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Kohl K, Zangger H, Rossi M, Isorce N, Lye LF, Owens KL, Beverley SM, Mayer A, Fasel N. Importance of polyphosphate in the Leishmania life cycle. Microb Cell 2018; 5:371-384. [PMID: 30175107 PMCID: PMC6116282 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.08.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites contain negatively charged polymers of a few up to several hundreds of phosphate residues. In other organisms, these poly-phosphate (polyP) chains serve as an energy source and phosphate reservoir, and have been implicated in adaptation to stress and virulence of pathogenic organisms. In this study, we confirmed first that the polyP polymerase vacuolar transporter chaperone 4 (VTC4) is responsible for polyP synthesis in Leishmania parasites. During Leishmaniain vitro culture, polyP is accumulated in logarithmic growth phase and subsequently consumed once stationary phase is reached. However, polyP is not essential since VTC4-deficient (vtc4-) Leishmania proliferated normally in culture and differentiated into infective metacyclic parasites and into intracellular and axenic amastigotes. In in vivo mouse infections, L. majorVTC4 knockout showed a delay in lesion formation but ultimately gave rise to strong pathology, although we were unable to restore virulence by complementation to confirm this phenotype. Knockdown of VTC4 did not alter the course of L. guyanensis infections in mice, suggesting that polyP was not required for infection, or that very low levels of it suffice for lesion development. At higher temperatures, Leishmania promastigotes highly consumed polyP, and both knockdown or deletion of VTC4 diminished parasite survival. Thus, although polyP was not essential in the life cycle of the parasite, our data suggests a role for polyP in increasing parasite survival at higher temperatures, a situation faced by the parasite when transmitted to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kid Kohl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Haroun Zangger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Isorce
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Lon-Fye Lye
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Katherine L Owens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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2
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Castiglioni P, Hartley MA, Rossi M, Prevel F, Desponds C, Utzschneider DT, Eren RO, Zangger H, Brunner L, Collin N, Zehn D, Kuhlmann FM, Beverley SM, Fasel N, Ronet C. Exacerbated Leishmaniasis Caused by a Viral Endosymbiont can be Prevented by Immunization with Its Viral Capsid. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005240. [PMID: 28099431 PMCID: PMC5242429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that a cytoplasmic virus called Leishmaniavirus (LRV) is present in some Leishmania species and acts as a potent innate immunogen, aggravating lesional inflammation and development in mice. In humans, the presence of LRV in Leishmania guyanensis and in L. braziliensis was significantly correlated with poor treatment response and symptomatic relapse. So far, no clinical effort has used LRV for prophylactic purposes. In this context, we designed an original vaccine strategy that targeted LRV nested in Leishmania parasites to prevent virus-related complications. To this end, C57BL/6 mice were immunized with a recombinant LRV1 Leishmania guyanensis viral capsid polypeptide formulated with a T helper 1-polarizing adjuvant. LRV1-vaccinated mice had significant reduction in lesion size and parasite load when subsequently challenged with LRV1+ Leishmania guyanensis parasites. The protection conferred by this immunization could be reproduced in naïve mice via T-cell transfer from vaccinated mice but not by serum transfer. The induction of LRV1 specific T cells secreting IFN-γ was confirmed in vaccinated mice and provided strong evidence that LRV1-specific protection arose via a cell mediated immune response against the LRV1 capsid. Our studies suggest that immunization with LRV1 capsid could be of a preventive benefit in mitigating the elevated pathology associated with LRV1 bearing Leishmania infections and possibly avoiding symptomatic relapses after an initial treatment. This novel anti-endosymbiotic vaccine strategy could be exploited to control other infectious diseases, as similar viral infections are largely prevalent across pathogenic pathogens and could consequently open new vaccine opportunities. About 80% of leishmaniasis infections result in cutaneous manifestations with a broad symptomatic spectrum, ranging from self-healing localized to disseminated lesions. The mechanism behind these latter aggravated forms of leishmaniasis is still poorly understood. One possible factor is an endosymbiotic RNA virus identified in the cytoplasm of several Leishmania species (Leishmania RNA virus 1). LRV1 acts as a virulence factor, causing a destructive hyper-inflammatory response. In this study, we tested the prophylactic potential of a vaccine formulated with a recombinant LRV1 capsid and a T helper 1-polarizing adjuvant. Our approach conferred significant protection against LRV1+ Leishmania guyanensis infection, decreasing lesional inflammation and parasite burden. Further analysis demonstrated that this vaccine induced a potent T helper 1 response. Consequently, we propose that the LRV1-capsid is a promising vaccine component in order to reduce clinical complications (e.g. symptomatic relapses) in areas endemic to LRV1 co-infected Leishmania species. Taken together, we present an original strategy, whereby targeting the pervasive intracellular viruses within pathogens may reduce pathologic inflammation and offer an extra-genetic candidate that may circumvent escape mutations or poor response to drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Castiglioni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prevel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Desponds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Daniel T. Utzschneider
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Remzi-Onur Eren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Haroun Zangger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Livia Brunner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Matthew Kuhlmann
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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Parmentier L, Cusini A, Müller N, Zangger H, Hartley MA, Desponds C, Castiglioni P, Dubach P, Ronet C, Beverley SM, Fasel N. Severe Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patient Coinfected with Leishmania braziliensis and Its Endosymbiotic Virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:840-843. [PMID: 26834198 PMCID: PMC4824227 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites cause a broad range of disease, with cutaneous afflictions being, by far, the most prevalent. Variations in disease severity and symptomatic spectrum are mostly associated to parasite species. One risk factor for the severity and emergence of leishmaniasis is immunosuppression, usually arising by coinfection of the patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Interestingly, several species of Leishmania have been shown to bear an endogenous cytoplasmic dsRNA virus (LRV) of the Totiviridae family, and recently we correlated the presence of LRV1 within Leishmania parasites to an exacerbation murine leishmaniasis and with an elevated frequency of drug treatment failures in humans. This raises the possibility of further exacerbation of leishmaniasis in the presence of both viruses, and here we report a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis bearing LRV1 with aggressive pathogenesis in an HIV patient. LRV1 was isolated and partially sequenced from skin and nasal lesions. Genetic identity of both sequences reinforced the assumption that nasal parasites originate from primary skin lesions. Surprisingly, combined antiretroviral therapy did not impact the devolution of Leishmania infection. The Leishmania infection was successfully treated through administration of liposomal amphotericin B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas Fasel
- *Address correspondence to Nicolas Fasel, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland 1066. E-mail:
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Zangger H, Ronet C, Desponds C, Kuhlmann FM, Robinson J, Hartley MA, Prevel F, Castiglioni P, Pratlong F, Bastien P, Müller N, Parmentier L, Saravia NG, Beverley SM, Fasel N. Detection of Leishmania RNA virus in Leishmania parasites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2006. [PMID: 23326619 PMCID: PMC3542153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients suffering from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by New World Leishmania (Viannia) species are at high risk of developing mucosal (ML) or disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). After the formation of a primary skin lesion at the site of the bite by a Leishmania-infected sand fly, the infection can disseminate to form secondary lesions. This metastatic phenotype causes significant morbidity and is often associated with a hyper-inflammatory immune response leading to the destruction of nasopharyngeal tissues in ML, and appearance of nodules or numerous ulcerated skin lesions in DCL. Recently, we connected this aggressive phenotype to the presence of Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) in strains of L. guyanensis, showing that LRV is responsible for elevated parasitaemia, destructive hyper-inflammation and an overall exacerbation of the disease. Further studies of this relationship and the distribution of LRVs in other Leishmania strains and species would benefit from improved methods of viral detection and quantitation, especially ones not dependent on prior knowledge of the viral sequence as LRVs show significant evolutionary divergence. Methodology/Principal Findings This study reports various techniques, among which, the use of an anti-dsRNA monoclonal antibody (J2) stands out for its specific and quantitative recognition of dsRNA in a sequence-independent fashion. Applications of J2 include immunofluorescence, ELISA and dot blot: techniques complementing an arsenal of other detection tools, such as nucleic acid purification and quantitative real-time-PCR. We evaluate each method as well as demonstrate a successful LRV detection by the J2 antibody in several parasite strains, a freshly isolated patient sample and lesion biopsies of infected mice. Conclusions/Significance We propose that refinements of these methods could be transferred to the field for use as a diagnostic tool in detecting the presence of LRV, and potentially assessing the LRV-related risk of complications in cutaneous leishmaniasis. The endosymbiosis of viruses in microbes is a well-described and prevalent environmental partnership, where viruses offer their cellular host incentives of fitness in exchange for the use of their metabolic machinery. We have recently exposed this as an important factor in certain metastatic leishmaniases of South America, where the nucleic acid of a virus residing within some Leishmania parasites acts as a potent innate immunogen causing a destructive inflammatory response, which worsens disease. Leishmania RNA Virus (LRV) exists within many species of Leishmania as a stable infection; these LRV positive strains have been found throughout South America in cutaneous leishmaniases that are often complicated by the occurrence of infectious metastasis with an underlying hyperinflammatory response. In this report, we describe the use of an anti-dsRNA monoclonal antibody (J2), which specifically recognizes dsRNA in a quantitative and sequence-independent fashion. Refined versions of these methods could be transferred to the field as diagnostic tools for detecting the presence of LRV (or other dsRNA viruses), and potentially assessing the LRV-related risk of complicated cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroun Zangger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Desponds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - F. Matthew Kuhlmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John Robinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prevel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Castiglioni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Francine Pratlong
- French National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases, Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHRU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- University Montpellier 1, Faculty of Medicine, UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224/UM1/UM2 “MIVEGEC”, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Bastien
- French National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases, Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHRU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- University Montpellier 1, Faculty of Medicine, UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224/UM1/UM2 “MIVEGEC”, Montpellier, France
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Parmentier
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpitaux du Valais, Sierre, Valais, Switzerland
| | - Nancy Gore Saravia
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Hartley MA, Ronet C, Zangger H, Beverley SM, Fasel N. Leishmania RNA virus: when the host pays the toll. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:99. [PMID: 22919688 PMCID: PMC3417650 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of an RNA virus in a South American subgenus of the Leishmania parasite, L. (Viannia), was detected several decades ago but its role in leishmanial virulence and metastasis was only recently described. In Leishmania guyanensis, the nucleic acid of Leishmania RNA virus (LRV1) acts as a potent innate immunogen, eliciting a hyper-inflammatory immune response through toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). The resultant inflammatory cascade has been shown to increase disease severity, parasite persistence, and perhaps even resistance to anti-leishmanial drugs. Curiously, LRVs were found mostly in clinical isolates prone to infectious metastasis in both their human source and experimental animal model, suggesting an association between the viral hyperpathogen and metastatic complications such as mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). MCL presents as chronic secondary lesions in the mucosa of the mouth and nose, debilitatingly inflamed and notoriously refractory to treatment. Immunologically, this outcome has many of the same hallmarks associated with the reaction to LRV: production of type 1 interferons, bias toward a chronic Th1 inflammatory state and an impaired ability of host cells to eliminate parasites through oxidative stress. More intriguing, is that the risk of developing MCL is found almost exclusively in infections of the L. (Viannia) subtype, further indication that leishmanial metastasis is caused, at least in part, by a parasitic component. LRV present in this subgenus may contribute to the destructive inflammation of metastatic disease either by acting in concert with other intrinsic "metastatic factors" or by independently preying on host TLR3 hypersensitivity. Because LRV amplifies parasite virulence, its presence may provide a unique target for diagnostic and clinical intervention of metastatic leishmaniasis. Taking examples from other members of the Totiviridae virus family, this paper reviews the benefits and costs of endosymbiosis, specifically for the maintenance of LRV infection in Leishmania parasites, which is often at the expense of its human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne Epalinges, Switzerland
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6
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Ives A, Ronet C, Prevel F, Ruzzante G, Fuertes-Marraco S, Schutz F, Zangger H, Revaz-Breton M, Lye LF, Hickerson SM, Beverley SM, Acha-Orbea H, Launois P, Fasel N, Masina S. Leishmania RNA virus controls the severity of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Science 2011; 331:775-8. [PMID: 21311023 DOI: 10.1126/science.1199326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by infections with intracellular parasites of the Leishmania Viannia subgenus, including Leishmania guyanensis. The pathology develops after parasite dissemination to nasopharyngeal tissues, where destructive metastatic lesions form with chronic inflammation. Currently, the mechanisms involved in lesion development are poorly understood. Here we show that metastasizing parasites have a high Leishmania RNA virus-1 (LRV1) burden that is recognized by the host Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) to induce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Paradoxically, these TLR3-mediated immune responses rendered mice more susceptible to infection, and the animals developed an increased footpad swelling and parasitemia. Thus, LRV1 in the metastasizing parasites subverted the host immune response to Leishmania and promoted parasite persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Ives
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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Masina S, Zangger H, Rivier D, Fasel N. Histone H1 regulates chromatin condensation in Leishmania parasites. Exp Parasitol 2007; 116:83-7. [PMID: 17207482 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 10/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the functional role of the Leishmania histone H1 and demonstrate for the first time that addition of histone H1 has a strong effect on microccocal digestion, chromatin condensation of parasite nuclei and that its overexpression can modulate parasite infectivity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Masina
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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Zangger H, Mottram JC, Fasel N. Cell death in Leishmania induced by stress and differentiation: programmed cell death or necrosis? Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:1126-39. [PMID: 12232801 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2001] [Revised: 04/19/2002] [Accepted: 05/02/2002] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Unicellular organisms, such as the protozoan parasite Leishmania, can be stimulated to show some morphological and biochemical features characteristic of mammalian apoptosis. This study demonstrates that under a variety of stress conditions such as serum deprivation, heat shock and nitric oxide, cell death can be induced leading to genomic DNA fragmentation into oligonucleosomes. DNA fragmentation was observed, without induction, in the infectious stages of the parasite, and correlated with the presence of internucleosomal nuclease activity, visualisation of 45 to 59 kDa nucleases and detection of TUNEL-positive nuclei. DNA fragmentation was not dependent on active effector downstream caspases nor on the lysosomal cathepsin L-like enzymes CPA and CPB. These data are consistent with the presence of a caspase-independent cell death mechanism in Leishmania, induced by stress and differentiation that differs significantly from metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zangger
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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Zangger H. Über auffällige toxische Störungen der Gefäßfunktionen durch neuere, wenig bekannte, flüchtige, giftige Stoffe. Int J Legal Med 1935. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01750409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Zangger H, Taeger. Tetrachloräthan-Vergiftung, gewerbliche. Arch Toxicol 1934. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02454693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zangger H. Arbeitsunfälle und Arbeitergefährdung bei der Arbeit im Innern von geschlossenen Behältern (Reservoiren, Tanks, Transportwagen usw.). Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1932. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02122754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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14
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Zangger H. Ueber Unfälle in Autogaragen und die diagnostischen und rechtlich-medizinischen Aufgaben. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1929. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1126170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zangger H. Neue rechtlich-medizinische Aufgaben durch technische Fortschritte spez. durch Verwendung neuer chemischer Produkte zu neuen Zwecken. Int J Legal Med 1926. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01749124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Zangger H. Die Aufgaben der Medizin auf Grund der Neuen Gesetzgebung. J Mol Med (Berl) 1926. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01712827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Zangger H. Allgemeine Erfahrungen über die versicherungsmedizinische Behandlung der Gewerblichen Vergiftungen, die Aufgaben und Schwierigkeiten. J Mol Med (Berl) 1926. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01712227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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