Morphological comparison of the chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) and Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) syrinx

Syrinx is a voice device and shows structural and functional differences between bird species. This study aimed to investigate morphological and histological structures of the syrinx in chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) and Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). In the present study, 12 male chukar partridges and 12 male Japanese quail were used. The syrinx tissues were photographed by digital camera and fixed in formaldehyde solution. Five syrinxes were stained with methylene blue to make the syrinx rings distinct. After anatomical examination, tissues were passed through alcohol series, cleaned in xylene, and embedded in paraffin blocks. The blocks were cut and obtained sections were stained with Crossman modified triple staining and examined under camera attached light microscope. The syrinx of chukar partridges and Japanese quail consisted of cartilaginous tracheasyngeales and bronchosyngeales in the region of bifurcatio trachea and at the level of basis cordis. The tracheal rings constituting syrinx were counted three in chukar partridge and four in Japanese quail. The bronchial rings comprising syrinx counted nine in chukar partridge and eight in Japanese quail. In the histological examination, the pesullus structure was hyaline cartilage and calcificated with increasing ages being covered by pseudostratified columnar epithelium. The results of the study suggested that chukar partridge and Japanese quail syrinxes have some morphological differences compared to the other bird species; but, anatomically and histologically similarities to many bird species.

A macroscopic comparison study on main branches of arteria brachialis and arteria subscapularis in Southern Karaman and Hasak sheep breeds

BACKGROUND

The Southern Karaman sheep, which is very fertile in terms of meat and milk production and is often preferred in livestock raising, is known as a domestic sheep breed. The Hasak sheep is a breed formed by the triple crossbreeding of the German Black-headed, Hampshire and Akkaraman breeds. Arterial feeding of the forelimb is provided by arteria axillaris, a continuation of arteria subclavia. In this study, it was aimed to examine the forelimb arteries in Southern Karaman and Hasak sheep breeds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Totally, 8 Southern Karaman and 8 Hasak sheep were obtained from Konya Bahri Dagdas International Agricultural Institute. The sheep were anesthetised with xylazine and ketamine and extravasated by cutting the arteria carotis communis in the neck area of the sheep. The forelimbs of the sheep separated from the body were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and then dissections were made and the course and branching of the arteries were examined.

RESULTS

It was determined that the arteria brachialis was divided into two main branches as distal arteria brachialis and proximal arteria subscapularis at the articulatio humeri level of the arteria axillary. Arteria mediana, which is a continuation of arteria brachialis, was also examined in different parts of antebrachium and ended by splitting into branches.

CONCLUSIONS

According to the findings of the Southern Karaman and Hasak sheep breeds, it was determined that the forelimb arteries had some anatomical differences but were similar in structure to many sheep breeds.

A morphological, morphometrical and histological investigation of the interdigital gland in Hasmer and Hasak sheep

BACKGROUND

The interdigital glands of sheep perform various functions including those pertaining to sexual behaviours. Morphological and histological structure of the gland demonstrates differences among species. The aim of this study is to examine the morphological and histological structure of Hasak and Hasmer sheep's interdigital glands and to determine the differences with other sheep breeds.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For this research, we selected 7 Hasak and 7 Hasmer female sheep. After scarification, the feet were obtained and used for anatomical and histological examinations. For the histological examination, the interdigital gland tissues were stained with Crossman modified triple, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and Alcian blue (AB) staining.

RESULTS

The morphometric analysis results, mean values of weight, body length, body diameter, flexura, ductus length, ductus diameter, were observed as 0.80 mm, 14.61 mm, 5.98 mm, 5.62 mm, 26.58 mm, and 3.25 mm, respectively in Hasak and 0.8 mm, 15.46 mm, 6.37 mm, 5.70 mm, 24.52 mm, and 3.52 mm in Hasmer sheep. The histochemical staining revealed that the apocrine secretion of this gland was PAS positive and AB negative.

CONCLUSIONS

The weight, body length, body diameter, flexura, ductus length and ductus diameter in the forefoot's interdigital glands of both Hasak and Hasmer sheep were higher in a statistically significant manner than those of the hindfeet's glands.

A Two-year Clinical Comparison of Three Different Restorative Materials in Class II Cavities

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the clinical performance of Class II restorations of a high-viscosity glass ionomer material, of a bulk-fill composite resin, and of a microhybrid composite resin.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

One hundred nine Class II restorations were performed in 54 patients using three different restorative materials: Charisma Smart Composite (CSC; a conventional composite resin), Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior Restorative (FBF; a high-viscosity bulk-fill composite), and Equia Forte Fil (EF; a high-viscosity glass ionomer). Single Bond Universal adhesive (3M ESPE, Neuss, Germany) was used for both conventional and bulk-fill composite resin restorations. The restorations were evaluated using modified US Public Health Service criteria in terms of retention, color match, marginal discoloration, anatomic form, contact point, marginal adaptation, secondary caries, postoperative sensitivity, and surface texture. The data were analyzed using the chi-square, Fisher, and McNemar tests.

RESULTS

Eighty-four restorations were evaluated at two-year recalls. There were clinically acceptable changes in composite resin restorations (FBF and CSC). In addition, no statistically significant difference was observed between the clinical performances of these materials in terms of all criteria (p>0.05). However, there was a statistically significant difference between the EF group and the FBF and CSC groups in all parameters except for marginal discoloration, secondary caries, and postoperative sensitivity (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The tested bulk-fill and conventional composite resins showed acceptable clinical performance in Class II cavities. However, if EF is to be used for Class II restoration, its use should be carefully considered.