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Eichorn NL, Shult HT, Kracht KD, Berlau DJ. Making a joint decision: Cannabis as a potential substitute for opioids in obstetrics and gynecology. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2022; 85:59-67. [PMID: 35970747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that cannabis may be effective as an analgesic with potential to reduce opioid usage in chronic pain. This review synthesizes the available literature to elucidate the possible role that cannabis might play in reducing opioid use in gynecological disorders that may potentially lead to a recommendation of substituting opioids with cannabis. With reports of a decrease in opioid use after cannabis initiation, an opioid-sparing effect has been seen in gynecologic malignancies such as ovarian, uterine, endometrial, and cervical cancers, in addition to chronic pelvic pain (CPP). Though many studies have found an association between cannabis and various adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, there is a lack of randomized controlled trials making it difficult to claim a directly causal relationship between cannabis and these adverse outcomes. Additionally, with increased use of cannabis during pregnancy, the evidence of possible benefits and risks to mothers and fetuses is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Eichorn
- Departent of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Regis University School of Pharmacy, 3333 Regis Blvd. H-28, Denver, CO, 80221, USA
| | - Hannah T Shult
- Departent of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Regis University School of Pharmacy, 3333 Regis Blvd. H-28, Denver, CO, 80221, USA
| | - Kelsie D Kracht
- Departent of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Regis University School of Pharmacy, 3333 Regis Blvd. H-28, Denver, CO, 80221, USA
| | - Daniel J Berlau
- Departent of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Regis University School of Pharmacy, 3333 Regis Blvd. H-28, Denver, CO, 80221, USA.
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DeRaad DA, Manthey JD, Ostrow EN, DeCicco LH, Andersen MJ, Hosner PA, Shult HT, Joseph L, Dumbacher JP, Moyle RG. Population connectivity across a highly fragmented distribution: Phylogeography of the Chalcophaps doves. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 166:107333. [PMID: 34688879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chalcophaps is a morphologically conserved genus of ground-walking doves distributed from India to mainland China, south to Australia, and across the western Pacific to Vanuatu. Here, we reconstruct the evolutionary history of this genus using DNA sequence data from two nuclear genes and one mitochondrial gene, sampled from throughout the geographic range of Chalcophaps. We find support for three major evolutionary lineages in our phylogenetic reconstruction, each corresponding to the three currently recognized Chalcophaps species. Despite this general concordance, we identify discordant mitochondrial and nuclear ancestries in the subspecies C. longirostris timorensis, raising further questions about the evolutionary history of this Timor endemic population. Within each of the three species, we find evidence for isolation by distance or hierarchical population structure, indicating an important role for geography in the diversification of this genus. Despite being distributed broadly across a highly fragmented geographic region known as a hotspot for avian diversification, the Chalcophaps doves show modest levels of phenotypic and genetic diversity, a pattern potentially explained by strong population connectivity owing to high overwater dispersal capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon A DeRaad
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Joseph D Manthey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Emily N Ostrow
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Lucas H DeCicco
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Michael J Andersen
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Peter A Hosner
- Natural History Museum of Denmark and Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannah T Shult
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Leo Joseph
- Australian National Wildlife Collection, CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - John P Dumbacher
- California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Robert G Moyle
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Andersen MJ, Shult HT, Cibois A, Thibault JC, Filardi CE, Moyle RG. Rapid diversification and secondary sympatry in Australo-Pacific kingfishers (Aves: Alcedinidae: Todiramphus). R Soc Open Sci 2015; 2:140375. [PMID: 26064600 PMCID: PMC4448819 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Todiramphus chloris is the most widely distributed of the Pacific's 'great speciators'. Its 50 subspecies constitute a species complex that is distributed over 16 000 km from the Red Sea to Polynesia. We present, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of this enigmatic radiation of kingfishers. Ten Pacific Todiramphus species are embedded within the T. chloris complex, rendering it paraphyletic. Among these is a radiation of five species from the remote islands of Eastern Polynesian, as well as the widespread migratory taxon, Todiramphus sanctus. Our results offer strong support that Pacific Todiramphus, including T. chloris, underwent an extensive range expansion and diversification less than 1 Ma. Multiple instances of secondary sympatry have accumulated in this group, despite its recent origin, including on Australia and oceanic islands in Palau, Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. Significant ecomorphological and behavioural differences exist between secondarily sympatric lineages, which suggest that pre-mating isolating mechanisms were achieved rapidly during diversification. We found evidence for complex biogeographic patterns, including a novel phylogeographic break in the eastern Solomon Islands that separates a Northern Melanesian clade from Polynesian taxa. In light of our results, we discuss systematic relationships of Todiramphus and propose an updated taxonomy. This paper contributes to our understanding of avian diversification and assembly on islands, and to the systematics of a classically polytypic species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Andersen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Author for correspondence: Michael J. Andersen e-mail:
| | - Hannah T. Shult
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Alice Cibois
- Natural History Museum of Geneva, Department of Mammalogy and Ornithology, CP 6434, CH-1211 Geneva 6, 6434, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Claude Thibault
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR7205, Case Postale 51, 55 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christopher E. Filardi
- American Museum of Natural History, Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Robert G. Moyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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