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Alsén K, Patzi Churqui M, Norder H, Rembeck K, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Sahlgren F, Grahn A. Biomarkers and genotypes in patients with Central nervous system infection caused by enterovirus. Infect Dis (Lond) 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38756101 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2024.2345712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Enteroviruses (EV) comprises many different types and are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis. How the virus affects the brain including potential differences between types are largely unknown. Measuring biomarkers in CSF is a tool to estimate brain damage caused by CNS infections. METHODS A retrospective study was performed in samples from 38 patients with acute neurological manifestations and positive CSF-EV RNA (n = 37) or serum-IgM (n = 1). The EV in 17 samples were typed by sequencing. The biomarkers neurofilament light (NFL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S-100B protein, amyloid-β (Aβ) 40 and Aβ42, total-tau (T-tau) and phosphorylated tau (P-tau) were measured and compared with data derived from a control group (n = 19). RESULTS There were no increased levels of GFAP (p ≤ 0.1) nor NFL (p ≤ 0.1) in the CSF of patients with EV meningitis (n = 38) compared with controls. However, we found decreased levels of Aβ42 (p < 0.001), Aβ40 (p < 0.001), T-tau (p ≥ 0.01), P-tau (p ≤ 0.001) and S-100B (p ≤ 0.001). E30 (n = 9) and CVB5 (n = 6) were the most frequent EV-types identified, but no differences in biomarker levels or other clinical parameters were found between the infecting virus type. Seven patients who were followed for longer than one month reported remaining cognitive impairment, although no correlations with biomarker concentrations were observed. CONCLUSION There are no indication of neuronal or astrocyte damage in patients with EV meningitis. Yet, decreased concentrations of Aβ40, Aβ42, P-tau and T-tau were shown, a finding of unknown importance. Cognitive impairment after acute disease occurs, but with only a limited number of patients analysed, no conclusion can be drawn concerning any association with biomarker levels or EV types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Alsén
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious diseases, Västra Götaland Region, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marianela Patzi Churqui
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helene Norder
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karolina Rembeck
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious diseases, Västra Götaland Region, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Inst. of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Lab, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Inst. of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Lab, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | | | - Anna Grahn
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious diseases, Västra Götaland Region, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Saguti F, Kjellberg I, Churqui MP, Wang H, Tunovic T, Ottoson J, Bergstedt O, Norder H, Nyström K. The Virucidal Effect of the Chlorination of Water at the Initial Phase of Disinfection May Be Underestimated If Contact Time Calculations Are Used. Pathogens 2023; 12:1216. [PMID: 37887732 PMCID: PMC10609707 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For the microbiological safety of drinking water, disinfection methods are used to remove or inactivate microorganisms. Chlorine and chlorine dioxide are often used as disinfectants in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). We investigated the effectiveness of these chemicals in inactivate echovirus 30 (E30), simian 11 rotavirus (RV SA11), and human adenovirus type 2 (HAdV2) in purified water from a DWTP. Within two minutes of contact, chlorine dioxide inactivated E30 by 4-log10, RV SA11 by 3-log10, and HAdV2 could not be detected, while chlorine reduced E30 by 3-log10, RV SA11 by 2-3log10, and HAdV2 by 3-4log10. However, viral genomes could be detected for up to 2 h using qPCR. The CT method, based on a combination of disinfectant concentration and contact time, during such a short initial phase, is problematic. The high concentrations of disinfectant needed to neutralize organic matter may have a strong immediate effect on virus viability. This may lead to the underestimation of disinfection and overdosing of disinfectants in water with organic contamination. These results are useful for the selection of disinfection systems for reuse of treated wastewater and in the risk assessment of water treatment processes using chlorine and chlorine dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy Saguti
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Inger Kjellberg
- Göteborgs Stad Kretslopp och Vatten, 424 23 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marianela Patzi Churqui
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Timur Tunovic
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jakob Ottoson
- Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, Swedish Food Agency, 75126 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olof Bergstedt
- Göteborgs Stad Kretslopp och Vatten, 424 23 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helene Norder
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Nyström
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hayer J, Wille M, Font A, González-Aravena M, Norder H, Malmberg M. Four novel picornaviruses detected in Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) in Chile. Virology 2021; 560:116-123. [PMID: 34058706 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Picornaviridae family comprise a significant burden on the poultry industry, causing diseases such as gastroenteritis and hepatitis. However, with the advent of metagenomics, a number of picornaviruses have now been revealed in apparently healthy wild birds. In this study, we identified four novel viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae in healthy Magellanic penguins, a near threatened species. All samples were subsequently screened by RT-PCR for these new viruses, and approximately 20% of the penguins were infected with at least one of these viruses. The viruses were distantly related to members of the genera Hepatovirus, Tremovirus, Gruhelivirus and Crahelvirus. Further, they had more than 60% amino acid divergence from other picornaviruses, and therefore likely constitute novel genera. Our results demonstrate the vast undersampling of wild birds for viruses, and we expect the discovery of numerous avian viruses that are related to hepatoviruses and tremoviruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Hayer
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Michelle Wille
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, At the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alejandro Font
- nstituto Antártico Chileno, Plaza Muñoz Gamero, 1055, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | | | - Helene Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maja Malmberg
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus, the only member of the only species in the genus Deltavirus, is a unique human pathogen. Its ~1.7 kb circular negative-sense RNA genome encodes a protein, hepatitis delta antigen, which occurs in two forms, small and large, both with unique functions. Hepatitis delta virus uses host RNA polymerase II to replicate via double rolling circle RNA synthesis. Newly synthesized linear RNAs are circularized after autocatalytic cleavage and ligation. Hepatitis delta virus requires the envelope of the helper virus, hepatitis B virus (family Hepadnaviridae), to produce infectious particles. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of Deltavirus which is available at www.ictv.global/report/deltavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Magnius
- 1Ulf Lundahls Foundation, 10061 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Taylor
- 2Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | | - Camille Sureau
- 3Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine (INTS), CNRS-INSERM U1134, Paris, France
| | - Paul Dény
- 4Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, UMR CNRS 5286, Team Hepatocarcinogenesis and Viral Infection, Lyon, France
| | - Helene Norder
- 5Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Nyström K, Wanrooij PH, Waldenström J, Adamek L, Brunet S, Said J, Nilsson S, Wind-Rotolo M, Hellstrand K, Norder H, Tang KW, Lagging M. Inosine Triphosphate Pyrophosphatase Dephosphorylates Ribavirin Triphosphate and Reduced Enzymatic Activity Potentiates Mutagenesis in Hepatitis C Virus. J Virol 2018; 92:e01087-18. [PMID: 30045981 PMCID: PMC6146798 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01087-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A third of humans carry genetic variants of the ITP pyrophosphatase (ITPase) gene (ITPA) that lead to reduced enzyme activity. Reduced ITPase activity was earlier reported to protect against ribavirin-induced hemolytic anemia and to diminish relapse following ribavirin and interferon therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2 or 3 infections. While several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the antiviral actions of ribavirin, details regarding the mechanisms of interaction between reduced ITPase activity and ribavirin remain unclear. The in vitro effect of reduced ITPase activity was assessed by means of transfection of hepatocytes (Huh7.5 cells) with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against ITPA or a negative-control siRNA in the presence or absence of ribavirin in an HCV culture system. Low ribavirin concentrations strikingly depleted intracellular GTP levels in HCV-infected hepatocytes whereas higher ribavirin concentrations induced G-to-A and C-to-U single nucleotide substitutions in the HCV genome, with an ensuing reduction of HCV RNA expression and HCV core antigen production. Ribavirin triphosphate (RTP) was dephosphorylated in vitro by recombinant ITPase to a similar extent as ITP, a naturally occurring substrate of ITPase, and reducing ITPA expression in Huh 7.5 cells by siRNA increased intracellular levels of RTP in addition to increasing HCV mutagenesis and reducing progeny virus production. Our results extend the understanding of the biological impact of reduced ITPase activity, demonstrate that RTP is a substrate of ITPase, and may point to personalized ribavirin dosage according to ITPA genotype in addition to novel antiviral strategies.IMPORTANCE This study highlights the multiple modes of action of ribavirin, including depletion of intracellular GTP and increased hepatitis C virus mutagenesis. In cell culture, reduced ITP pyrophosphatase (ITPase) enzyme activity affected the intracellular concentrations of ribavirin triphosphate (RTP) and augmented the impact of ribavirin on the mutation rate and virus production. Additionally, our results imply that RTP, similar to ITP, a naturally occurring substrate of ITPase, is dephosphorylated in vitro by ITPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Nyström
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paulina H Wanrooij
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jesper Waldenström
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ludmila Adamek
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Brunet
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joanna Said
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Kristoffer Hellstrand
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helene Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ka-Wei Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Lagging
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Seruyange E, Gahutu JB, Muvunyi CM, Katare S, Ndahindwa V, Sibomana H, Nyamusore J, Rutagarama F, Hannoun C, Norder H, Bergström T. Seroprevalence of Zika virus and Rubella virus IgG among blood donors in Rwanda and in Sweden. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1290-1296. [PMID: 29663453 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Seroprevalence studies provide information on the susceptibility to infection of certain populations, including women of childbearing age. Such data from Central Africa are scarce regarding two viruses that cause congenital infections: Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging mosquito-borne infection, and Rubella virus (RuV), a vaccine-preventable infection. We report on the seroprevalence of both ZIKV and RuV from Rwanda, a country without any known cases of ZIKV, but bordering Uganda where this virus was isolated in 1947. Anti-ZIKV-specific and anti-RuV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum samples from 874 Rwandan and 215 Swedish blood donors. Samples positive for IgG antibodies against ZIKV were examined for viral RNA using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The seroprevalence of ZIKV IgG in Rwanda was 1.4% (12/874), of which the predominance of positive findings came from the Southeastern region. All anti-ZIKV IgG-positive samples were PCR-negative. Among 297 female blood donors of childbearing age, 295 (99.3%) were seronegative and thus susceptible to ZIKV. All Swedish blood donors were IgG-negative to ZIKV. In contrast, blood donors from both countries showed high seroprevalence of IgG to RuV: 91.2% for Rwandan and 92.1% for Swedish donors. Only 10.5% (31/294) of female donors of childbearing age from Rwanda were seronegative for RuV. In Rwanda, seroprevalence for ZIKV IgG antibodies was low, but high for RuV. Hence, women of childbearing age were susceptible to ZIKV. These data may be of value for decision-making regarding prophylactic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Seruyange
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda.,Rwanda Military Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jean-Bosco Gahutu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Claude M Muvunyi
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Swaibu Katare
- National Centre for Blood Transfusion, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Vedaste Ndahindwa
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Hassan Sibomana
- Expanded Program on Immunization, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - José Nyamusore
- Division of Epidemic Surveillance and Response, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Charles Hannoun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helene Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Seruyange E, Gahutu JB, Muvunyi CM, Katare S, Ndahindwa V, Sibomana H, Nyamusore J, Rutagarama F, Hannoun C, Norder H, Bergström T. Seroprevalence of Zika Virus and Rubella Virus IgG among blood donors in Rwanda and in Sweden. J Med Virol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Seruyange
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy; College of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Rwanda; Rwanda
- Rwanda Military Hospital; Kigali Rwanda
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Institute of Biomedicine; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jean-Bosco Gahutu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy; College of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Rwanda; Rwanda
| | - Claude Mambo Muvunyi
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy; College of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Rwanda; Rwanda
| | - Swaibu Katare
- National Centre for Blood Transfusion; Rwanda Biomedical Centre; Kigali Rwanda
| | - Vedaste Ndahindwa
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Rwanda; Rwanda
| | - Hassan Sibomana
- Expanded Program on Immunization; Rwanda Biomedical Centre; Kigali Rwanda
| | - José Nyamusore
- Division of Epidemic Surveillance and Response; Rwanda Biomedical Centre; Kigali Rwanda
| | | | - Charles Hannoun
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Institute of Biomedicine; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Helene Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Institute of Biomedicine; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Institute of Biomedicine; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
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Magnusson J, Norder H, Riise GC, Andersson LM, Brittain-Long R, Westin J. Incidence of Hepatitis E Antibodies in Swedish Lung Transplant Recipients. Transplant Proc 2016; 47:1972-6. [PMID: 26293083 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important cause of acute and chronic hepatitis in solid organ transplant recipients, especially liver transplant recipients. However, less is known of the incidence and prevalence of HEV in lung transplant recipients. METHODS In a prospective study, 62 patients were observed during the first year after lung transplantation. Sera were analyzed for anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM at 12 months after transplantation. Samples positive for anti-HEV were also analyzed for HEV RNA by polymerase chain reaction. Pretransplantation samples were analyzed for patients with detectable anti-HEV 1 year after transplantation. RESULTS Eight patients (13%) had anti-HEV IgG at the 12-month follow-up sample. HEV RNA could not be detected in any of these samples. One of these patients seroconverted during the follow-up without developing acute or chronic hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the prevalence of HEV antibodies among Swedish lung transplant recipients is similar when compared to the general population. It also suggests that the risk for HEV antibody seroconversion during first year is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magnusson
- Department of Internal Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - H Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - G C Riise
- Department of Internal Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L-M Andersson
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Brittain-Long
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - J Westin
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Karchava M, Waldenström J, Parker M, Hallack R, Sharvadze L, Gatserelia L, Chkhartishvili N, Dvali N, Dzigua L, Dolmazashvili E, Norder H, Tsertsvadze T. High incidence of the hepatitis C virus recombinant 2k/1b in Georgia: Recommendations for testing and treatment. Hepatol Res 2015; 45:1292-8. [PMID: 25689487 PMCID: PMC4787595 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The first hepatitis C virus (HCV) recombinant, RF2k/1b, was initially described from Russia and has since then been identified from patients in Ireland, Estonia, Uzbekistan and Cyprus. Many of these patients originated from Georgia; however, there is no information on its prevalence in Georgia or its susceptibility to antiviral treatment. METHODS We retrospectively sequenced the non-structural region 5B (NS5B) of the HCV genome in samples from 72 Georgian patients, 36 of whom had been treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. RESULTS The HCV genotype was determined using the Versant HCV Genotype v2 kit. Based on this typing, 32 patients (44.4%) were infected with genotype 1, 21 (29.1%) genotype 2 and 19 (26.3%) genotype 3. Partial NS5B of these strains was sequenced and analyzed for type, with concordant genotype results for all type 1 and 3 strains. Discrepant results were observed for genotyped 2 strains, with 16 (76%) having NS5B of subtype 1b. On phylogenetic analysis, 15 NS5B sequences of these strains were found in a clade formed by recombinant RF2k/1b strains. The remaining discordant sequence was found within a clade formed by 1b strains. CONCLUSION Our findings show that the RF2k/1b recombinant strain is common among Georgian patients previously assumed to be infected with genotype 2. Because genotyping is mainly performed to decide treatment strategies, there is a need to determine the genotype by analysis of at least two genomic regions in strains from Georgian patients considered infected with genotype 2 based on standard HCV genotyping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Karchava
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia address
| | - Jesper Waldenström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Monica Parker
- David Axelrod Institute, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, US
| | - Renee Hallack
- David Axelrod Institute, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, US
| | - Lali Sharvadze
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia address,Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Lana Gatserelia
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia address
| | - Nikoloz Chkhartishvili
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia address
| | - Natia Dvali
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia address
| | - Lela Dzigua
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia address
| | | | - Helene Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tengiz Tsertsvadze
- Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Tbilisi, Georgia address,Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Waldenström J, Castedal M, Konar J, Karason K, Lagging M, Norder H. Chronic hepatitis E infection with an emerging virus strain in a heart transplant recipient successfully treated with ribavirin: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2015; 9:180. [PMID: 26307049 PMCID: PMC4550050 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-015-0655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During the last decade hepatitis E infections have been recognized as a health problem in high-income countries, where hepatitis E virus genotype 3 is endemic. The infection is often self-limiting, but may develop into chronic infection in immunocompromised patients, especially in solid organ recipients. If these patients or patients with underlying liver disease get hepatitis E infection, they may develop liver failure and cirrhosis. Hepatitis E virus is occasionally found in blood products and transfusion transmission has been reported. We present the first case of chronic hepatitis E infection in a heart transplant recipient in Sweden. Case presentation A 63-year-old Swedish white man presented with highly elevated liver enzymes 6 months after heart transplantation. Polymerase chain reaction revealed chronic hepatitis E infection, caused by a virus strain found infecting symptomatic cases in Sweden and other European countries. During transplantation, he received blood products from 17 donors, and transfusion transmission is highly likely. The only detectable marker for hepatitis E infection was hepatitis E virus ribonucleic acid for more than 2 months before anti-hepatitis E virus developed. He was treated successfully with ribavirin and decreased immunosuppression. Conclusions Our patient was probably infected through contaminated blood products and subsequently developed chronic infection, which was cured upon treatment. This highlights the need for evaluating the problem with chronic hepatitis E infection in immunocompromised patients, and for discussion concerning screening of blood products. Polymerase chain reaction-based methods are recommended for diagnosing hepatitis E infection in patients with compromised immunity. In addition, knowledge needs to be gained on the infecting virus strain, which may be more virulent than other strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Waldenström
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Maria Castedal
- Transplant Institute, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Jan Konar
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Kristjan Karason
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Martin Lagging
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Helene Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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11
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Mukomolov SL, Tallo T, Sinaĭskaia EV, Kislyĭ PN, Trifonova GF, Gerasimova VV, Norder H. [Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C in centers of hemodialysis in St. Petersburg]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2014:27-34. [PMID: 25816510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Study molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C (HC) in 5 departments of hemodialysis (DH) in St. Petersburg. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sequences of nucleotides of 93 isolates including 67 isolates from patents of 5 DH and 26 isolates from patients, who never had hemodialysis in anamnesis, were obtained in 2010 by a method of limited sequencing of NS5B region of HC virus genome. Phyologenetic analysis was carried out by using PHYLIP veision 3.69 program package. Evolution differences were evaluated in DNADIST program using F84 algorithm. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by using nearest neighbor and UOGMA methods in PHYLIP program package. RESULTS Subtype 1b was established to dominate in all the DH (69.2 - 92.9%) and the same isolates of HC virus were detected in DH, that were isolated for the first time in 1999. Comparatively higher proportion of isolates of HC subgenotype 3a (26.7 - 30.8%) was detected in 2 of 5 DH in 2010. The same proportion of 3a isolates was detected in the control group. CONCLUSION The fact that HC 3a virus isolates were detected in DH in a higher proportion is proof that they have successfully integrated into circulation among dialysis patients over the last decade. ,
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Junttila N, Lévêque N, Magnius L, Kabue J, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Maslin J, Lina B, Norder H. Complete coding regions of the prototypes enterovirus B93 and C95: Phylogenetic analyses of the P1 and P3 regions of EV-B and EV-C strains. J Med Virol 2014; 87:485-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Junttila
- MTC; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - N. Lévêque
- Clinical and Molecular Virology Unit; University Hospital Faculty of Medicine; Reims France
- Laboratory of Virology, National Enterovirus Laboratory; Hospices Civils de Lyon; France
| | | | - J.P. Kabue
- National Institute of Biomedical Research; Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - J. J. Muyembe-Tamfum
- National Institute of Biomedical Research; Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - J. Maslin
- Department of Biology; Saint-Anne Military Hospital; Toulon France
| | - B. Lina
- Laboratory of Virology, National Enterovirus Laboratory; Hospices Civils de Lyon; France
| | - H. Norder
- MTC; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology; Institute of Biomedicine; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
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Lycke E, Magnius LO, Norder H. Should we use oral polio vaccine in Europe? Lancet 2014; 383:1037-8. [PMID: 24656196 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Lycke
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Helene Norder
- Department of Clinical Microbiology-Virology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg 41345, Sweden.
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Ayukekbong JA, Fobisong C, Lindh M, Nkuo-Akenji T, Bergström T, Norder H. Molecular analysis of enterovirus in Cameroon by partial 5′UTR-VP4 gene sequencing reveals a high genetic diversity and frequency of infections. J Med Virol 2014; 86:2092-101. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Ayukepi Ayukekbong
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Cajetan Fobisong
- Section For Clinical Research; Redeem Biomedical System; Douala Cameroon
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Theresia Nkuo-Akenji
- Department of Life Science; Faculty of Science; University of Buea; Buea Cameroon
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Helene Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
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Ayukekbong J, Kabayiza JC, Lindh M, Nkuo-Akenji T, Tah F, Bergström T, Norder H. Shift of Enterovirus species among children in Cameroon – Identification of a new enterovirus, EV-A119. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:227-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Waldenström J, Konar J, Ekermo B, Norder H, Lagging M. Neonatal transfusion-transmitted hepatitis C virus infection following a pre-seroconversion window-phase donation in Sweden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 45:796-9. [PMID: 23746339 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2013.797601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A 9-day-old child developed a transfusion-transmitted hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection following a pre-seroconversion window-phase donation. Retrospective analysis of donor plasma revealed detectable HCV core antigen (154 fmol/l), as well as HCV RNA (87,000 IU/ml). Of 5.24 million Swedish plasma samples from December 1998 to September 2012, 5 additional window-phase donations were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Waldenström
- From the Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg
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Tan J, George S, Kusov Y, Perbandt M, Anemüller S, Mesters JR, Norder H, Coutard B, Lacroix C, Leyssen P, Neyts J, Hilgenfeld R. 3C protease of enterovirus 68: structure-based design of Michael acceptor inhibitors and their broad-spectrum antiviral effects against picornaviruses. J Virol 2013; 87:4339-51. [PMID: 23388726 PMCID: PMC3624371 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01123-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the cleavage specificity and the crystal structure of the 3C protease of enterovirus 68 (EV68 3C(pro)). The protease exhibits a typical chymotrypsin fold with a Cys...His...Glu catalytic triad; its three-dimensional structure is closely related to that of the 3C(pro) of rhinovirus 2, as well as to that of poliovirus. The phylogenetic position of the EV68 3C(pro) between the corresponding enzymes of rhinoviruses on the one hand and classical enteroviruses on the other prompted us to use the crystal structure for the design of irreversible inhibitors, with the goal of discovering broad-spectrum antiviral compounds. We synthesized a series of peptidic α,β-unsaturated ethyl esters of increasing length and for each inhibitor candidate, we determined a crystal structure of its complex with the EV68 3C(pro), which served as the basis for the next design round. To exhibit inhibitory activity, compounds must span at least P3 to P1'; the most potent inhibitors comprise P4 to P1'. Inhibitory activities were found against the purified 3C protease of EV68, as well as with replicons for poliovirus and EV71 (50% effective concentration [EC(50)] = 0.5 μM for the best compound). Antiviral activities were determined using cell cultures infected with EV71, poliovirus, echovirus 11, and various rhinovirus serotypes. The most potent inhibitor, SG85, exhibited activity with EC(50)s of ≈180 nM against EV71 and ≈60 nM against human rhinovirus 14 in a live virus-cell-based assay. Even the shorter SG75, spanning only P3 to P1', displayed significant activity (EC(50) = 2 to 5 μM) against various rhinoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhi Tan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Shyla George
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yuri Kusov
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Markus Perbandt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Universities of Lübeck and Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Anemüller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jeroen R. Mesters
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Helene Norder
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bruno Coutard
- Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 6098, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universités d'Aix-Marseille I et II, Marseille, France
| | - Céline Lacroix
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Universities of Lübeck and Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Andersson MA, Hallander H, Ljungman M, Norder H, Brytting M, Thorstensson R, Netterlid E. [The Swedish child vaccination program also reaches the children born abroad. Serologic samples show good protection compared to Swedish-born]. Lakartidningen 2012; 109:94-98. [PMID: 22448560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Villar S, Le Roux-Goglin E, Gouas DA, Plymoth A, Ferro G, Boniol M, Lereau M, Bah E, Hall AJ, Wild CP, Mendy M, Norder H, van der Sande M, Whittle H, Friesen MD, Groopman JD, Hainaut P. Seasonal variation in TP53 R249S-mutated serum DNA with aflatoxin exposure and hepatitis B virus infection. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119:1635-1640. [PMID: 21768053 PMCID: PMC3226502 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1103539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure are etiological factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in countries with hot, humid climates. HCC often harbors a TP53 (tumor protein p53) mutation at codon 249 (R249S). In chronic carriers, 1762T/1764A mutations in the HBV X gene are associated with increased HCC risk. Both mutations have been detected in circulating cell-free DNA (CFDNA) from asymptomatic HBV carriers. OBJECTIVE We evaluated seasonal variation in R249S and HBV in relation to AFB1 exposure. METHODS R249S was quantitated by mass spectrometry in CFDNA in a cross-sectional survey of 473 asymptomatic subjects (237 HBV carriers and 236 noncarriers) recruited in three villages in the Gambia over a 10-month period. 1762T/1764A HBV mutations were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, the HBV S gene was sequenced in 99 subjects positive for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). RESULTS We observed a seasonal variation of serum R249S levels. Positivity for R249S and average concentration were significantly higher in HBsAg-positive subjects surveyed during April-July (61%; 5,690 ± 11,300 R249S copies/mL serum) than in those surveyed October-March [32% and 480 ± 1,030 copies/mL serum (odds ratio = 3.59; 95% confidence interval: 2.05, 6.30; p < 0.001)]. Positivity for HBV e antigen (HBeAg) (a marker of HBV replication) and viral DNA load also varied seasonally, with 15-30% of subjects surveyed between April and June HBeAg positive, compared with < 10% surveyed during other months. We detected 1762T/1764A mutations in 8% of carriers, half of whom were positive for R249S. We found HBV genotype E in 95 of 99 HBsAg-positive subjects. CONCLUSION R249S is detectable in CFDNA of asymptomatic subjects. Evidence of temporal and quantitative variations suggests an interaction among AFB1 exposure, HBV positivity, and replication on TP53 mutation formation or persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Villar
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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Vincent IE, Zannetti C, Lucifora J, Norder H, Protzer U, Hainaut P, Zoulim F, Tommasino M, Trépo C, Hasan U, Chemin I. Hepatitis B virus impairs TLR9 expression and function in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26315. [PMID: 22046272 PMCID: PMC3201951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a key role in detecting pathogens by producing large amounts of type I interferon (IFN) by sensing the presence of viral infections through the Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) pathway. TLR9 is a sensor of viral and bacterial DNA motifs and activates the IRF7 transcription factor which leads to type I IFN secretion by pDCs. However, during chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, pDCs display an impaired ability to secrete IFN-α following ex vivo stimulation with TLR9 ligands. Here we highlight several strategies used by HBV to block IFN-α production through a specific impairment of the TLR9 signaling. Our results show that HBV particle internalisation could inhibit TLR9- but not TLR7-mediated secretion of IFN-α by pDCs. We observed that HBV down-regulated TLR9 transcriptional activity in pDCs and B cells in which TLR9 mRNA and protein levels were reduced. HBV can interfere with TLR9 activity by blocking the MyD88-IRAK4 axis and Sendai virus targeting IRF7 to block IFN-α production. Neutralising CpG motif sequences were identified within HBV DNA genome of genotypes A to H which displayed a suppressive effect on TLR9-immune activation. Moreover, TLR9 mRNA and protein were downregulated in PBMCs from patients with HBV-associated chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus HBV has developed several escape mechanisms to avoid TLR9 activation in both pDCs and B lymphocytes, which may in turn contribute to the establishment and/or persistence of chronic infection.
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Manuilov VA, Osipova LP, Netesova IG, Chub EV, Tsoy LV, Dul’beev RV, Alekseeva LR, Norder H, Magnius LO, Netesov SV. Incidence of genotype of hepatitis B subvirus and HBsAg subtypes in native people of northern and southeastern Siberia. Mol Genet Microbiol Virol 2010. [DOI: 10.3103/s0891416810040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Krull S, Dörries J, Boysen B, Reidenbach S, Magnius L, Norder H, Thyberg J, Cordes VC. Protein Tpr is required for establishing nuclear pore-associated zones of heterochromatin exclusion. EMBO J 2010; 29:1659-73. [PMID: 20407419 PMCID: PMC2876962 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2010.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amassments of heterochromatin in somatic cells occur in close contact with the nuclear envelope (NE) but are gapped by channel- and cone-like zones that appear largely free of heterochromatin and associated with the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). To identify proteins involved in forming such heterochromatin exclusion zones (HEZs), we used a cell culture model in which chromatin condensation induced by poliovirus (PV) infection revealed HEZs resembling those in normal tissue cells. HEZ occurrence depended on the NPC-associated protein Tpr and its large coiled coil-forming domain. RNAi-mediated loss of Tpr allowed condensing chromatin to occur all along the NE's nuclear surface, resulting in HEZs no longer being established and NPCs covered by heterochromatin. These results assign a central function to Tpr as a determinant of perinuclear organization, with a direct role in forming a morphologically distinct nuclear sub-compartment and delimiting heterochromatin distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Krull
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Dörries
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Björn Boysen
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Reidenbach
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Magnius
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Helene Norder
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Johan Thyberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker C Cordes
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Schaefer S, Magnius L, Norder H. Under Construction: Classification of Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes and Subgenotypes. Intervirology 2009; 52:323-5. [DOI: 10.1159/000242353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Schaefer S, Magnius L, Norder H. Under construction: classification of hepatitis B virus genotypes and subgenotypes. Intervirology 2009. [PMID: 19786808 DOI: 10.1159/00024235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schaefer
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Rostock, DE-18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Sendi H, Mehrab-Mohseni M, Shahraz S, Norder H, Alavian SM, Noorinayer B, Zali MR, Pumpens P, Bonkovsky HL, Magnius LO. CTL escape mutations of core protein are more frequent in strains of HBeAg negative patients with low levels of HBV DNA. J Clin Virol 2009; 46:259-64. [PMID: 19748824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play a key role in eliminating hepatitis B virus (HBV). OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the role of mutations in different immune epitopes of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) among Iranians with hepatitis B e antigen negative chronic hepatitis B (e-CHB), and asymptomatic carriers (ASCs). STUDY DESIGN Amino acids 1-150 of HBcAg were characterized for HBV strains from 29 e-CHB patients and 48 ASCs from Iran. All patients were infected with HBV genotype D and had previously been investigated for the presence of pre-core and basic core promoter (BCP) mutants. RESULTS Amino acid mutations of core protein were observed more frequently in HBV strains from ASCs than e-CHB patients (p=0.014). Asn(67) mutation was mutually exclusive to the combination Ile(66) and Ser(69) (P<0.001). Substitutions for Ser(21) and Thr12Ser were associated with lower serum levels of HBV DNA (p<0.001). None of the patients with mutations in HLA-A2 CTL epitope, 18-27, had serum HBV DNA more than 10(5)copies/mL (p<0.001). By multivariate analysis, high level (>10(5)copies/mL) of serum HBV DNA was inversely associated with the presence of mutations in CTL epitopes of HBc (OR: 0.11, p=0.015), while it was directly associated with the presence of promoter double T(1762)A(1764) mutations together with G(1757) (OR: 16.87, p=0.004). CONCLUSION The inverse correlation between serum levels of HBV DNA and CTL escape mutations of the core protein in HBeAg seroconverted patients, supports the notion that selection of CTL escape mutations consolidates the persistence of HBV infection despite reducing viral fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Sendi
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden.
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Norder H, Sundqvist L, Magnusson L, Østergaard Breum S, Löfdahl M, Larsen LE, Hjulsager CK, Magnius L, Böttiger BE, Widén F. Endemic hepatitis E in two Nordic countries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14. [PMID: 19442399 DOI: 10.2807/ese.14.19.19211-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against hepatitis E virus (anti-HEV) were found in 248 Swedish and Danish patients between 1993 and 2007. Most patients were symptomatic and tested for anti-HEV due to travel abroad. Among patients with known country of infection, most were infected in Asia, mainly on the Indian subcontinent. However, 29 patients were infected in Europe, nine of these had HEV IgM and/or HEV RNA in serum. In sera from 65 of 141 tested patients HEV RNA could be detected, and 63 strains could be typed by limited sequencing within ORF2. HEV RNA was found in sera from 71% of the patients with HEV IgM and IgG and in 18% of the patients with only detectable HEV IgG. It was also found up to three weeks after the onset of disease in 67% of the patients with known date of onset. Patients infected in Europe were infected by genotype 3, and were older than those infected by genotype 1 (mean age 55.3 vs 30 years, p<0.001). Since it is known that genotype 3 can infect domestic pigs, HEV strains from 18 piglets in 17 herds in Sweden and Denmark were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of the genotype 3 strains showed geographical clades and high similarity between strains from patients and pigs from the same area. There are thus autochthonous hepatitis E cases in Scandinavia, and there are probably many undiagnosed ones. Patients with hepatitis of unknown etiology should therefore be investigated for anti-HEV even if they have not been outside Europe, since infections acquired from pigs or other animals should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Norder
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control (Smittskyddsinstitutet, SMI), Solna, Sweden.
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27
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Veazjalali M, Norder H, Magnius L, Jazayeri SM, Alavian SM, Mokhtari-Azad T. A new core promoter mutation and premature stop codon in the S gene in HBV strains from Iranian patients with cirrhosis. J Viral Hepat 2009; 16:259-64. [PMID: 19222745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2009.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to define hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutational patterns in Iran, nucleotide sequences obtained from 91 patients and encompassing the precore, basal core promoter (BCP) and surface (S) regions, were compared. The patients were grouped as asymptomatic carriers, chronic active hepatitis or cirrhotic patients. Genotypes and mutations were determined by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. All strains belonged to genotype D, and most of them to subgenotype D1. All but two strains specified ayw2, one ayw3 and one adw2 determinants. Two deletions of 8- or 20-bp were found in the X region in eight strains, six from patients with chronic active hepatitis. Eight of 21 strains from patients with cirrhosis harboured unusual mutations such as a stop codon at position 69 in the S region or a previously not described mutation in the BCP region ((1761)TC/ATTTG(1766)). All patients infected by strains with the stop codon mutation had detectable HBsAg and high viral load. The accumulation of mutations found in the BCP and S regions in HBV strains from patients with chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis may predict disease progression in Iranian HBsAg carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Veazjalali
- Virology Department, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gyarmati P, Mohammed N, Norder H, Blomberg J, Belák S, Widén F. Universal detection of hepatitis E virus by two real-time PCR assays: TaqMan® and Primer-Probe Energy Transfer. J Virol Methods 2007; 146:226-35. [PMID: 17825434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of food- and waterborne diseases in countries with poor sanitation. Furthermore, travellers to such countries are also at risk of contracting the virus. Noteworthily, during the last decade an increasing number of non-travel-related cases were recorded even in countries with high sanitary standards. An alternative, direct route of infection, from animals to humans (zoonotic transmission) is suspected to be the cause of recent cases of hepatitis E. In order to provide rapid and sensitive methods for detecting the virus in various hosts, two real-time PCR methods were developed and compared: a TaqMan and Primer-Probe Energy Transfer (PriProET) assay. These highly sensitive novel methods provide valuable diagnostic tools to investigate zoonotic transmission, to detect the virus in the food chain and in research related to the potential of hepatitis E virus to cross the species barrier. The results show that the two novel PCR assays are robust, highly sensitive and specific for broad range detection of the four genotypes of HEV. Compared to PriProET, the TaqMan assay appears to perform slightly better, with higher fluorescence values for positive samples. However, the PriProET has the benefit of better tolerating the point mutations in the target nucleic acids. Thus, it provides a more powerful tool to detect new virus variants. These new molecular diagnostic assays are practical tools that can be employed in the area of public health, for disease diagnosis and for tracking outbreaks. In basic research the methods provide new tools to study HEV biology, including virus-host interactions and transmission between various host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Gyarmati
- Joint R&D Division, Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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Coutard B, Gorbalenya AE, Snijder EJ, Leontovich AM, Poupon A, De Lamballerie X, Charrel R, Gould EA, Gunther S, Norder H, Klempa B, Bourhy H, Rohayem J, L'hermite E, Nordlund P, Stuart DI, Owens RJ, Grimes JM, Tucker PA, Bolognesi M, Mattevi A, Coll M, Jones TA, Aqvist J, Unge T, Hilgenfeld R, Bricogne G, Neyts J, La Colla P, Puerstinger G, Gonzalez JP, Leroy E, Cambillau C, Romette JL, Canard B. The VIZIER project: preparedness against pathogenic RNA viruses. Antiviral Res 2007; 78:37-46. [PMID: 18083241 PMCID: PMC7114271 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Life-threatening RNA viruses emerge regularly, and often in an unpredictable manner. Yet, the very few drugs available against known RNA viruses have sometimes required decades of research for development. Can we generate preparedness for outbreaks of the, as yet, unknown viruses? The VIZIER (VIral enZymes InvolvEd in Replication) (http://www.vizier-europe.org/) project has been set-up to develop the scientific foundations for countering this challenge to society. VIZIER studies the most conserved viral enzymes (that of the replication machinery, or replicases) that constitute attractive targets for drug-design. The aim of VIZIER is to determine as many replicase crystal structures as possible from a carefully selected list of viruses in order to comprehensively cover the diversity of the RNA virus universe, and generate critical knowledge that could be efficiently utilized to jump-start research on any emerging RNA virus. VIZIER is a multidisciplinary project involving (i) bioinformatics to define functional domains, (ii) viral genomics to increase the number of characterized viral genomes and prepare defined targets, (iii) proteomics to express, purify, and characterize targets, (iv) structural biology to solve their crystal structures, and (v) pre-lead discovery to propose active scaffolds of antiviral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Coutard
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, and Universités d'Aix-Marseille I et II, UMR 6098, ESIL Case 925, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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Lévêque N, Norder H, Zreik Y, Cartet G, Falcon D, Rivat N, Chomel JJ, Hong SS, Lina B. Echovirus 6 strains derived from a clinical isolate show differences in haemagglutination ability and cell entry pathway. Virus Res 2007; 130:1-9. [PMID: 17566587 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2006] [Revised: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two echovirus 6 (EV6) strains were isolated from a clinical sample after successive sub-cultures in PLC (human hepatocellular carcinoma) and HeLa (human cervical adenocarcinoma) cells. The first strain retained its haemagglutinating capacity (HAEV6) while the second became non-haemagglutinating (NHAEV6). Virus binding assay showed that HAEV6 was capable of binding to DAF-expressing cells but not NHAEV6 confirming the role of DAF in EV6 haemagglutination. The lack of competition between the two viral strains during coinfections suggested that each strain used a different cell entry pathway. We provide evidence showing that HAEV6 used preferentially the lipid raft-dependent caveolae pathway, whereas NHAEV6 followed the clathrin-mediated pathway. Comparison of the sequences of HAEV6 and NHAEV6 revealed five amino acid changes in the VP1, VP2 and VP3 capsid proteins distributed in domains which are known to be highly immunogenic or suggested to be involved in receptor binding, virion stability and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lévêque
- Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus, Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Institut de Microbiologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69677 Bron, France.
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Lévêque N, Amine IL, Cartet G, Hammani AB, Khazraji YC, Lina B, Muyembe JJ, Norder H, Chomel JJ. Two outbreaks of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Africa due to genotype III coxsackievirus variant A24. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-007-0296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tallo T, Norder H, Tefanova V, Krispin T, Schmidt J, Ilmoja M, Orgulas K, Pruunsild K, Priimägi L, Magnius LO. Genetic characterization of hepatitis C virus strains in Estonia: fluctuations in the predominating subtype with time. J Med Virol 2007; 79:374-82. [PMID: 17311333 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, there has been a dramatic increase in intravenous drug use in young adults in Estonia with an increased incidence of both hepatitis B and C as a consequence. Since genetic data are limited regarding hepatitis C virus (HCV) strains in Estonia, the aim of the study was to characterize HCV strains in different risk groups to determine their relatedness to strains from other geographical regions. Three hundred fifty-three anti-HCV positive sera collected during 1994-2004 from hospitalized patients, blood donors and health care workers were used as source of HCV RNA. Two hundred nine (59%) of the sera were positive for HCV RNA by PCR directed to the 5'-UTR region. For 174 strains the HCV subtype was determined by analyses of the NS5B and/or the 5'UTR-core regions. 1b (71%) was the most common subtype followed by 3a (24%), 2c (2%), 1a (1%), and 2a (1%). The 1b and 3a strains were similar to strains from other regions of the former USSR. Within genotype 1b there were several HCV lineages. However, for 3a there seemed to be two separate introductions into Estonia. There was a relative shift from subtype 1b to 3a in 1999-2000 with a further replacement of 3a with 1b in intravenous drug users in 2001 and onwards (P < 0.05). However, both subtypes were found to co-circulate in the community independent of risk factors. One patient was infected with the 2k/1b recombinant presumed to originate from St. Petersburg being the first isolate of this recombinant recovered outside Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Tallo
- Department of Virology, National Institute for Health Development, Hiiu 42, 11619 Tallinn, Estonia
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Stene-Johansen K, Tjon G, Schreier E, Bremer V, Bruisten S, Ngui SL, King M, Pinto RM, Aragonès L, Mazick A, Corbet S, Sundqvist L, Blystad H, Norder H, Skaug K. Molecular epidemiological studies show that hepatitis A virus is endemic among active homosexual men in Europe. J Med Virol 2007; 79:356-65. [PMID: 17311331 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Large outbreaks of hepatitis A have occurred in Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom during the period 1997-2005 affecting homosexual men. A collaborative study was undertaken between these countries to determine if the strains involved in these hepatitis A outbreaks were related genetically. The N-terminal region of VP1 and the VP1/P2A region of the strains were sequenced and compared. The majority of the strains found among homosexual men from the different European countries formed a closely related cluster, named MSM1, belonging to genotype IA. Different HAV strains circulated among other risk groups in these countries during the same period, indicating that specific strains were circulating among homosexual men exclusively. Similar strains found among homosexual men from 1997 to 2005 indicate that these HAV strains have been circulating among homosexual men for a long time. The homosexual communities are probably too small within the individual countries to maintain HAV in their population over time, whereas the homosexual communities across Europe are probably sufficiently large to sustain continued circulation of homologous HAV strains for years resulting in an endemic situation among homosexual men.
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Smura TP, Junttila N, Blomqvist S, Norder H, Kaijalainen S, Paananen A, Magnius LO, Hovi T, Roivainen M. Enterovirus 94, a proposed new serotype in human enterovirus species D. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:849-858. [PMID: 17325357 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Enterovirus (family Picornaviridae) contains five species with strains isolated from humans: Human enterovirus A (HEV-A), HEV-B, HEV-C, HEV-D and Poliovirus. In this study, a proposed new serotype of HEV-D was characterized. Four virus strains were isolated from sewage in Egypt and one strain from acute flaccid paralysis cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The complete genome of one environmental isolate, the complete coding sequence of one clinical isolate and complete VP1 regions from the other isolates were sequenced. These isolates had 66.6–69.4 % nucleotide similarity and 74.7–76.6 % amino acid sequence similarity in the VP1 region with the closest enterovirus serotype, enterovirus 70 (EV70), suggesting that the isolates form a new enterovirus type, tentatively designated enterovirus 94 (EV94). Phylogenetic analyses including sequences of the 5′ UTR, VP1 and 3D regions demonstrated that EV94 isolates formed a monophyletic group within the species HEV-D. No evidence of recombination was found between EV94 and the other HEV-D serotypes, EV68 and EV70. Further biological characterization showed that EV94 was acid stable and had a wide cell tropism in vitro. Attempts to prevent replication with protective antibodies to known enterovirus receptors (poliovirus receptor, vitronectin α
v
β
3 receptor and decay accelerating factor) were not successful. Seroprevalence studies in the Finnish population revealed a high prevalence of this virus over the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu P Smura
- Enterovirus Laboratory, Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Junttila
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden
| | - Soile Blomqvist
- Enterovirus Laboratory, Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helene Norder
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Kaijalainen
- Enterovirus Laboratory, Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Paananen
- Enterovirus Laboratory, Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars O Magnius
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden
| | - Tapani Hovi
- Enterovirus Laboratory, Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja Roivainen
- Enterovirus Laboratory, Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland
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Lévêque N, Lahlou Amine I, Tcheng R, Falcon D, Rivat N, Dussart P, Muyembe JJ, Chomel JJ, Norder H, Eugene M, Lina B. Rapid diagnosis of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis due to coxsackievirus A24 variant by real-time one-step RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 2007; 142:89-94. [PMID: 17328967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A24 variant is, together with enterovirus 70 and adenoviruses, the major etiological agent involved in acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreaks worldwide. However, the standard virus isolation method followed by serotyping or VP1 region sequencing is time-consuming. A rapid method for the detection of coxsackievirus A24 variant from conjunctival swab specimens would be useful in the context of explosive and extensive outbreaks. A one-step real-time RT-PCR assay based on TaqMan technology was thus developed and assessed on 36 conjunctival swabs from outbreaks of conjunctivitis in Morocco in 2004 due to a coxsackievirus A24 variant and in Corsica in 2006 due to adenovirus type 3, and 83 virus strains including 41 coxsackievirus A24 variant collected in French Guiana and Guadeloupe in 2003, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2003, in Morocco in 2004 and 42 other virus species genetically close or known to be responsible for conjunctivitis. All the conjunctival swabs from coxsackievirus A24 variant related outbreak and the 41 coxsackievirus A24 variant strains were tested positive by the RT-PCR assay within 4h. This novel single-tube real-time RT-PCR assay is sensitive and specific, and consists in a reliable and faster alternative to the viral culture for recent and future acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreaks caused by coxsackievirus A24 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lévêque
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus, Hôpital E. Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France.
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Lévêque N, Amine IL, Amine IL, Cartet G, Hammani AB, Khazraji YC, Lina B, Muyembe JJ, Norder H, Chomel JJ. Two outbreaks of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Africa due to genotype III coxsackievirus A24 variant. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 26:199-202. [PMID: 17294159 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-007-0265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reported here are two outbreaks of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis that occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Morocco in the summers of 2003 and 2004, respectively, with a large impact on public health. Virus was isolated from the conjunctival swabs of 30 Congolese and 20 Moroccan patients. Enterovirus-specific cytopathic effect was observed in all samples. None of the strains could be typed using a conventional neutralization assay with the Melnick intersecting pools; however, by sequencing the VP1 region, the viruses could be identified as coxsackie A24 variants. Phylogenetic analysis of the 3C protease region revealed that these strains were closely related to each other as well as to genotype III isolates detected in Korea in 2002, thus proving their worldwide spread. This is the first report of an epidemic of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis due to a coxsackievirus A24 variant in Africa since 1987 and the first ever from Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lévêque
- Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus, Hôpital E. Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Junttila N, Lévêque N, Kabue JP, Cartet G, Mushiya F, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Trompette A, Lina B, Magnius LO, Chomel JJ, Norder H. New enteroviruses, EV-93 and EV-94, associated with acute flaccid paralysis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. J Med Virol 2007; 79:393-400. [PMID: 17311342 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis often identifies enteroviruses not typeable by virus neutralization in cell culture. During 2000 and 2001, 186 isolates from 138 children with acute flaccid paralysis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo were sent for typing to the National Reference Centre for Enteroviruses in Lyon, France. The 5' UTR of the viral genome could be amplified by PCR for 158 isolates from 114 patients. Isolates from 89 patients were neutralizable, and contained non-polio enterovirus types. Seventeen children were infected with more than one entero- or adenovirus; another three were co-infected with both these viruses. Serological typing failed with 19 isolates from 13 (9%) patients. The VP1 region of these strains could be amplified by PCR and sequenced, which revealed that five children were infected with CV-A17, EV-70, EV-76, EV-77, or CV-A13. Two patients were doubly infected, one with CV-A24 and E-9, and another with E-27 and EV-81. Isolates from six children contained strains with divergent VP1 region. The amino acid sequences of these complete VP1 regions diverged >or=28% from published types indicating that they represented two new enterovirus types, tentatively designated EV-93 belonging to HEV-B and EV-94 within HEV-D. The latter enterovirus has in parallel been isolated from sewage in Egypt. In conclusion, there was a high frequency of "untypable" enterovirus isolates from cases with acute flaccid paralysis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Six of these were shown to represent two enteroviruses not previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Junttila
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
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Ottoson J, Hansen A, Westrell T, Johansen K, Norder H, Stenström TA. Removal of noro- and enteroviruses, Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts, and fecal indicators at four secondary wastewater treatment plants in Sweden. Water Environ Res 2006; 78:828-34. [PMID: 17059136 DOI: 10.2175/106143006x101719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate variation in the occurrence and removal of enteroviruses, noroviruses, Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts, and the most commonly used fecal indicators in four Swedish secondary wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Paired samples were taken from the inlet and outlet of each WWTP. (Oo)cysts and indicators were enumerated with standard methods and viruses with a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Giardia cysts and enteroviruses were constantly detected (mean numbers were 10(3.31) cysts and 10(4.44) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) units L(-1), respectively). Oocysts were found in 5 out of 19 samples (mean number was 20 L(-1)). Noroviruses were found between November and February, with an average titer of 10(3.29( L(-1). Mean cyst removal was 2.6 log, while noroviruses and enteroviruses were removed by 0.9 and 1.3 log, respectively. There was no correlation between the removals of pathogens and indicators (p > 0.05). Coliphage removal resembled human viral removal better than did F-specific phage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ottoson
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Parasitology, Mycology and Environmental Microbiology, Solna.
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Ottoson J, Hansen A, Björlenius B, Norder H, Stenström TA. Removal of viruses, parasitic protozoa and microbial indicators in conventional and membrane processes in a wastewater pilot plant. Water Res 2006; 40:1449-57. [PMID: 16533517 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate variations in the occurrence and removal of enterovirus and norovirus genomes, Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and the most commonly used faecal indicators in a Swedish wastewater pilot plant. Paired samples were taken from the inlet and outlet of each treatment line: tertiary filtration, membrane bioreactor (MBR) and upflow anaerobic sludge blankets (UASB). (Oo)cysts and indicators were enumerated using standard methods and viruses using RT-PCR. Giardia cysts and enteroviruses were constantly detected, mean numbers 10(3.11) cysts and 10(4.0) PCR units L(-1), respectively. Oocysts were found in 5/19 samples, mean number 5 L(-1). Noroviruses were found in 6/7 influent samples, with an average titre of 10(3.28)L(-1), during winter, but only in 2/15 in the rest of the year (mean 200 L(-1)). MBR treatment removed indicators more efficiently than did the other two lines, with 5log removal of E. coli. Human virus genome removal did not differ between the MBR and tertiary treatment line. Microorganism removal in UASB was significantly lower for all the organisms studied. E. coli, enterococci and Cl. perfringens removal was correlated (p<0.05) with enterovirus genome removal, with R-values around 0.4. However, values for removal of indicators were more strongly correlated to each other. Removal of viruses based on enumeration using RT-PCR probably underestimates infectious virion removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ottoson
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Environmental Microbiology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SMI, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden.
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Kalinina O, Jern C, Tallo T, Thcakharian V, Gusev D, Znoiko O, Isaguiliants M, Mukomolov S, Norder H, Magnius L. P.194 Spread of the natural hepatitis C virus recombinant outside Russia. J Clin Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Tallo T, Norder H, Tefanova V, Krispin T, Schmidt J, Ilmoja M, Orgulas K, Pruunsild K, Priimägi L, Magnius L. P.466 Genetic characterization of hepatitis C virus strains from Estonia. J Clin Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Stikleryte A, Griskeviciene J, Magnius LO, Zagminas K, Norder H, Ambrozaitis A. Characterization of HCV strains in an oncohematological pediatric department reveals little horizontal transmission but multiple introductions by un-screened blood products in the past. J Med Virol 2006; 78:1411-22. [PMID: 16998896 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Because several children were found infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) at a pediatric oncohematological department in Vilnius, 474 children were tested for anti-HCV. Fifty-eight percent of 96 children treated with blood and plasma products manufactured before the introduction of anti-HCV screening of blood in Lithuania in 1994 were positive for anti-HCV versus 3.4% of those treated after 1994. The possible route of transmission for 45 of these was investigated by phylogenetic analyses within the NS5B region. Children treated before 1995 were infected with a multiplicity of strains of different subtypes, predominantly 1b found in 21 cases, 3a in 5 cases, 2 in 3 cases, 1a in 1 case, and not subtypeable genotype 1 strains in 2 cases. Children who had received blood products after 1994 were infected with only two subtypes, 1b in six and 3a in seven. Genetic analysis showed multiple introductions of HCV before 1995 and that horizontal spread between patients had occurred only to a minor extent at the department. However, two transmission chains involved children treated before 1995. Another chain involved five children treated after 1994. Since the most important risk factor for acquiring hepatitis C was blood products manufactured before the introduction of donor screening for anti-HCV, the spread between children would not have been revealed without molecular tools. These and the background strains provide the first reported sequence data on Lithuanian HCV strains. In general, these were shown to form autochthonous clades, except the 3a strains that were related to strains from the former USSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ausra Stikleryte
- Vilnius University Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Stikleryte A, Norder H, Abrutiene J, Magnius L, Ambrozaitis A. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in Lithuania. J Clin Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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44
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Jern C, Norder H, Janzon R, Lövestad A, Sundin C, Magnius L. P.460 Molecular typing of hepatitis C cases in one Swedish county during one year. J Clin Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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45
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Norder H, Magnius L. O.041 Molecular signature motifs of HBV subgenotypes: An analysis based on all open reading frames. J Clin Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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46
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Sendi H, Mehrab-Mohseni M, Zali MR, Norder H, Magnius LO. T1764G1766 core promoter double mutants are restricted to Hepatitis B virus strains with an A1757 and are common in genotype D. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:2451-2458. [PMID: 16099903 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of pre-core and basal core promoter (BCP) mutants in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative chronic hepatitis B (e-CHB) in Iran, Hepatitis B virus strains from 30 patients and 42 anti-HBe-positive asymptomatic carriers (ASCs) were characterized. G1896A pre-core stop mutants, detected in 77 % of e-CHB patients and 85 % of ASCs, showed no association with virus load or aminotransferase levels. Twenty per cent of e-CHB patients and 31 % of ASCs harboured T1762A1764 mutants. When this double mutation was associated with G1757, it was linked to a higher virus load in patients than when it was associated with A1757 (10(5.2+/-1.8) vs 10(3.2+/-0.8) copies ml(-1); P=0.004). Interestingly, the most common BCP mutations were T1764 and G1766, which were present in 33 % of e-CHB patients and 29 % of ASCs. These were associated with higher virus load and aminotransferase levels compared with patients lacking core promoter mutations, although this was not significant. The T1764G1766 double mutation was only present in strains with A1757 (P<0.001), which is more frequent in strains of genotype D than in those belonging to other genotypes. On the other hand, the T1762A1764 double mutation was found more frequently in association with G1757 than with A1757. The T1762A1764 double mutation forms a binding site for hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF1), which is constrained by A1757. However, the T1764G1766 double mutant may form a binding site for HNF3. Thus, position 1757 affects the emergence of promoter double mutants and would predict a relative genotypic restriction of both the T1762A1764 and the T1764G1766 double mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Sendi
- Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Taleghani Hospital, Tabnak Avenue, 19857 Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Marjan Mehrab-Mohseni
- Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Taleghani Hospital, Tabnak Avenue, 19857 Tehran, Iran
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Mohammad R Zali
- Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Taleghani Hospital, Tabnak Avenue, 19857 Tehran, Iran
| | - Helene Norder
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Lars O Magnius
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden
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Al Faress S, Cartet G, Ferraris O, Norder H, Valette M, Lina B. Divergent genetic evolution of hemagglutinin in influenza A H1N1 and A H1N2 subtypes isolated in the south-France since the winter of 2001–2002. J Clin Virol 2005; 33:230-6. [PMID: 15911445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Revised: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on their hemagglutinin (H1 to H15) and neuraminidase (N1 to N9) glycoproteins. Of these, three A subtypes H1N1, H3N2 and H1N2 circulate in the human population. Influenza A viruses display a high antigenic variability called "antigenic drift" which allows the virus to escape antibody neutralization. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the mutations apparition that might predict a divergent antigenic evolution of hemagglutinin in influenza A H1N1 and A H1N2 viruses. STUDY DESIGN During the three winters of 2001-2002 to 2003-2004, 58 A H1N1 and 23 A H1N2 subtypes have been isolated from patients with influenza-like illness in the south of France. The HA1 region was analyzed by RT-PCR and subsequently sequenced to compare the HA1 genetic evolution of influenza A H1N1 and A H1N2 subtypes. RESULTS Our results showed that 28 amino acid substitutions have accumulated in the HA1 region since the circulation of A/New Caledonia/20/99-like viruses in France. Of these, fifteen were located in four antigenic sites (B, C, D and E). Six of them were observed only in the A H1N2 isolates, six only in the A H1N1 isolates and three in both subtypes. Furthermore, nine of twenty two A H1N2 isolates from the winter of 2002-2003 shared a T90A amino acid change which has not been observed in any A H1N1 isolate; resulting in the introduction of a new glycosylation site close to the antigenic site E. This might mask some antigenic E determinants and therefore, modify the A H1N2 antigenicity. CONCLUSIONS The divergent genetic evolution of hemagglutinin may ultimately lead to a significant different antigenicity between A H1N1 and A H1N2 subtypes that would require the introduction of a new subtype in the vaccine batches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaker Al Faress
- Unite de Virologie Medicale, Laboratoire de Virologie, UMR CNRS 5537, CNR des Virus Influenza Région Sud, Domaine Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
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48
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Dussart P, Cartet G, Huguet P, Lévêque N, Hajjar C, Morvan J, Vanderkerckhove J, Ferret K, Lina B, Chomel JJ, Norder H. Outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in French Guiana and West Indies caused by coxsackievirus A24 variant: Phylogenetic analysis reveals Asian import. J Med Virol 2005; 75:559-65. [PMID: 15714481 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis occurred in French Guiana between April and July 2003, with approximately 6,000 cases in the two major cities Kourou and Cayenne. Since acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is not a notifiable disease in France, there was no registration of the number of cases. Therefore, these were estimated by comparing the consumption of antibiotic eye drops and ophthalmic ointments during 2002 and 2003. The outbreak rapidly spread into the Caribbean Islands, causing an outbreak in Guadeloupe in October. Viral isolates from conjunctival swabs of 16 patients were confirmed to be enterovirus by PCR directed to the 5' UTR of the genome. The isolates could not be neutralized by the Melnick intersecting pools, but were shown to be CV-A24 variant by limited sequencing within the VP1 and 3C regions of 12 strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that they were similar to the genotype III strains causing outbreaks in Korea 2002 and Malaysia 2003. The previous outbreak of conjunctivitis caused by CV-A24 in the Caribbean in the 1980s was also introduced from Asia, and disappeared after 3 years. This new introduction from Asia and its rapid spread into the Caribbean, where the infection disappeared after a few months, indicates that the CV-A24 variant has a different epidemiological pattern in this region compared to South East Asia, since it has not established an endemic infection. It had to be reintroduced from Asia, where it has been circulating since the 1970s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Dussart
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, French Guiana
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49
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Norder H, Couroucé AM, Coursaget P, Echevarria JM, Lee SD, Mushahwar IK, Robertson BH, Locarnini S, Magnius LO. Genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus strains derived worldwide: genotypes, subgenotypes, and HBsAg subtypes. Intervirology 2005; 47:289-309. [PMID: 15564741 DOI: 10.1159/000080872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 629] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequences of 234 complete genomes and 631 hepatitis B surface antigen genes were used to assess the worldwide diversity of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Apart from the described two subgenotypes each for A and F, also B, C, and D divided into four subgenotypes each in the analysis of complete genomes supported by significant bootstrap values. The subgenotypes of B and C differed in their geographical distribution, with B1 dominating in Japan, B2 in China and Vietnam, B3 confined to Indonesia, and B4 confined to Vietnam, all strains specifying subtype ayw1. Subgenotype C1 was common in Japan, Korea, and China; C2 in China, South-East Asia, and Bangladesh, and C3 in the Oceania comprising strains specifying adrq-, and C4 specifying ayw3 is encountered in Aborigines from Australia. This pattern of defined geographical distribution was less evident for D1-D4, where the subgenotypes were widely spread in Europe, Africa, and Asia, possibly due to their divergence having occurred a longer time ago than for genotypes B and C, with D4 being the first split and still the dominating subgenotype of D in the Oceania. The genetic diversity of HBV and the geographical distribution of its subgenotypes provide a tool to reconstruct the evolutionary history of HBV and may help to complement genetic data in the understanding of the evolution and past migrations of man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Norder
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden.
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50
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Oberste MS, Michele SM, Maher K, Schnurr D, Cisterna D, Junttila N, Uddin M, Chomel JJ, Lau CS, Ridha W, Al-Busaidy S, Norder H, Magnius LO, Pallansch MA. Molecular identification and characterization of two proposed new enterovirus serotypes, EV74 and EV75. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:3205-3212. [PMID: 15483233 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequencing of the gene that encodes the capsid protein VP1 has been used as a surrogate for antigenic typing in order to distinguish enterovirus serotypes; three new serotypes were identified recently by this method. In this study, 14 enterovirus isolates from six countries were characterized as members of two new types within the species Human enterovirus B, based on sequencing of the complete capsid-encoding (P1) region. Isolates within each of these two types differed significantly from one another and from all other known enterovirus serotypes on the basis of sequences that encode either VP1 alone or the entire P1 region. Members of each type were ⩾77·2 % identical to one another (89·5 % amino acid identity) in VP1, but members of the two different types differed from one another and from other enteroviruses by ⩾31 % in nucleotide sequence (25 % amino acid sequence difference), indicating that the two groups represent separate new candidate enterovirus types. The complete P1 sequences differed from those of all other enterovirus serotypes by ⩾31 % (26 % amino acid sequence difference), but were highly conserved within a serotype (<8 % amino acid sequence difference). Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that isolates of the same serotype were monophyletic in both VP1 and the capsid as a whole, as shown previously for other enterovirus serotypes. This paper proposes that these 14 isolates should be classified as members of two new human enterovirus types, enteroviruses 74 and 75 (EV74 and EV75).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steven Oberste
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-17, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Suzanne M Michele
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-17, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Kaija Maher
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-17, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - David Schnurr
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Cisterna
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infectiosos - ANLIS 'Carlos Malbran', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nina Junttila
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Moyez Uddin
- Institute of Public Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Chi-Shan Lau
- Department of Health, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Suleiman Al-Busaidy
- Department of Laboratories, Directorate General of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Helene Norder
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Lars O Magnius
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mark A Pallansch
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop G-17, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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