-imaging assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Seong Yeom
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (G.S.Y.); (I.-h.S.); (S.-m.P.)
| | - In-ho Song
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (G.S.Y.); (I.-h.S.); (S.-m.P.)
| | | | - Pramod B. Shinde
- Natural Products & Green Chemistry Division, CSIR—Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India;
| | - Taewoon Kim
- School of Software, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Seong-min Park
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (G.S.Y.); (I.-h.S.); (S.-m.P.)
| | - Satish Balasaheb Nimse
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (G.S.Y.); (I.-h.S.); (S.-m.P.)
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