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Persson M, Aizawa S, André N, Barabash S, Saito Y, Harada Y, Heyner D, Orsini S, Fedorov A, Mazelle C, Futaana Y, Hadid LZ, Volwerk M, Collinson G, Sanchez-Cano B, Barthe A, Penou E, Yokota S, Génot V, Sauvaud JA, Delcourt D, Fraenz M, Modolo R, Milillo A, Auster HU, Richter I, Mieth JZD, Louarn P, Owen CJ, Horbury TS, Asamura K, Matsuda S, Nilsson H, Wieser M, Alberti T, Varsani A, Mangano V, Mura A, Lichtenegger H, Laky G, Jeszenszky H, Masunaga K, Signoles C, Rojo M, Murakami G. BepiColombo mission confirms stagnation region of Venus and reveals its large extent. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7743. [PMID: 36522338 PMCID: PMC9755131 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The second Venus flyby of the BepiColombo mission offer a unique opportunity to make a complete tour of one of the few gas-dynamics dominated interaction regions between the supersonic solar wind and a Solar System object. The spacecraft pass through the full Venusian magnetosheath following the plasma streamlines, and cross the subsolar stagnation region during very stable solar wind conditions as observed upstream by the neighboring Solar Orbiter mission. These rare multipoint synergistic observations and stable conditions experimentally confirm what was previously predicted for the barely-explored stagnation region close to solar minimum. Here, we show that this region has a large extend, up to an altitude of 1900 km, and the estimated low energy transfer near the subsolar point confirm that the atmosphere of Venus, despite being non-magnetized and less conductive due to lower ultraviolet flux at solar minimum, is capable of withstanding the solar wind under low dynamic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Persson
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - S. Aizawa
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - N. André
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - S. Barabash
- grid.425140.60000 0001 0706 1867Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - Y. Saito
- grid.62167.340000 0001 2220 7916Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y. Harada
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - D. Heyner
- grid.6738.a0000 0001 1090 0254Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - S. Orsini
- grid.4293.c0000 0004 1792 8585Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Fedorov
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - C. Mazelle
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Y. Futaana
- grid.425140.60000 0001 0706 1867Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - L. Z. Hadid
- grid.508893.fLaboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Saclay, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M. Volwerk
- grid.4299.60000 0001 2169 3852Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - G. Collinson
- grid.133275.10000 0004 0637 6666National Aeronautic and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - B. Sanchez-Cano
- grid.9918.90000 0004 1936 8411School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - A. Barthe
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - E. Penou
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - S. Yokota
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - V. Génot
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - J. A. Sauvaud
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - D. Delcourt
- grid.508893.fLaboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Saclay, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M. Fraenz
- grid.435826.e0000 0001 2284 9011Max-Planck-Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - R. Modolo
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Pierre Marie Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Guyancourt, France
| | - A. Milillo
- grid.4293.c0000 0004 1792 8585Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome, Italy
| | - H.-U. Auster
- grid.6738.a0000 0001 1090 0254Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - I. Richter
- grid.6738.a0000 0001 1090 0254Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J. Z. D. Mieth
- grid.6738.a0000 0001 1090 0254Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - P. Louarn
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - C. J. Owen
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, UK
| | - T. S. Horbury
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - K. Asamura
- grid.62167.340000 0001 2220 7916Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kyoto, Japan
| | - S. Matsuda
- grid.9707.90000 0001 2308 3329Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - H. Nilsson
- grid.425140.60000 0001 0706 1867Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - M. Wieser
- grid.425140.60000 0001 0706 1867Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - T. Alberti
- grid.4293.c0000 0004 1792 8585Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Varsani
- grid.4299.60000 0001 2169 3852Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - V. Mangano
- grid.4293.c0000 0004 1792 8585Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Mura
- grid.4293.c0000 0004 1792 8585Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome, Italy
| | - H. Lichtenegger
- grid.4299.60000 0001 2169 3852Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - G. Laky
- grid.4299.60000 0001 2169 3852Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - H. Jeszenszky
- grid.4299.60000 0001 2169 3852Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - K. Masunaga
- grid.62167.340000 0001 2220 7916Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kyoto, Japan
| | - C. Signoles
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - M. Rojo
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Université Paul Sabatier—Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - G. Murakami
- grid.62167.340000 0001 2220 7916Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Orsini S, Milillo A, Lichtenegger H, Varsani A, Barabash S, Livi S, De Angelis E, Alberti T, Laky G, Nilsson H, Phillips M, Aronica A, Kallio E, Wurz P, Olivieri A, Plainaki C, Slavin JA, Dandouras I, Raines JM, Benkhoff J, Zender J, Berthelier JJ, Dosa M, Ho GC, Killen RM, McKenna-Lawlor S, Torkar K, Vaisberg O, Allegrini F, Daglis IA, Dong C, Escoubet CP, Fatemi S, Fränz M, Ivanovski S, Krupp N, Lammer H, Leblanc F, Mangano V, Mura A, Rispoli R, Sarantos M, Smith HT, Wieser M, Camozzi F, Di Lellis AM, Fremuth G, Giner F, Gurnee R, Hayes J, Jeszenszky H, Trantham B, Balaz J, Baumjohann W, Cantatore M, Delcourt D, Delva M, Desai M, Fischer H, Galli A, Grande M, Holmström M, Horvath I, Hsieh KC, Jarvinen R, Johnson RE, Kazakov A, Kecskemety K, Krüger H, Kürbisch C, Leblanc F, Leichtfried M, Mangraviti E, Massetti S, Moissenko D, Moroni M, Noschese R, Nuccilli F, Paschalidis N, Ryno J, Seki K, Shestakov A, Shuvalov S, Sordini R, Stenbeck F, Svensson J, Szalai S, Szego K, Toublanc D, Vertolli N, Wallner R, Vorburger A. Inner southern magnetosphere observation of Mercury via SERENA ion sensors in BepiColombo mission. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7390. [PMID: 36450728 PMCID: PMC9712576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury's southern inner magnetosphere is an unexplored region as it was not observed by earlier space missions. In October 2021, BepiColombo mission has passed through this region during its first Mercury flyby. Here, we describe the observations of SERENA ion sensors nearby and inside Mercury's magnetosphere. An intermittent high-energy signal, possibly due to an interplanetary magnetic flux rope, has been observed downstream Mercury, together with low energy solar wind. Low energy ions, possibly due to satellite outgassing, were detected outside the magnetosphere. The dayside magnetopause and bow-shock crossing were much closer to the planet than expected, signature of a highly eroded magnetosphere. Different ion populations have been observed inside the magnetosphere, like low latitude boundary layer at magnetopause inbound and partial ring current at dawn close to the planet. These observations are important for understanding the weak magnetosphere behavior so close to the Sun, revealing details never reached before.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Orsini
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy.
| | - A Milillo
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - H Lichtenegger
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - A Varsani
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - S Barabash
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - S Livi
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- University of Michigan, Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - E De Angelis
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - T Alberti
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - G Laky
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - H Nilsson
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - M Phillips
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - A Aronica
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - E Kallio
- Aalto University, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Wurz
- University of Bern, Institute of Physics, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - J A Slavin
- University of Michigan, Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - I Dandouras
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - J M Raines
- University of Michigan, Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - J Zender
- ESA-ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Dosa
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - G C Ho
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
| | - R M Killen
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | | | - K Torkar
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - O Vaisberg
- IKI Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - F Allegrini
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- University of Texas at San Antonio, Department of Physics and Astronomy, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - I A Daglis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, Athens, Greece
- Hellenic Space Center, Athens, Greece
| | - C Dong
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - S Fatemi
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Fränz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, MPS, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Ivanovski
- Astronomincal Observatory, INAF, Trieste, Italy
| | - N Krupp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, MPS, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - H Lammer
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | | | - V Mangano
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - A Mura
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - R Rispoli
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - M Sarantos
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - H T Smith
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
| | - M Wieser
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | | | | | - G Fremuth
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - F Giner
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - R Gurnee
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Hayes
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
| | - H Jeszenszky
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - B Trantham
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - J Balaz
- Institute of Experimental Physics SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - W Baumjohann
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - M Delva
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - M Desai
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - H Fischer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, MPS, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Galli
- University of Bern, Institute of Physics, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Grande
- Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
| | - M Holmström
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - I Horvath
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - K C Hsieh
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - R Jarvinen
- Aalto University, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute FMI, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R E Johnson
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - A Kazakov
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - K Kecskemety
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - H Krüger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, MPS, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Kürbisch
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | | | - M Leichtfried
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | | | - S Massetti
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - D Moissenko
- IKI Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Moroni
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - R Noschese
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - F Nuccilli
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - N Paschalidis
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - J Ryno
- Finnish Meteorological Institute FMI, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Seki
- University of Tokyo, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Shestakov
- IKI Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Shuvalov
- IKI Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - R Sordini
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - F Stenbeck
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - J Svensson
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - S Szalai
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Szego
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - D Toublanc
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - N Vertolli
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, Roma, Italy
| | - R Wallner
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - A Vorburger
- University of Bern, Institute of Physics, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Orsini S, Livi SA, Lichtenegger H, Barabash S, Milillo A, De Angelis E, Phillips M, Laky G, Wieser M, Olivieri A, Plainaki C, Ho G, Killen RM, Slavin JA, Wurz P, Berthelier JJ, Dandouras I, Kallio E, McKenna-Lawlor S, Szalai S, Torkar K, Vaisberg O, Allegrini F, Daglis IA, Dong C, Escoubet CP, Fatemi S, Fränz M, Ivanovski S, Krupp N, Lammer H, Leblanc F, Mangano V, Mura A, Nilsson H, Raines JM, Rispoli R, Sarantos M, Smith HT, Szego K, Aronica A, Camozzi F, Di Lellis AM, Fremuth G, Giner F, Gurnee R, Hayes J, Jeszenszky H, Tominetti F, Trantham B, Balaz J, Baumjohann W, Brienza D, Bührke U, Bush MD, Cantatore M, Cibella S, Colasanti L, Cremonese G, Cremonesi L, D'Alessandro M, Delcourt D, Delva M, Desai M, Fama M, Ferris M, Fischer H, Gaggero A, Gamborino D, Garnier P, Gibson WC, Goldstein R, Grande M, Grishin V, Haggerty D, Holmström M, Horvath I, Hsieh KC, Jacques A, Johnson RE, Kazakov A, Kecskemety K, Krüger H, Kürbisch C, Lazzarotto F, Leblanc F, Leichtfried M, Leoni R, Loose A, Maschietti D, Massetti S, Mattioli F, Miller G, Moissenko D, Morbidini A, Noschese R, Nuccilli F, Nunez C, Paschalidis N, Persyn S, Piazza D, Oja M, Ryno J, Schmidt W, Scheer JA, Shestakov A, Shuvalov S, Seki K, Selci S, Smith K, Sordini R, Svensson J, Szalai L, Toublanc D, Urdiales C, Varsani A, Vertolli N, Wallner R, Wahlstroem P, Wilson P, Zampieri S. SERENA: Particle Instrument Suite for Determining the Sun-Mercury Interaction from BepiColombo. Space Sci Rev 2021; 217:11. [PMID: 33487762 PMCID: PMC7803725 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-020-00787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ESA-JAXA BepiColombo mission to Mercury will provide simultaneous measurements from two spacecraft, offering an unprecedented opportunity to investigate magnetospheric and exospheric particle dynamics at Mercury as well as their interactions with solar wind, solar radiation, and interplanetary dust. The particle instrument suite SERENA (Search for Exospheric Refilling and Emitted Natural Abundances) is flying in space on-board the BepiColombo Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and is the only instrument for ion and neutral particle detection aboard the MPO. It comprises four independent sensors: ELENA for neutral particle flow detection, Strofio for neutral gas detection, PICAM for planetary ions observations, and MIPA, mostly for solar wind ion measurements. SERENA is managed by a System Control Unit located inside the ELENA box. In the present paper the scientific goals of this suite are described, and then the four units are detailed, as well as their major features and calibration results. Finally, the SERENA operational activities are shown during the orbital path around Mercury, with also some reference to the activities planned during the long cruise phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Orsini
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - S A Livi
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - H Lichtenegger
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - S Barabash
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - A Milillo
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - E De Angelis
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - M Phillips
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - G Laky
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - M Wieser
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | | | | | - G Ho
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
| | - R M Killen
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - J A Slavin
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - P Wurz
- Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - I Dandouras
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - E Kallio
- School of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - S Szalai
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Torkar
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - O Vaisberg
- IKI Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - F Allegrini
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - I A Daglis
- Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Hellenic Space Center, Athens, Greece
| | - C Dong
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences and Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | | | - S Fatemi
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - M Fränz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, MPS, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Ivanovski
- Astronomical Observatory, INAF, Trieste, Italy
| | - N Krupp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, MPS, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - H Lammer
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | | | - V Mangano
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - A Mura
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - H Nilsson
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - J M Raines
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - R Rispoli
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - M Sarantos
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - H T Smith
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
| | - K Szego
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Aronica
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - G Fremuth
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - F Giner
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - R Gurnee
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Boulder, CO USA
| | - J Hayes
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
| | - H Jeszenszky
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | | | - B Trantham
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - J Balaz
- Institute of Experimental Physics SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - W Baumjohann
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - D Brienza
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - U Bührke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, MPS, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - M D Bush
- Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - S Cibella
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - L Colasanti
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - G Cremonese
- Astronomical Observatory, INAF, Padova, Italy
| | | | - M D'Alessandro
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - M Delva
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - M Desai
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - M Fama
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, cnea, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - M Ferris
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - H Fischer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, MPS, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Gaggero
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - D Gamborino
- Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - P Garnier
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - W C Gibson
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - R Goldstein
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - M Grande
- Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3FL UK
| | - V Grishin
- IKI Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - D Haggerty
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
| | - M Holmström
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - I Horvath
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - K-C Hsieh
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - A Jacques
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - R E Johnson
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA
| | - A Kazakov
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - K Kecskemety
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - H Krüger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, MPS, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Kürbisch
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - M Leichtfried
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | | | - A Loose
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, MPS, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - D Maschietti
- Istituto Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, CNR-IFN, Roma, Italy
| | - S Massetti
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - G Miller
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - D Moissenko
- IKI Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Morbidini
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - R Noschese
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - F Nuccilli
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - C Nunez
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - N Paschalidis
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
| | - S Persyn
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - D Piazza
- Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Oja
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
| | - J Ryno
- Finnish Meteorological Institute FMI, Helsinki, Finland
| | - W Schmidt
- Finnish Meteorological Institute FMI, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - A Shestakov
- IKI Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Shuvalov
- IKI Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - K Seki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Selci
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - K Smith
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - R Sordini
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - L Szalai
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - D Toublanc
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, CNRS, CNES, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - C Urdiales
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - A Varsani
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - N Vertolli
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - R Wallner
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - P Wahlstroem
- Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - P Wilson
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - S Zampieri
- Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Windberger U, Dibiasi C, Lotz EM, Scharbert G, Reinbacher-Koestinger A, Ivanov I, Ploszczanski L, Antonova N, Lichtenegger H. The effect of hematocrit, fibrinogen concentration and temperature on the kinetics of clot formation of whole blood. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 75:431-445. [PMID: 32390608 DOI: 10.3233/ch-190799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamic mechanical analysis of blood clots can be used to detect the coagulability of blood. OBJECTIVE We investigated the kinetics of clot formation by changing several blood components, and we looked into the clot "signature" at its equilibrium state by using viscoelastic and dielectric protocols. METHODS Oscillating shear rheometry, ROTEM, and a dielectro-rheological device was used. RESULTS In fibrinogen- spiked samples we found the classical high clotting ability: shortened onset, faster rate of clotting, and higher plateau stiffness. Electron microscopy explained the gain of stiffness. Incorporated RBCs weakened the clots. Reduction of temperature during the clotting process supported the development of high moduli by providing more time for fiber assembly. But at low HCT, clot firmness could be increased by elevating the temperature from 32 to 37°C. In contrast, when the fibrinogen concentration was modified, acceleration of clotting via temperature always reduced clot stiffness, whatever the initial fibrinogen concentration. Electrical resistance increased continuously during clotting; loss tangent (D) (relaxation frequency 249 kHz) decreased when clots became denser: fewer dipoles contributed to the relaxation process. The relaxation peak (Dmax) shifted to lower frequencies at higher platelet count. CONCLUSION Increasing temperature accelerates clot formation but weakens clots. Rheometry and ROTEM correlate well.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Windberger
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ch Dibiasi
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E M Lotz
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Scharbert
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Reinbacher-Koestinger
- Institute of Fundamentals and Theory in Electrical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - I Ivanov
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - L Ploszczanski
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Antonova
- Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - H Lichtenegger
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Physics and Materials Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Martinecz C, Boesswetter A, Fränz M, Roussos E, Woch J, Krupp N, Dubinin E, Motschmann U, Wiehle S, Simon S, Barabash S, Lundin R, Zhang TL, Lammer H, Lichtenegger H, Kulikov Y. Plasma environment of Venus: Comparison of Venus Express ASPERA-4 measurements with 3-D hybrid simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008je003174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ajami A, Rafique MS, Pucher N, Bashir S, Husinsky W, Liska R, Inführ R, Lichtenegger H, Stampfl J, Lüftenegger S. Z-scan measurements of two-photon absorption for ultrashort laser radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1117/12.822530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Fratzl P, Roschger P, Zizak I, Lichtenegger H, Paris O, Klaushofer K. Hierarchical structure of bone and wood studied by scanning X-ray scattering. Acta Crystallogr A 2000. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767300022200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Paris O, Zizak I, Lichtenegger H, Roschger P, Klaushofer K, Fratzl P. Analysis of the hierarchical structure of biological tissues by scanning X-ray scattering using a micro-beam. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2000; 46:993-1004. [PMID: 10976879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding mechanical properties of biological tissues such as wood or bone are mainly due to their hierarchical structure and to their optimization at all levels of hierarchy. It is therefore essential to characterize the structure at all levels to understand the complex behavior of such tissues. Structures down to the micrometer level are accessible to light or scanning electron microscopic observation. In the case of bone this includes, for example, morphometry of the trabecular architecture or the bone mineral density distribution in cortical and trabecular bone. To characterize the sub-micrometer structure of, e.g., the collagen-mineral composite in the case of bone or the cellulose microfibrils in the case of wood, other methods, such as transmission electron microscopy or X-ray scattering are necessary. The recent availability of extremely brilliant synchrotron X-ray sources has led to the development of the new techniques of scanning small-angle X-ray scattering and scanning X-ray microdiffraction, which are capable of providing structural information on the micrometer and the nanometer level, simultaneously. As a basic principle of the method the specimen is scanned across an X-ray beam which has a diameter of few micrometers. Measuring the X-ray absorption at each position provides an image of the specimen (microradiography) with resolution similar to light microscopy, in the micrometer range. Moreover, the X-ray scattering pattern is analyzed at each specimen position to provide parameters characterizing the structure in the nanometer range. The present paper reviews the principles of the techniques and demonstrates their application to biological materials, such as wood or bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Paris
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, and Metal Physics Institute, University of Leoben, Austria
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Paris O, Loidl D, Peterlik H, Müller M, Lichtenegger H, Fratzl P. The internal structure of single carbon fibers determined by simultaneous small- and wide-angle scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 2000. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889899013436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Lichtenegger H, Reiterer A, Stanzl-Tschegg SE, Fratzl P. Variation of cellulose microfibril angles in softwoods and hardwoods-a possible strategy of mechanical optimization. J Struct Biol 1999; 128:257-69. [PMID: 10633065 DOI: 10.1006/jsbi.1999.4194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Position-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering was used to investigate the nanostructure of the wood cell wall in two softwood species (Norwegian spruce and Scots pine) and two hardwood species (pedunculate oak and copper beech). The tilt angle of the cellulose fibrils in the wood cell wall versus the longitudinal cell axis (microfibril angle) was systematically studied over a wide range of annual rings in each tree. The measured angles were correlated with the distance from the pith and the results were compared. The microfibril angle was found to decrease from pith to bark in all four trees, but was generally higher in the softwood than in the hardwood. In Norwegian spruce, the microfibril angles were higher in late wood than in early wood; in Scots pine the opposite was observed. In pedunculate oak and copper beech, low angles were found in the major part of the stem, except for the very first annual rings in pedunculate oak. The results are interpreted in terms of mechanical optimization. An attempt was made to give a quantitative estimation for the mechanical constraints imposed on a tree of given dimensions and to establish a model that could explain the general decrease of microfibril angles from pith to bark.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lichtenegger
- Erich Schmid Institute for Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Leoben, Austria
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Lichtenegger H, Müller M, Paris O, Riekel C, Fratzl P. Imaging of the helical arrangement of cellulose fibrils in wood by synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction. J Appl Crystallogr 1999. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889899010961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A complete image of the helical arrangement of cellulose fibrils in the S2 layer of adjacent wood cells ofPicea abies(Norwegian spruce) was obtained by applying position-resolved synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction on cells in cross section. In contrast to conventional fiber diffraction studies, the incident beam was parallel to the longitudinal cell axis, resulting in a glancing angle μ far from 90° with respect to the cellulose fibrils. This special choice of diffraction geometry allowed us to take advantage of an asymmetry effect in the two-dimensional diffraction patterns arising from the curvature of the Ewald sphere to obtain information on the local orientation of the cellulose fibrils. The small size of the beam, smaller than the thickness of a single cell wall, allowed mesh scans over intact transverse sections of adjacent wood cells with a microscopic position resolution. The scan yielded a map of diffraction patterns that could readily serve as a microscopic image. Each of the diffraction patterns was then used to evaluate the local orientation of the cellulose fibrils at the actual beam position. The combination of these results gave an image of cellulose fibrils forming (Z) helices in several adjacent wood cells.
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Reiterer A, Lichtenegger H, Tschegg S, Fratzl P. Experimental evidence for a mechanical function of the cellulose microfibril angle in wood cell walls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/01418619908210415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
The Mössbauer effect of 57Fe-enriched samples was used to investigate the coupling of 80% sucrose/water, a protein-stabilizing solvent, to vibrational and diffusive modes of the heme iron of CO-myoglobin. For comparison we also determined the Mössbauer spectra of K4 57Fe (CN)6 (potassium ferrocyanide, PFC), where the iron is fully exposed in the same solvent. The temperature dependence of the Mössbauer parameters derived for the two samples proved to be remarkably similar, indicative of a strong coupling of the main heme displacements to the viscoelastic relaxation of the solvent. We show that CO escape out of the heme pocket couples to the same type of fluctuations, whereas intramolecular bond formation involves solvent-decoupled heme deformation modes that are less prominent in the Mössbauer spectrum. With respect to other solvents, however, sucrose shows a reduced viscosity effect on heme displacements and the kinetics of ligand binding due to preferential hydration of the protein. This result confirms thermodynamic predictions of the stabilizing action of sucrose by a dynamic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lichtenegger
- Institut für Materialphysik, Universität Wien, 1090 Wien, Austria
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Zhang TL, Schwingenschuh K, Lichtenegger H, Riedler W, Russell CT, Luhmann JG. Interplanetary magnetic field control of the Mars bow shock: Evidence for Venuslike interaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Riedler W, Möhlmann D, Oraevsky VN, Schwingenschuh K, Yeroshenko Y, Rustenbach J, Aydogar O, Berghofer G, Lichtenegger H, Delva M, Schelch G, Pirsch K, Fremuth G, Steller M, Arnold H, Raditsch T, Auster U, Fornacon KH, Schenk HJ, Michaelis H, Motschmann U, Roatsch T, Sauer K, Schröter R, Kurths J, Lenners D, Linthe J, Kobzev V, Styashkin V, Achache J, Slavin J, Luhmann JG, Russell CT. Magnetic fields near Mars: first results. Nature 1989. [DOI: 10.1038/341604a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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