A pharmacophore for high affinity PAF antagonists. II. Hydrophobicity study using the molecular lipophilicity potential

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a powerful phospholipid-derived autacoid involved in many physiopathological mechanisms. Many PAF antagonists have been synthesized and evaluated as therapeutic candidates. In a previous report, we have described an electronic pharmacophore of PAF antagonists using the molecular electrostatic potential. In the present study, a molecular lipophilicity potential is used to compare the hydrophobic properties of 49 "heterocyclic sp2 nitrogen' highly potent PAF antagonists, belonging to six structurally different series (nine hetrazepines, five pyrrolo[1,2-c]thiazoles, 14 carboxamides, nine dihydropyridines, nine pyridinyl-thiazolidines and three imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines). Their common features consist of three hydrophilic (HYD2, HY14(3)B and HYD3) and two lipophilic zones (LIP3 and LIP4), defining the lipophilic pharmacophore of the antagonists. This pharmacophore is also characterized by several zone-to-zone distances: HYD3-HYD2 = 1.3 +/- 1.0 A, HY3B-HYD2 = 7.8 +/- 1.1, HYD3-HY3B = 5.1 +/- 1.1 A, LIP4-LIP3 = 5.4 +/- 1.1 A, LIP3-HYD2 = 11.3 +/- 1.6 A, LIP3-HY3B = 5.9 +/- 1.0 A, LIP3-HYD3 = 4.3 +/- 0.9 A, LIP4-HYD2 = 14.7 +/- 1.6 A, LIP4-HY3B = 8.1 +/- 1.2 A and LIP4-HYD3 = 3.9 +/- 1.1 A. These results represent a new step in the determination of a global pharmacophore for PAF antagonists.

A pharmacophore for high affinity PAF antagonists. I. Electronic model using molecular electrostatic potential

PAF is a powerful phospholipid-derived autacoid involved in many physio-pathological mechanisms. Many PAF antagonists have been synthesized and assayed for therapeutic purposes. In this study, molecular electrostatic potential is used to compare the electronic properties of 48 'heterocyclic sp2 nitrogen' highly potent PAF antagonists, belonging to six series (nine hetrazepines, five pyrrolo[1,2-c]thiazoles, 14 carboxamides, nine dihydropyridines, nine pyridinylthiazolidines and two imidazo[4,5-c]pyridines). Their common features consist of three main electronegative zones (A, B1 and B2) describing the electronic pharmacophore of these ligands. The high affinity of these PAF antagonists seems to be related to this electronegative system A-B(x), which is characterized by three distances A-B1 (9.3 +/- 1.0 A), A-B2 (13.4 +/- 0.7 A) and B1-B2 (4.9 +/- 0.9 A). Moreover, B1 and B2 may surround a common anchorage point in the binding site of the receptor.

Determination of a PAF antagonist pharmacophore using combined Molecular Electrostatic Potential and Molecular Lipophilicity Potential

PAF is a potent lipid mediator involved in many pathological disorders, such as platelet aggregation, immuno-inflammatory reactions, vascular disorders, septic shock and bronchoconstriction. We chose to study the electronic and lipophilic properties of eleven PAF antagonists, comprising five tetrahydrofuran derivatives, four hetrazepines, the ginkgolide BN-52021 and the pyrrolo-thiazole derivative RP-59227. A Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) contour drawn at -25 kCal/Mol shows three electronegative areas in most compounds. Two areas can be considered as analogous to those described in the so-called "Cache-Oreille" (Earmuff) Model. Molecular Lipophilicity Potential (MLP) analysis allows us to characterise one hydrophilic area, localised at the same place as one of the electronegative areas, and two lipophilic areas, of which the biggest draws a typical "sock" contour. These three areas represent the minimal requirements for a high affinity to the PAF receptor. MEP and MLP results are here combined to propose a pharmacophore for PAF antagonists, including two lipophilic areas, two hydrophilic and electronegative areas and an electronegative zone with no particular hydrophilic behaviour.

The determination of bromazepam in plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of bromazepam, an anxiolytic benzodiazepine, in plasma. After a single-step extraction from alkalinized plasma with diethyl-ether in the presence of an internal standard (alpha-hydroxy-triazolam), the residues were chromatographed on a reversed-phase Nova Pak 5 microns C18 column, with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water-triethylamine (700:300:4, v/v/v) adjusted to pH 7.4 with orthophosphoric acid. The limit of detection was 50 ng ml-1, using a 20 microliters injection with UV detection at 240 nm. Between-day and within-day relative standard deviations were lower than 6%. Studies of drug stability during sample storage at -20 degrees C and at +4 degrees C showed no degradation of bromazepam. However, bromazepam seemed to be degraded at ambient temperature, without any influence of light. This method is applied to the determination of bromazepam plasma levels in analytical toxicology.