1
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Roenigk HH, Auerbach R, Maibach H, Weinstein G, Lebwohl M. Methotrexate in psoriasis: consensus conference. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38:478-85. [PMID: 9520032 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Consensus Development Conference |
27 |
228 |
2
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Levin CY, Maibach H. Exogenous ochronosis. An update on clinical features, causative agents and treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol 2002; 2:213-7. [PMID: 11705248 DOI: 10.2165/00128071-200102040-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous ochronosis is clinically and histologically similar to its endogenous counterpart; however, it exhibits no systemic effects and is not an inherited disorder. It is characterized by an asymptomatic hyperpigmentation of the face, sides and back of the neck, back, and extensor surfaces of the extremities. The associated ochronotic discoloration most commonly results from use of products containing hydroquinone. It also occurs following use of antimalarials and products containing resorcinol, phenol, mercury or picric acid. The etiology of hydroquinone-induced hyperpigmentation in exogenous ochronosis remains speculative. The majority of patients with this condition are Black, but it has been reported to occur in Hispanics and Caucasians. Exogenous ochronosis is prevalent among South African Blacks, but is believed relatively uncommon within the US. The reasons for this phenomenon are not clear, but it could be a result of the use of skin care products containing resorcinol in combination with hydroquinone or the use of hydroquinone in a hydroalcoholic lotion. Treatment of this condition is difficult. The offending agent must be avoided, but improvement occurs only slowly. A number of topical agents have been studied as have dermabrasion and the use of lasers. Controlled studies in larger numbers of patients are require to determine the true efficacy of newer treatments.
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Comparative Study |
23 |
112 |
3
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Berardesca E, Farage M, Maibach H. Sensitive skin: an overview. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 35:2-8. [PMID: 22928591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive skin is a condition of subjective cutaneous hyper-reactivity to environmental factors. Subjects experiencing this condition report exaggerated reactions when their skin is in contact with cosmetics, soaps and sun screens, and they often report worsening after exposure to dry and cold climate. Although no sign of irritation is commonly detected, itching, burning, stinging and a tight sensation are constantly present. Generally substances that are not commonly considered irritants are involved in this abnormal response.Sensitive skin and subjective irritation are widespread but still far from being completely defined and understood. A correlation between sensitive skin and constitutional anomalies and/or other triggering factors such as occupational skin diseases or chronic exposure to irritants has been hypothesized. Recent findings suggest that higher sensitivity can be due to different mechanisms. Hyper-reactors may have a thinner stratum corneum with a reduced corneocyte area causing a higher transcutaneous penetration of water-soluble chemicals. Alterations in vanilloid receptors and changes in neuronal transmission have been described. Monitoring skin parameters such as barrier function, proclivity to irritation, corneocyte size and sensorial transmission can also be useful to identify regional differences in skin sensitivity.
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Review |
13 |
112 |
4
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Ophaswongse S, Maibach H. Topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: allergic and photoallergic contact dermatitis and phototoxicity. Contact Dermatitis 1993; 29:57-64. [PMID: 8365177 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Review |
32 |
95 |
5
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Wester RC, Melendres J, Sedik L, Maibach H, Riviere JE. Percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid, theophylline, 2, 4-dimethylamine, diethyl hexyl phthalic acid, and p-aminobenzoic acid in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap compared to man in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998; 151:159-65. [PMID: 9705899 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1998.8434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human risk assessment for topical exposure requires percutaneous absorption data to link environmental contamination to potential systemic dose. Human absorption data are not readily available, so absorption models are used. In vitro diffusion systems are easy to use but have proved to be somewhat unreliable and are not validated to man. This study compares percutaneous absorption in the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) system with that in man in vivo. The study design utilized the same compounds and the same dose concentration and vehicle in both systems. Methodology for each system was that which is routinely used ineach system. The skin surface was not protected during the absorption dosing period. Percutaneous absorption values were, for man and the IPPSF system, respectively: salicylic acid (6.5 +/- 5.0%; 7.5 +/- 2.6%), theophylline (16.9 +/- 11.3%; 11.8 +/- 3.8%), 2,4-dimethylamine (1.1 +/- 0.3%; 3.8 +/- 0.6%), diethyl hexyl phthalic acid (1.8 +/- 0.5%; 3.9 +/- 2.4%), and p-aminobenzoic acid (11.5 +/- 6.3%; 5.9 +/- 3.7%) (correlation coefficient was 0.78; p < 0.04). The skin surface wash recovery postapplication was similar for salicylic acid in man (53.4 +/- 6.3%) and the IPPSF system (48.2 +/- 4.9%). With the other compounds the majority of surface chemical was recovered in the surface wash and skin tape strip in the IPPSF system. With man, other than salicylic acid, only a few percent applied dose was recovered with surface washing and tape stripping. Since the wash procedure was effective with pig skin, we can assume that these chemicals in man were lost to adsorption to any clothing or bedding with the volunteers. The absorption in man was not less than that in the IPPSF. Assuming the dose was lost in man, it seems plausible that whatever compound was to penetrate human skin in solvent vehicle did so in the period of time before the chemical was removed. The IPPSF system appears to be a good model for predicting percutaneous absorption relative to man. This study design should be used to validate other systems to humans in vivo.
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Comparative Study |
27 |
93 |
6
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Aioi A, Tonogaito H, Suto H, Hamada K, Ra CR, Ogawa H, Maibach H, Matsuda H. Impairment of skin barrier function in NC/Nga Tnd mice as a possible model for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144:12-8. [PMID: 11167677 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.03946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis and aetiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) remain unclear. Establishment of suitable animal models should aid elucidation of the pathogenesis and development of therapy. OBJECTIVES We focused on biophysical and biochemical parameters in the skin of NC/Nga Tnd mice to evaluate similarities to and differences from AD. METHODS Biophysical (transepidermal water loss and skin surface conductance) and biochemical parameters (ceramide contents and activity of ceramide-metabolizing enzymes) were measured in NC/Nga Tnd mice in which spontaneous dermatitis appeared under ambient laboratory conditions (ALC). RESULTS Biophysical parameters suggested impairment of water retention properties and barrier function. The amount of ceramide in NC/Nga Tnd mice under ALC decreased significantly. These dermatological features resembled those of AD, as did the clinical signs and histological changes. CONCLUSIONS The results described here and previous immunological studies on AD suggest that the NC/Nga Tnd mouse may be a suitable model for certain aspects of AD.
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24 |
91 |
7
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Abrams K, Harvell JD, Shriner D, Wertz P, Maibach H, Maibach HI, Rehfeld SJ. Effect of organic solvents on in vitro human skin water barrier function. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 101:609-13. [PMID: 8409532 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12366068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Skin barrier disruption caused by organic solvents to human cadaver dermatomed skin was evaluated using an in vitro model system. Resultant changes in transepidermal water loss (TEWL), as measured with an evaporimeter, were recorded after topical application of either acetone, chloroform:methanol 2:1, hexane, hexane:methanol 2:3, or the control, water, for exposure times of 1, 3, 6, and 12 min. The resultant lipid/solvent mixture was removed and analyzed for its lipid content. The ability of the different solvents to induce changes in the skin's barrier function was assessed by comparing pre- to post-solvent exposure TEWL (delta TEWL). When compared to the controls, water and unexposed skin, chloroform:methanol 2:1 caused the greatest significant increase in TEWL, followed by hexane:methanol 2:3. Acetone and hexane showed no difference in TEWL from the controls. Besides solvent, exposure time was a significant independent variable for predicting delta TEWL, and the interaction of the two (exposure time and solvent type together) was the strongest predictor. Lipid analysis of the extracts revealed that all the solvents removed comparable quantities of the surface lipids (triglycerides, wax esters, squalene, cholesterol esters). Stratum lipids--ceramides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol--extracted by chloroform:methanol 2:1 and hexane:methanol 2:3 were comparable and significantly greater than those extracted by acetone and hexane. These two solvents failed, however, to induce comparable changes in TEWL, as chloroform:methanol 2:1 induced a significantly greater delta TEWL than hexane:methanol 2:3. Additionally, no individual lipid class extracted by either chloroform:methanol 2:1 or hexane:methanol 2:3 proved to be a significant or accurate variable for predicting delta TEWL. This suggests that the mechanism by which topical chloroform:methanol 2:1 and hexane:methanol 2:3 exposure induce a delta TEWL involves more than pure lipid extraction.
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Comparative Study |
32 |
90 |
8
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Yosipovitch G, Szolar C, Hui XY, Maibach H. Effect of topically applied menthol on thermal, pain and itch sensations and biophysical properties of the skin. Arch Dermatol Res 1996; 288:245-8. [PMID: 8738567 DOI: 10.1007/bf02530092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of menthol and alcohol as its vehicle on thermal sensations, pain, experimental itch and irritation were studied in 18 subjects, using a computerized thermal sensory analyzer, laser Doppler flowmetry and an evaporimeter for transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Menthol had a subjective cooling effect lasting up to 70 min in 12/18 subjects; however, it did not affect cold and heat threshold, nor did it affect cold and heat pain threshold. Alcohol produced an immediate cold sensation lasting up to 5 min in 4/18 subjects and lowered the sensitivity of cold sensation threshold (P < 0.05). Histamine injection did not change thermal and pain thresholds. Menthol did not alleviate histamine-induced itch magnitude, nor its duration. Following histamine injection, cold sensation median threshold decreased by 1.2 degrees C from (29.9 degrees C to 28.7 degrees C) on the site treated with menthol (P < 0.01) with similar changes in thresholds at the alcohol-treated site (P < 0.05). Warm sensation and pain threshold in subjects receiving histamine injections, measured after menthol and alcohol application, did not differ from their baseline values with histamine alone. TEWL at the site treated with menthol was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than at the alcohol-treated and the control site (P < 0.01), suggesting that menthol has a higher skin irritating effect, or at least alters the stratum corneum water permeability. Our results suggest that menthol fulfills the definition of a counterirritant, but does not affect histamine-induced itch, nor does it affect pain sensation.
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29 |
86 |
9
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Dreher F, Maibach H. Protective effects of topical antioxidants in humans. CURRENT PROBLEMS IN DERMATOLOGY 2001; 29:157-64. [PMID: 11225195 DOI: 10.1159/000060664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human studies have convincingly demonstrated pronounced photoprotective effects of 'natural' and synthetic antioxidants when applied topically before UVR exposure. Particularly with respect to UVB-induced skin damage such as erythema formation, the photoprotective effects of antioxidants are significant when applied in distinct mixtures in appropriate vehicles. Topical application of such combinations may result in a sustained antioxidant capacity of the skin, possibly due to antioxidant synergisms. And, since UVA-induced skin alterations are believed to be largely determined by oxidative processes [26], topical administration of antioxidants might be particularly promising [27, 28]. In fact, topical application of antioxidants or antioxidant mixtures resulted in a remarkable increase in the minimal dose to induce immediate pigment darkening after UVA exposure [18, 23] and diminished the severity of UVA-induced photodermatoses [22] in humans. In conclusion, regular application of skin care products containing antioxidants may be of the utmost benefit in efficiently preparing our skin against exogenous oxidative stressors occurring during daily life. Furthermore, sunscreening agents may also benefit from combination with antioxidants resulting in increased safety and efficacy of such photoprotective products [11, 29].
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Review |
24 |
83 |
10
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Freeman S, Maibach H. Study of irritant contact dermatitis produced by repeat patch test with sodium lauryl sulfate and assessed by visual methods, transepidermal water loss, and laser Doppler velocimetry. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 19:496-502. [PMID: 3049697 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(88)70204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Eleven subjects received patch tests with 2% sodium lauryl sulfate on a total of 34 anatomic sites. The irritant effect was monitored by visual means, laser Doppler velocimetry, and measurement of transepidermal water loss. After 1 week, repeat patch tests with 2% sodium lauryl sulfate were performed on the same site, and the effect was monitored as before. Although the skin had returned to normal or near normal before the repeat patch test, an augmented response to irritation was generally seen after the repeat patch test, particularly in transepidermal water loss, which showed an augmented response in 29 of the 34 anatomic sites. The clinical implications regarding the healing of contact irritant dermatitis are discussed.
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37 |
81 |
11
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Berardesca E, Pirot F, Singh M, Maibach H. Differences in stratum corneum pH gradient when comparing white Caucasian and black African-American skin. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139:855-7. [PMID: 9892954 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed pH gradient changes in relation to stratum corneum (SC) depth and possible differences between white caucasian and black African-American skin. Ten white and eight black people entered the study. SC was progressively removed by cellophane tape stripping on the volar forearm and weighed with a microbalance. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and SC pH were measured every three tape strippings. Significantly increased TEWL and decreased pH values were found with increasing SC depth in both races. Significantly increased TEWL in black people was found after three and six tape strippings (P < 0.05 and 0.03, respectively); pH was significantly decreased in black people after three tape strippings (P < 0.005). No differences were found between the races after nine, 12 and 15 strippings, i.e. in the deeper SC layers. The data confirm that pH in the superficial SC layers decreases with SC depth; only total SC removal results in increased pH values. In the superficial layers, there are significant differences in both water evaporation and skin pH, possibly explaining the contradictory literature.
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Comparative Study |
27 |
77 |
12
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Halling-Overgaard AS, Kezic S, Jakasa I, Engebretsen K, Maibach H, Thyssen J. Skin absorption through atopic dermatitis skin: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:84-106. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8 |
73 |
13
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Abstract
Only a limited number of studies on cellulite have been published in the international literature and many of them reach somewhat antithetical conclusions. Consequently, it is not yet possible to reconcile the extreme differences of opinion which have lingered on for years concerning the nature of this disorder, as well as its origin and even the most basic aspects of its histopathological classification. It does not even have a recognized name: in fact, the term 'cellulitis' is used in scientific English to indicate a spreading gangrenous infection of the subcutaneous cellular tissue. The other terms used from time to time [panniculitis, lipodystrophy, edematofibrosclerotic panniculitis (EFP), liposclerosis, lipoedema, etc.] have quite different morphological and pathogenetic connotations in general. Over the last few decades, three major conflicting theories have emerged in relation to the ethiopathogenesis of cellulite. These indicate, respectively, the following causes: 1. Oedema caused by excessive hydrophilia of the intercellular matrix. 2. A homeostatic alteration on a regional microcirculatory level; this pathogenetic theory is summarized in a synthetic and self-explanatory denomination: EFP. 3. A peculiar anatomical conformation of the subcutaneous tissue of women, different from male morphology. These theories must all now be updated in the light of recent advances on the sophisticated and composite physiopathology of the adipose organ - which acts not only as a control device which regulates the systematic equilibrium of energy and modulates the food intake and the metabolism of other tissue substrate through a multiple glandular secretion of hormones and parahormones.
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Journal Article |
15 |
59 |
14
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Abstract
Racial differences in skin function occur and may be responsible for differences in skin reactivity in physiologic and pathologic conditions. This article reviews the main racial anatomic and physiologic differences as well as mechanisms of irritation, sensitization, and drug absorption reported in the recent literature. Racial differences in transcutaneous penetration of chemicals and drug absorption have been described. Decreased transcutaneous penetration has been reported in black persons. In contrast, conflicting findings have been reported concerning some aspects of irritation and sensitization. Decreased erythematous reactions have been found in pigmented skin, whereas white persons have a stronger resistance to water barrier damage. Regional variation in skin function is more evident in fair skin because of the modifying effects of long-term UV exposure.
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Review |
29 |
58 |
15
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Angelucci FL, Silva VV, Dal Pizzol C, Spir LG, Praes CEO, Maibach H. Physiological effect of olfactory stimuli inhalation in humans: an overview. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 36:117-23. [PMID: 24117755 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The importance of odorants in human life has long been recognized. Literature contains different approaches of physiological and psychological effects of odorant compounds, fragrances and essential oils. This work discusses odorants inhalation effect, based on an overview of major studies in humans. Beneficial effect of fragrances is mainly related to human behaviour. Studies document odorants influence in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, and neurophysiological brain activity. Moreover, odours compounds can act on the neuroendocrine system, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, influencing psychological behaviour as well as body function. Odorant inhalation modulates physiological pathways, and in some cases, results in skin function regulation. The mechanism is incompletely elucidated. These findings suggest that olfactory system plays a role in central nervous system function beyond that of smell. In this overview, it was observed that odour compounds influenced stress biomarkers, dehydroepiandrosterone, oxidative stress, estradiol, dopamine, cutaneous barrier, sebum secretion and cutaneous immune system in humans. Some can be related with skin function. As the skin is associated with an extensive biochemical cascade and has complex mechanisms, studies have far to go, as there are processes not yet investigated related to skin that may be affected through olfaction. Future researches are needed to further understand and describe the mechanisms of action of physiological effects in fragrance compounds.
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Review |
11 |
58 |
16
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Abstract
Proper technique aids reliable patch test results. The Finn chamber volume was determined to be 25 microliters. These studies suggest the optimal volume semi-solid test substance to be 12-15 microliters. More than 18-21 microliters caused significant extrusion of test substance and improper adhesive adherence. Finn chamber paper discs used with solutions absorb a maximum of 17.5 microliters test solutions and keep 15 microliters within the chamber. The evaporation rate of aqueous test solutions from Finn chambers was 1 mg/3 min; thus, the chambers should be applied quickly to avoid drying.
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41 |
52 |
17
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Gattu S, Maibach H. Enhanced Absorption through Damaged Skin: An Overview of the in vitro Human Model. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 23:171-6. [DOI: 10.1159/000288163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15 |
47 |
18
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Zweiman B, Pappagianis D, Maibach H, Hildreth EA. Effect of measles immunization on tuberculin hypersensitivity and in vitro lymphocyte reactivity. INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF ALLERGY AND APPLIED IMMUNOLOGY 1971; 40:834-41. [PMID: 5562588 DOI: 10.1159/000230466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculin skin test reactivity, blood lymphocyte levels, antituberculoprotein antibody levels and <i>in vitro</i> proliferative responses of lymphocytes cultured with tuberculin were compared in subjects receiving measles vaccine or placebo. Five of 10 individuals receiving measles vaccine showed significant depression of tuberculin skin test reactivity; 4 of these 5 showed concomitant decrease in degrees of tuberculin-induced lymphocyte proliferation. There were no significant changes following placebo administration to 3 individuals.
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54 |
46 |
19
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41 |
45 |
20
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Wester RC, Patel R, Nacht S, Leyden J, Melendres J, Maibach H. Controlled release of benzoyl peroxide from a porous microsphere polymeric system can reduce topical irritancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24:720-6. [PMID: 1869643 DOI: 10.1016/0190-9622(91)70109-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Skin absorption of benzoyl peroxide from a topical lotion containing freely dispersed drug was compared with that from the same lotion in which the drug was entrapped in a controlled-release styrene-divinylbenzene polymer system. In an in vitro diffusion system, statistically significant (p = 0.01) differences were found in the content of benzoyl peroxide in excised human skin and in percutaneous absorption. In vivo, significantly (p = 0.002) less benzoyl peroxide was absorbed through rhesus monkey skin from the polymeric system. This controlled release of benzoyl peroxide to skin can alter the dose relation that exists between efficacy and skin irritation. Corresponding studies showed reduced skin irritation in cumulative irritancy studies in rabbits and human beings, whereas in vivo human antimicrobial efficacy studies showed that application of the formulations containing entrapped benzoyl peroxide significantly reduced counts of Propionibacterium acnes (p less than 0.001) and aerobic bacteria (p less than 0.001) and the free fatty acid/triglyceride ratio in skin lipids. These findings support the hypothesis that, at least for this drug, controlled topical delivery can enhance safety without sacrificing efficacy.
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Clinical Trial |
34 |
43 |
21
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Maibach H. Acute laryngeal obstruction presumed secondary to thiomersal (merthiolate) delayed hypersensitivity. Contact Dermatitis 1975; 1:221-2. [PMID: 1235252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1975.tb05387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A patient treated his slight score-throat with a thiomersal first aid spray. The next day, because of continued discomfort, he repeated its use. Laryngeal obstruction followed within hours. Emergency tracheostomy produced prompt improvement. Patch testing revealed an extreme spreading reaction to thiomersal. It is our interpretation that the acute laryngeal obstruction was delayed hypersensitivity to this first aid spray.
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Case Reports |
50 |
41 |
22
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Abstract
Patch test materials in petrolatum, from 3 different manufacturers and 14 different types were evaluated by gross and microscopic examination. The allergens were noted to be suspended as particles or droplets in the vehicle. Obvious variations in both size and structure of the included allergen were found with the same chemicals but of different manufacture. Several materials do not meet the pharmaceutical standards which should be requested regarding stability, particle size and packing. A more detailed declaration is proposed.
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41 |
38 |
23
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Patil S, Singh P, Sarasour K, Maibach H. Quantification of sodium lauryl sulfate penetration into the skin and underlying tissue after topical application--pharmacological and toxicological implications. J Pharm Sci 1995; 84:1240-4. [PMID: 8801341 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600841018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is known to penetrate skin and cause cutaneous irritation. Some of these effects have been well-defined using bioengineering techniques. In this study, the ability of SLS to penetrate skin was quantified in a hairless rat model. In addition, local deep tissue penetration and systemic exposure to SLS were also evaluated to assess the toxic potential of topically applied SLS. SLS was observed to penetrate directly to a depth of about 5-6 mm below the applied site. Systemic redistribution was predominantly responsible in determining concentrations of SLS in tissues deeper than 5-6 mm. Epidermal concentrations of SLS after application of 1% (34 mM) aqueous SLS solution for 24 h were above the threshold levels which are known to evoke typical skin irritation responses. Deeper underlying tissues including dermis, subcutaneous, and muscle may also be exposed to high levels of SLS. Topically applied SLS was also observed in blood and contralateral tissues but the observed levels were not likely to elicit any systemic side effects at these doses. Traces of SLS were observed in tissues 7 days after single 24 h application of SLS, which supports the prolonged barrier disruption data generated using conventional bioengineering techniques. Cumulative treatment of SLS significantly increased the concentration of this compound in the underlying epidermis. The known preferential affinity of SLS for skin lipids and proteins was further confirmed by both in vitro and in vivo results. However, in vitro studies failed to predict the underlying tissue toxicity of SLS under the patch site when compared to the in vivo results. Such quantitative pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic correlations may be useful predictors for effective use of surfactants as penetration enhancers in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications.
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Comparative Study |
30 |
37 |
24
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Abstract
The concentration of nickel sulphate was determined in 9-16 mg test samples from commercially available patch test antigens. With two different manufacturers of 2.5% nickel sulphate in pet, the concentration range of 25 samples was 0.7 and 1.1% (+/- 2 SD) respectively, and with one manufacturer of 5.0% nickel sulphate in pet, the range was +/- 0.5%. In a normal patch test, the volume of patch test material applied with the Finn chamber technique should be 12-18 microliter (9-16 mg), but has been found to range between 9 and 50 microliter. Thus the amount of nickel applied in standard patch tests varies within at least 6-fold limits.
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41 |
36 |
25
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Gattu S, Maibach H. Modest but Increased Penetration through Damaged Skin: An Overview of the in vivo Human Model. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 24:2-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000314995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15 |
35 |