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Hognestad BW, Digranes N, Opsund VG, Espenes A, Haga HA. CO 2 Stunning in Pigs: Physiological Deviations at Onset of Excitatory Behaviour. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2387. [PMID: 37508164 PMCID: PMC10376161 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Stunning by carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation is controversial because it is associated with vigorous movements and behaviours which may or may not be conscious reactions. Furthermore, it is unknown whether some behaviours might indicate the transition into unconsciousness. Our study objective was to investigate the loss of consciousness during CO2 stunning by linking physiological variables (in particular pH, PaO2 and PaCO2) to the onset of observed behaviours. A total of 11 cross-bred pigs were studied. A tracheostomy tube, venous and arterial cannulae were placed under sevoflurane anaesthesia. After recovery from this, and a "wash out" period of at least 30 min, arterial blood samples were taken (and baseline values established) before 90-95% CO2 in medical air was administered through the tracheostomy tube. Subsequent behaviours were video-recorded and key physiological variables were evaluated using an anaesthetic monitor and the frequent sampling of arterial blood (albeit with inconsistent inter-sample intervals). After the study, behaviours were classified in an ethogram. At the onset of behaviours categorised as "vigorous movement extremities", "opisthotonos" and "agonal gasping" pH values (range) were: 6.74-7.34; 6.66-6.96 and 6.65-6.87, while PaCO2 (kPa) was 4.6-42.2, 24.4-51.4 and 29.1-47.6. Based upon these values, we conclude that the pigs were probably unconscious at the onset of "opisthotonos" and "agonal gasping", but some were probably conscious at the onset of "vigorous movements".
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Wabakken Hognestad
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Nora Digranes
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Vigdis Groven Opsund
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Arild Espenes
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Henning Andreas Haga
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
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Digranes N, Haga HA, Nordgreen J. High and Hyper: Fentanyl Induces Psychomotor Side-Effects in Healthy Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101671. [PMID: 37238100 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Analgesic effects of fentanyl have been investigated using behavior. The behavioral effects of fentanyl and possible serotonergic influence are largely unknown. We therefore investigated behavioral effects of fentanyl, with or without the serotonin antagonist ketanserin, in pigs. Fourteen mixed-breed pigs, weighing 17-25 kg were included in a randomised blinded prospective, balanced three-group study. Ten pigs received first 5 and then 10 µg/kg of fentanyl intravenously. Ketanserin at 1 mg/kg or saline was given intravenously as a third injection. Four control pigs received three injections of saline. Behavior was video-recorded. The distance moved was automatically measured by commercially available software, and behaviors manually scored in retrospect. Fentanyl inhibited resting and playing, and induced different repetitive behaviors. The mean (SD) distance moved in the control group and fentanyl group was 21.3 (13.0) and 57.8 (20.8) metres respectively (p < 0.05 for pairwise comparison). A stiff gait pattern was seen after fentanyl injection for median (range) 4.2 (2.8-5.1) minutes per 10 min, which was reduced to 0 (0-4) s after ketanserin administration. Conclusion: fentanyl-induced motor and behavioral effects, and serotonergic transmission may be involved in some of them. The psychomotor side effects of fentanyl could potentially interfere with post-operative pain evaluation in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Digranes
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Henning Andreas Haga
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Janicke Nordgreen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
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Hoeberg E, Haga HA, Lervik A. Cardiovascular effects of intravenous morphine in anesthetized horse. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1007345. [PMID: 36225800 PMCID: PMC9549263 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1007345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate whether morphine causes a change in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) heart rate (HR) and oxygen extraction (OE) rate in healthy horses anesthetized with isoflurane and a dexmedetomidine infusion. Material and methods The study design was prospective clinical, randomized, blinded two groups including 33 horses. All horses were sedated with romifidine IV, and anesthesia was induced with midazolam IV and ketamine IV and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen and medical air and a dexmedetomidine infusion. As a baseline venous and arterial blood, HR and MAP were sampled. Thereafter either morphine 0.1 mg kg−1 IV or an equivalent volume of NaCl 0.9% IV was administered. HR and MAP were then further sampled for 5 min before venous and arterial blood was again sampled. OE was calculated based upon arterial and venous blood gas analysis. To evaluate the change in minimum MAP, mean HR, and OE, the differences between baseline and observation period values were further termed delta MAP, delta HR, and delta OE. Individual delta MAPs were normalized to the minimum baseline value and are reported as a percentage. Alpha was set to 0.05. Confidence intervals 95% (CI) were calculated for delta MAP, delta HR, and delta OE within groups, and for the difference between groups. Results The 95% CIs for delta MAP (%), delta HR (min−1), and delta OE (mL/dL) in the morphine group were −20.5 to −9.0, 0.6 to 3.1, and −0.1 to 0.6 and in the placebo group were −17.4 to −10.1, 0.2 to 2.0, and −0.2 to 0.3, respectively. The 95% CI for the differences in delta MAP (%), delta HR (min−1), and delta OE (mL/dL) were −5.5 to 7.6, −2.3 to 0.7, and −0.7 to 0.2, respectively. The minimum MAP of one horse in the morphine group decreased around 50% between baseline and observation period with almost unchanged OE and HR. Conclusion and clinical relevance The effects of morphine 0.1 mg kg−1 IV on HR, MAP, and OE in healthy horses anesthetized with isoflurane and a CRI of dexmedetomidine are minimal.
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Hoeberg E, Loken Kolstad T, Moller LM, Rosvold SK, Heggernes Softeland M, Haga HA, Lervik A. Lidocaine spray 10% prior to intravenous catheterisation in dogs. Acta Vet Scand 2022; 64:20. [PMID: 35987686 PMCID: PMC9392236 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00639-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A common and to some degree painful procedure in veterinary practice is to insert an intra-venous catheter. In both human and veterinary medicine, a topical mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA cream) has shown to reduce the pain, however a period of 60 min between application and initiation of the procedure is recommended. This time lapse is not always suitable for clinical practise and a shorter time before anaesthetic effect is therefore desirable. Lidocaine has a shorter time lapse (1–3 min) when used on mucus membrane; however, the effect of lidocaine for desensitization of skin has shown variable results in humans. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of topical lidocaine spray 10% on the response to placement of venous catheters in dogs. Topical lidocaine spray 10% or NaCl 0.9% was administered prior to placing an intravenous catheter in the cephalic vein. A cross-over of treatment with 2 h wash out period was used before placing a catheter in the opposite cephalic vein. The procedure was video recorded and the dogs’ responses were later scored by three persons blinded to treatment using a visual analogue scale. The VAS scores were normalised and the mean difference between treatments were compared using Wilcox signed-rank test. This study could not find a statistical difference between the treatments (P = 0.1763) and could conclude that no significant difference in response to intravenous catheterisation was found between application of NaCl 0.9% or lidocaine 10% prior to the procedure.
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Lervik A, Forr Toverud S, Bohlin J, Haga HA. Macrocirculatory Parameters and Oxygen Debt Indices in Pigs During Propofol Or Alfaxalone Anesthesia When Subjected to Experimental Stepwise Hemorrhage. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:664112. [PMID: 34095276 PMCID: PMC8173164 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.664112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pigs are anesthetized when used for emergency procedures live tissue training (LTT) of civilian and military medical personnel or for experimental purposes, but there is a paucity in the literature regarding anesthesia of pigs for this purpose. Objective(s): The main goals of the study were to compare oxygen debt, macrocirculatory parameters, and time to cardiac arrest between pigs in hemorrhagic shock and anesthetized with propofol-ketamine-dexmedetomidine or alfaxalone-ketamine-dexmedetomidine. Design: A prospective, non-blinded randomized study design was used. Sixteen pigs were randomized in blocks of four to be anesthetized with either propofol-ketamine-dexmedetomidine (n = 8) or alfaxalone-ketamine-dexmedetomidine (n = 8) as a continuous infusion. Interventions: Premedication with ketamine 15 mg kg-1 and midazolam 1 mg kg-1 was given i.m. Anesthesia was maintained with propofol 8 mg kg-1 h-1 or alfaxalone 5 mg kg-1 h-1 combined with ketamine 5 mg kg-1 h-1 and dexmedetomidine 4 μg kg-1 h-1 i.v. A stepwise, volume-controlled model for hemorrhage was created by exsanguination. Main Outcome Measures: Indices of oxygen debt (lactate, base excess, and oxygen extraction), macrocirculatory (PR, SAP, DAP, MAP, and CI, SVI, and TPR) variables, and time to death was compared between groups. Results: Pigs in the alfaxalone group had significantly higher SAP than pigs given propofol. No difference in other macrocirculatory variables or indices of oxygen debt could be found. A blood loss of 50% of the total blood volume or more was possible in most pigs with both anesthetic regimes. Conclusions: Pigs anesthetized with propofol or alfaxalone combined with ketamine and dexmedetomidine tolerated substantial blood loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lervik
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Simen Forr Toverud
- Animal Health and Welfare Branch, Veterinary Inspectorate, Norwegian Armed Forces Joint Medical Services, Sessvollmoen, Norway
| | - Jon Bohlin
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Department for Method Development and Analysis, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Fertility and Health Analysis, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henning Andreas Haga
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Haga HA, Lervik A, Nordgreen J. Inhibition and facilitation of nociceptively evoked muscular activity by fentanyl or dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anaesthetized pigs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:230-238. [PMID: 33526309 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate motor and cardiovascular responses to dexmedetomidine or fentanyl in isoflurane-anaesthetized pigs. STUDY DESIGN Experimental, balanced, block randomized, two-group design. ANIMALS A group of 16 crossbred pigs, 55 ± 8 days (mean ± standard deviation) old. METHODS Deltoid electromyography (EMG) was recorded during isoflurane anaesthesia. Electrical stimulation using 5, 10, 20 and 40 mA of the distal right thoracic limb elicited a nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR), quantified by the area under the curve (AUC) for the simulation intensity versus EMG amplitude response curve. Latency to movement evoked by clamping a claw for maximum 60 seconds was noted. Arterial blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded. Data were sampled at baseline and during dexmedetomidine 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 μg kg-1 hour-1 or fentanyl 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 μg kg-1 hour-1 infusions. The influence of infusion rate on NWR AUC and spontaneous EMG was analysed using a mixed model, with p < 5%. RESULTS NWR AUC increased at fentanyl 5 μg kg-1 hour-1 but decreased at fentanyl 40, 80 and 160 μg kg-1 hour-1 and dexmedetomidine 4.0 and 8.0 μg kg-1 hour-1. All pigs at fentanyl 80 μg kg-1 hour-1, and three pigs at dexmedetomidine 8.0 μg kg-1 hour-1 had mechanical latencies greater than 60 seconds. Spontaneous EMG activity increased accompanied by visually evident 'shivering' at fentanyl 5, 10 and 20 μg kg-1 hour-1 but decreased at dexmedetomidine 2, 4 and 8 μg kg-1 hour-1. Clinically relevant effects of increasing infusion rates on blood pressure or pulse rate were not observed. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE If anaesthetic plane or antinociception is evaluated in pigs, response to claw clamping and NWR will not necessarily give uniform results when comparing drugs. If only one method is used, results should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Lervik
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - Janicke Nordgreen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
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Lervik A, Toverud SF, Krontveit R, Haga HA. A comparison of respiratory function in pigs anaesthetised by propofol or alfaxalone in combination with dexmedetomidine and ketamine. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:14. [PMID: 32164761 PMCID: PMC7066810 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-0512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND General anaesthesia in pigs maintained with intravenous drugs such as propofol may cause respiratory depression. Alfaxalone gives less respiratory depression than propofol in some species. The aim of the investigation was to compare respiratory effects of propofol-ketamine-dexmedetomidine and alfaxalone-ketamine-dexmedetomidine in pigs. Sixteen pigs premedicated with ketamine 15 mg/kg and midazolam 1 mg/kg intramuscularly were anaesthetised with propofol or alfaxalone to allow endotracheal intubation, followed by propofol 8 mg/kg/h or alfaxalone 5 mg/kg/h in combination with ketamine 5 mg/kg/h and dexmedetomidine 4 µg/kg/h given as a continuous infusion for 60 min. The pigs breathed spontaneously with an FIO2 of 0.21. Oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal CO2 concentration (PE'CO2), respiratory rate (fR) and inspired tidal volume (VT) were measured, and statistically compared between treatments. If the SpO2 dropped below 80% or if PE'CO2 increased above 10.0 kPa, the pigs were recorded as failing to complete the study, and time to failure was statistically compared between treatments. RESULTS Alfaxalone treated pigs had significantly higher respiratory rates and lower PE'CO2 than propofol treated pigs, with a fR being 7.3 /min higher (P = 0.01) and PE'CO2 0.8 kPa lower (P = 0.05). SpO2 decreased by 0.6% and fR by 1.0 /min per kg increase in body weight in both treatment groups. Three of eight propofol treated and two of eight alfaxalone treated pigs failed to complete the study, and times to failure were not significantly different between treatments (P = 0.75). CONCLUSIONS No major differences in respiratory variables were found when comparing treatments. Respiratory supportive measures must be available when using both protocols.
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Bettembourg V, Dulgheriu D, Haga HA. Plasma concentrations at two dexmedetomidine constant rate infusions in isoflurane anaesthetized horses: a clinical study. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46:627-635. [PMID: 31395482 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations at two infusion rates in isoflurane anaesthetized horses and compare cardiovascular effects and anaesthetic recovery between treatments. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, masked clinical study. ANIMALS Healthy, adult, client-owned, non-food producing horses presented for castration. METHODS Premedication consisted of acepromazine, romifidine and morphine, and anaesthesia was induced with ketamine and midazolam. The horses were randomized to receive dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg kg-1 hour-1 (treatment DL, n = 7) or 1.75 μg kg-1 hour-1 (treatment DH, n = 7) for 90 minutes of isoflurane anaesthesia at an end-tidal concentration of 1.2%. Venous plasma concentrations were determined with liquid chromatography-electrospray-ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Jugular venous and arterial blood was sampled for blood gas analysis at the start and end of the infusion. Changes in cardiovascular variables from the start to the end of the infusion, and recovery parameters were statistically compared between treatments. RESULTS Fourteen male horses, 2-6 years old, 325-536 kg were included. Mean ± standard deviation dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations at 30, 60 and 90 minutes with treatment DL were 0.22 ± 0.05, 0.29 ± 0.07 and 0.33 ± 0.08 ng mL-1, and with treatment DH were 0.65 ± 0.11, 0.89 ± 0.10 and 1.01 ± 0.10 ng mL-1. The 95% confidence interval for change minute-1 in dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations between 75 and 90 minutes was 0-1% for both treatments. With treatment DH, the heart rate decreased significantly more from the beginning to the end of the infusion compared to DL (p = 0.043). No other significant differences were found between treatments in cardiovascular or recovery parameters. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Infusion of dexmedetomidine in isoflurane anaesthetized horses resulted in plasma concentrations with low variation at both infusion rates, approaching stable levels after 75 minutes of infusion. No differences of clinical importance were found when comparing cardiovascular variables and quality of recovery between treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Bettembourg
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Daniela Dulgheriu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henning Andreas Haga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mason
- Animalia AS (Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Institute), PO Box 396, Økern, 0513, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Tolo
- Animalia AS (Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Institute), PO Box 396, Økern, 0513, Oslo, Norway
| | - L Hektoen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pb 369 Sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - HA Haga
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pb 369 Sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
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Solbak S, Østevik L, Raszplewicz J, Lervik A, Ranheim B, Haga HA. Rupture of the urinary bladder in a piglet during manual expression. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 43:461-2. [PMID: 26645424 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Solbak
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Liv Østevik
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joanna Raszplewicz
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Lervik
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Birgit Ranheim
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henning Andreas Haga
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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Ranheim B, Risberg ÅI, Spadavecchia C, Landsem R, Haga HA. The pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine administered as a constant rate infusion in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:93-6. [PMID: 25229603 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine, the most selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist in clinical use, is increasingly being used in both conscious and anaesthetized horses; however, the pharmacokinetics and sedative effects of this drug administered alone as an infusion are not previously described in horses. Seven horses received an infusion of 8 μg dexmedetomidine/kg/h for 150 min, venous blood samples were collected, and dexmedetomidine concentrations were assayed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and analyzed using noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Sedation was scored as the distance from the lower lip of the horse to the ground measured in centimetre. The harmonic mean (SD) plasma elimination half-life (Lambda z half-life) for dexmedetomidine was 20.9 (5.1) min, clearance (Cl) was 0.3 (0.20) L/min/kg, and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss ) was 13.7 (7.9) L/kg. There was a considerable individual variation in the concentration of dexmedetomidine vs. time profile. The level of sedation covaried with the plasma concentration of dexmedetomidine. This implies that for clinical use of dexmedetomidine constant rate infusion in conscious horses, infusion rates can be easily adjusted to effect, and this is preferable to an infusion at a predetermined value.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ranheim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Risberg A, Spadavecchia C, Ranheim B, Krontveit R, Haga HA. Antinociceptive effects of three escalating dexmedetomidine and lignocaine constant rate infusions in conscious horses. Vet J 2014; 202:489-97. [PMID: 25266648 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine and lignocaine IV are used clinically to provide analgesia in horses. The aims of this study were to investigate the antinociceptive effects, plasma concentrations and sedative effects of 2, 4 and 6 µg/kg/h dexmedetomidine IV, with a bolus of 0.96 µg/kg preceding each continuous rate infusion (CRI), and 20, 40 and 60 µg/kg/min lignocaine IV, with a bolus of 550 µg/kg preceding each CRI, in 10 Swiss Warmblood horses. Electrically elicited nociceptive withdrawal reflexes were evaluated by deltoid muscle electromyography. Nociceptive threshold and tolerance were determined by electromyography and behaviour following single and repeated stimulation. Plasma concentrations of drugs were determined by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Sedation was scored on a visual analogue scale. Dexmedetomidine increased nociceptive threshold to single and repeated stimulation for all CRIs, except at 2 µg/kg/h, where no increase in single stimulation nociceptive threshold was observed. Dexmedetomidine increased nociceptive tolerance to single and repeated stimulation at all CRIs. There was large individual variability in dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations and levels of sedation; the median plasma concentration providing antinociceptive effects to all recorded parameters was 0.15 ng/mL, with a range from <0.02 ng/mL (below the lower limit of quantification) to 0.25 ng/mL. Lignocaine increased nociceptive threshold and tolerance to single and repeated stimulation at CRIs of 40 and 60 µg/kg/min, corresponding to plasma lignocaine concentrations >600 ng/mL. Only nociceptive tolerance to repeated stimulation increased at 20 µg/kg/min lignocaine. Lignocaine at 40 µg/kg/min and dexmedetomidine at 4 µg/kg/h were the lowest CRIs resulting in consistent antinociception. Lignocaine did not induce significant sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Risberg
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - C Spadavecchia
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - B Ranheim
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - R Krontveit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - H A Haga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
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Lervik S, Oskam I, Krogenæs A, Andresen Ø, Dahl E, Haga HA, Tajet H, Olsaker I, Ropstad E. Androstenone and testosterone levels and testicular morphology of Duroc boars related to estimated breeding value for androstenone. Theriogenology 2013; 79:986-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Evans AL, Fahlman Å, Ericsson G, Haga HA, Arnemo JM. Physiological evaluation of free-ranging moose (Alces alces) immobilized with etorphine-xylazine-acepromazine in Northern Sweden. Acta Vet Scand 2012; 54:77. [PMID: 23276208 PMCID: PMC3541067 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluation of physiology during capture and anesthesia of free-ranging wildlife is useful for determining the effect that capture methods have on both ecological research results and animal welfare. This study evaluates capture and anesthesia of moose (Alces alces) with etorphine-xylazine-acepromazine in Northern Sweden. Methods Fifteen adult moose aged 3–15 years were darted from a helicopter with a combination of 3.37 mg etorphine, 75 mg xylazine, and 15 mg acepromazine. Paired arterial blood samples were collected 15 minutes apart with the first sample at 15–23 minutes after darting and were analyzed immediately with an i-STAT®1 Portable Clinical Analyzer. Results All animals developed hypoxemia (PaO2 <10 kPa) with nine animals having marked hypoxemia (PaO2 5.5-8 kPa). All moose were acidemic (ph<7.35) with nine moose having marked acidemia (pH<7.20). For PaCO2, 14 moose had mild hypercapnia (PaCO2 6-8 kPa) and two had marked hypercapnia (PaCO2>8 kPa). Pulse, respiratory rate, pH and HCO3 increased significantly over time from darting whereas lactate decreased. Conclusions The hypoxemia found in this study is a strong indication for investigating alternative drug doses or combinations or treatment with supplemental oxygen.
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Fosse TK, Horsberg TE, Haga HA, Hormazabal V, Ranheim B. Enantioselective pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in piglets: the significance of neonatal age. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:153-9. [PMID: 21395606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Following intravenous dose of 6mg/kg racemic ketoprofen, the chiral pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen was investigated in eight piglets aged 6 and 21days old. S-ketoprofen predominated over R-ketoprofen in plasma of the piglets in both age groups. The volumes of distribution of S-ketoprofen for the 6- and 21-day-old piglets were 241.7 (211.3-276.5) mL/kg and 155.0 (138.7-173.1) mL/kg, respectively, while the corresponding parameters for R-ketoprofen were 289.2 (250.3-334.2) mL/kg and 193.0 (168.7-220.8) mL/kg. The clearances of R-ketoprofen [948.4 (768.0-1171.2) mL/h/kg and 425 (319.1-566.0) mL/h/kg for the 6- and 21-day-old piglets, respectively] were significantly higher compared to the clearances of S-ketoprofen [57.3 (46.6-70.4) mL/h/kg and 33.8 (27.0-42.2) mL/h/kg for 6- and 21-day-old piglets, respectively]. The elimination half-life of S-ketoprofen was 3.4h for both age groups, while the elimination half-life of R-ketoprofen was 0.2h for the 6-day-old and 0.4h for the 21-day-old piglets. The clearances of both R- and S-ketoprofen were significantly higher in the 6-day-old piglets compared to when they were 21 days old. Furthermore, the volumes of distribution were larger in the youngest age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Fosse
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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Fosse TK, Toutain PL, Spadavecchia C, Haga HA, Horsberg TE, Ranheim B. Ketoprofen in piglets: enantioselective pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and PK/PD modelling. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 34:338-49. [PMID: 20950352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chiral pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ketoprofen were investigated in a placebo-controlled study in piglets after intramuscular administration of 6 mg/kg racemic ketoprofen. The absorption half-lives of both enantiomers were short, and S-ketoprofen predominated over R-ketoprofen in plasma. A kaolin-induced inflammation model was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects of ketoprofen. Skin temperatures increased after the kaolin injection, but the effect of ketoprofen was small. No significant antipyretic effects could be detected, but body temperatures tended to be lower in the ketoprofen-treated piglets. Mechanical nociceptive threshold testing was used to evaluate the analgesic effects. The piglets in the ketoprofen-treated group had significantly higher mechanical nociceptive thresholds compared to the piglets in the placebo group for 12-24 h following the treatment. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of the results from the mechanical nociceptive threshold testing gave a median IC(50) for S-ketoprofen of 26.7 μg/mL and an IC(50) for R-ketoprofen of 1.6 μg/mL. This indicates that R-ketoprofen is a more potent analgesic than S-ketoprofen in piglets. Estimated ED(50) for racemic ketoprofen was 2.5 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Fosse
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report treatment and wound healing after radical surgical mass excision in the equine buccal region. STUDY DESIGN Clinical case reports. ANIMALS An 11-year-old Warmblood gelding and a 9-year-old Norwegian Trotter gelding. METHODS Large tumoral masses were removed from the buccal region by radical electrosurgery, creating large defects into the oral cavity. Wound ultimately healed by second intention. RESULTS Buccal defects in both horses healed well by second intention without tumor recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Locally invasive tumors involving the cheek region of the horse can be successfully treated by radical electroexcision alone, creating transmural defects up to 14 cm length x 8 cm height. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Large transmural defects in the cheek region of the horse, formed by radical surgery can heal satisfactorily by second intention healing without undue discomfort to the patient or major complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Lykkjen
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Section, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ranheim
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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Ranheim B, Rosell F, Haga HA, Arnemo JM. Field anaesthetic and surgical techniques for implantation of intraperitoneal radio transmitters in Eurasian beavers Castor fiber. Wildlife Biology 2004. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.2004.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Ranheim
- Birgit Ranheim, Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., NO-0033 Oslo, Norway -
| | - Frank Rosell
- Frank Rosell, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University College, N0-3800 Bø i Telemark, and Department of Zoology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway -
| | - Henning Andreas Haga
- Henning Andreas Haga, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N0-0033 Oslo, Norway -
| | - Jon M. Arnemo
- Jon M. Arnemo, Department of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, NO-9292 Tromsø, Norway and Department of Forestry and Wilderness Management, Hedmark College, Evenstad, NO-2480 Koppang, Norway -
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Haga HA, Dolvik NI. Evaluation of the bispectral index as an indicator of degree of central nervous system depression in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:438-42. [PMID: 11911581 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the bispectral index (BIS) can be used as an indicator of degree of CNS depression in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. ANIMALS 10 Standardbred and 6 Norwegian cold-blooded trotter stallions admitted for routine castration. PROCEDURE A 2-channel referential electrode configuration was used to record EEG for calculation of BIS by the EEG monitor. The BIS was calculated before (awake) and after (sedated) administration of detomidine (0.01 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and butorphanol (0.01 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with ketamine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/kg, IV) and diazepam (0.04 mg/kg, IV) and maintained with isoflurane delivered in oxygen. The BIS was calculated after 30 minutes of equilibration at an end-tidal isoflurane concentration of 1.4% (n = 8) or 1.9% (8) and recorded continuously during surgery. RESULTS Bispectral index was significantly less in sedated and anesthetized horses, compared with awake horses. However, BIS was not significantly different between sedated and anesthetized horses. Mean BIS in horses anesthetized at 1.9% isoflurane was significantly greater, compared with horses anesthetized at an end-tidal concentration of 1.4%. Four horses in the 1.4% group moved during surgery, and BIS increased immediately prior to movement in 2 of these horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE BIS is not a precise indicator of degree of CNS depression in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Thus, determination of BIS may not be a useful technique for monitoring anesthetic depth in isoflurane-anesthetized horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Andreas Haga
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the sedative effects of guaifenesin in pigs by use of electroencephalography. ANIMALS 10 Norwegian Landrace pigs (5 castrated males and 5 sexually intact females). PROCEDURE Guaifenesin (150 mg/kg of body weight, IV) was administered during a 5-minute period. Using a 2-channel referential electrode configuration, electroencephalograms were recorded before, during, and after infusion of guaifenesin. Changes in spectral edge frequency 95% (SEF), median frequency (MED), and total power were evaluated. RESULTS After administration of guaifenesin, SEF decreased significantly, and total power increased significantly; however, MED did not change significantly. Analysis of the data did not reveal differences between pigs on the basis of sex. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE We concluded that guaifenesin synchronized the patterns of electroencephalograms. This is a strong indication that the drug has a sedative effect in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Haga
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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