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Tsujimoto SG, Ishii HS. Alternative flowers affect model and mimic flower discrimination performance of bumblebees. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei G. Tsujimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering University of Toyama Toyama Japan
- Faculty of Science Toho University Funabashi Japan
| | - Hiroshi S. Ishii
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering University of Toyama Toyama Japan
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Ishii HS, Kubota MX, Tsujimoto SG, Kudo G. Association between community assemblage of flower colours and pollinator fauna: a comparison between Japanese and New Zealand alpine plant communities. Ann Bot 2019; 123:533-541. [PMID: 30380008 PMCID: PMC6377100 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Flower colour plays a major role in the attraction and decision-making of pollinators. Different functional groups of pollinators tend to prefer different flower colours, and therefor may lead to different flower colour compositions among different communities depending on the visual system of the dominant pollinators. However, few studies have investigated the linkage between pollinator fauna and flower colour composition in natural communities, a theme we explored in the present study. METHODS Flower spectral reflectance of 106 Japanese and 96 New Zealand alpine plants in the wavelength range 300-700 nm were measured. The composition of pollinator fauna in the communities and the types of pollinators for each plant species were also investigated. KEY RESULTS Based on bee and fly colour vision models, as well as a principal components analysis, considering phylogenetic non-independence between plant species, flower colours appeared to vary according to pollinator type rather than geographical region. Consequently, flower colour composition differed between the regions, reflecting the bee/fly mixed pollinator fauna of Japan and the fly-dominant pollinator fauna of New Zealand. According to the bee colour vision model, the majority of the colours of hymenopteran-pollinated flowers appeared to be discriminated by bees. In contrast, many of the colours of dipteran-pollinated flowers would not be discriminated by bees and flies. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the differences in flower colour composition between Japanese and New Zealand alpine communities are due to differences in the pollinator fauna in these communities rather than differences in abiotic factors between the geographical regions and the phylogenetic origin of the communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi S Ishii
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masahiro X Kubota
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shohei G Tsujimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Gaku Kudo
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Hirabayashi Y, Ishii HS, Kudo G. Significance of nectar distribution for bumblebee behaviour within inflorescences, with reference to inflorescence architecture and display size. Écoscience 2016. [DOI: 10.2980/i1195-6860-13-3-351.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Toju H, Yamamoto S, Tanabe AS, Hayakawa T, Ishii HS. Network modules and hubs in plant-root fungal biomes. J R Soc Interface 2016; 13:20151097. [PMID: 26962029 PMCID: PMC4843674 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial plants host phylogenetically and functionally diverse groups of below-ground microbes, whose community structure controls plant growth/survival in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Therefore, understanding the processes by which whole root-associated microbiomes are organized is one of the major challenges in ecology and plant science. We here report that diverse root-associated fungi can form highly compartmentalized networks of coexistence within host roots and that the structure of the fungal symbiont communities can be partitioned into semi-discrete types even within a single host plant population. Illumina sequencing of root-associated fungi in a monodominant south beech forest revealed that the network representing symbiont-symbiont co-occurrence patterns was compartmentalized into clear modules, which consisted of diverse functional groups of mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi. Consequently, terminal roots of the plant were colonized by either of the two largest fungal species sets (represented by Oidiodendron or Cenococcum). Thus, species-rich root microbiomes can have alternative community structures, as recently shown in the relationships between human gut microbiome type (i.e., 'enterotype') and host individual health. This study also shows an analytical framework for pinpointing network hubs in symbiont-symbiont networks, leading to the working hypothesis that a small number of microbial species organize the overall root-microbiome dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Toju
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akifumi S Tanabe
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayakawa
- Department of Wildlife Science (Nagoya Railroad Co., Ltd.), Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Aichi 484-0081, Japan
| | - Hiroshi S Ishii
- Department of Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
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Iwata T, Nagasaki O, Ishii HS, Ushimaru A. Inflorescence architecture affects pollinator behaviour and mating success in Spiranthes sinensis (Orchidaceae). New Phytol 2012; 193:196-203. [PMID: 21919912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
• Despite the wide inflorescence diversity among angiosperms, the effects of inflorescence architecture (three-dimensional flower arrangement) on pollinator behaviour and mating success have not been sufficiently studied in natural plant populations. • Here, we investigated how inflorescence architecture affected inter- and intra-plant pollinator movements and consequent mating success in a field population of Spiranthes sinensis var. amoena (S. sinensis). In this species, the flowers are helically arranged around the stem, and the degree of twisting varies greatly among individuals. The large variation in inflorescence architecture in S. sinensis results from variation in a single structural parameter, the helical angle (the angular distance between neighbour-flower directions). • The numbers of visits per inflorescence and successive probes per visit by leaf-cutting bees decreased with helical angle, indicating that individual flowers of tightly twisted inflorescences received less visitations. As expected from pollinator behaviour, pollinia removal and fruit set of individual flowers decreased with helical angle. Meanwhile, geitonogamy decreased in tightly twisted inflorescences. • Our novel findings demonstrate that natural variation in inflorescence architecture significantly affects pollinator behaviour and reproductive success, suggesting that inflorescence architecture can evolve under pollinator-mediated natural selection in plant populations. We also discuss how diverse inflorescence architectures may have been maintained in S. sinensis populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Iwata
- Graduate school of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Nagasaki
- Toyonaka Municipal The Fourteenth Junior High School, Kitamidorigaoka Toyonaka City, Osaka Prefecture 560-0001, Japan
| | - Hiroshi S Ishii
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gohuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Atushi Ushimaru
- Graduate school of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Ishii HS, Hirabayashi Y, Kudo G. Combined effects of inflorescence architecture, display size, plant density and empty flowers on bumble bee behaviour: experimental study with artificial inflorescences. Oecologia 2008; 156:341-50. [PMID: 18283497 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-0991-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pollen dispersal by pollinators is governed by the extent to which diverse effects on pollinator behaviour act independently or augment or moderate each other. Using artificial inflorescences, we assessed the behavioural responses of bumble bees to inflorescence architecture (raceme, panicle, and umbel), inflorescence size (7 or 13 flowers), inter-inflorescence distance and the proportion of empty flowers per inflorescence. The advantage of large inflorescences in terms of attractiveness was larger for racemes and umbels than for panicles, whereas the effect of inter-inflorescence distance on the number of successive probes was smaller for racemes than for panicles and umbels. The number of flowers probed per visit increased almost proportionally with display size when fewer flowers were empty, whereas the number increased less when many flowers were empty. Our results suggest that display size and the spatial arrangement of flowers and nectar within inflorescences can contribute to efficient pollination by affecting pollinator behaviour interactively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi S Ishii
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Kudo G, Ishii HS, Hirabayashi Y, Ida TY. A test of the effect of floral color change on pollination effectiveness using artificial inflorescences visited by bumblebees. Oecologia 2007; 154:119-28. [PMID: 17674052 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-007-0820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Floral color change has been recognized as a pollination strategy, but its relative effectiveness has been evaluated insufficiently with respect to other floral traits. In this study, effects of floral color change on the visitation pattern of bumblebees were empirically assessed using artificial flowers. Four inflorescence types were postulated as strategies of flowering behavior: type 1 has no retention of old flowers, resulting in a small display size; type 2 retains old flowers without nectar production; type 3 retains old flowers with nectar; and type 4 retains color-changed old flowers without nectar. Effects of these treatments varied depending on both the total display size (single versus multiple inflorescences) and the pattern of flower-opening. In the single inflorescence experiment, a large floral display due to the retention of old flowers (types 2-4) enhanced pollinator attraction, and the number of flower visits per stay decreased with color change (type 4), suggesting a decrease in geitonogamous pollination. Type-4 plants also reduced the foraging time of bees in comparison with type-2 plants. In the multiple inflorescence experiment, the retention of old flowers did not contribute to pollinator attraction. When flowering occurred sequentially within inflorescences, type-4 plants successfully decreased the number of visits and the foraging time in comparison with type-2 plants. In contrast, floral color change did not influence the number of visits, and it extended the foraging time when flowering occurred simultaneously within inflorescences but the opening of inflorescences progressed sequentially within a plant. Therefore, the effectiveness of floral color change is highly susceptible to the display size and flowering pattern within plants, and this may limit the versatility of the color change strategy in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Kudo
- Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
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Ishii HS. Analysis of bumblebee visitation sequences within single bouts: implication of the overstrike effect on short-term memory. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-004-0889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kimura T, Ishii HS, Sakai S. Selfed-seed production depending on individual size and flowering sequence in Iris gracilipes (Iridaceae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/b02-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To examine the influence of individual size and time of pollination on selfed and outcrossed seed production, we conducted hand-pollination experiments in 2000 and 2001 in the perennial herb Iris gracilipes A. Gray (Iridaceae). Small individuals produced outcrossed seeds to a greater extent than selfed seeds, whereas large individuals produced not only outcrossed seeds but also selfed seeds. On the other hand, when half of all flowering shoots of an individual were removed, both selfed and outcrossed seeds were produced independent of individual size. Flowers that opened earlier within the same flowering shoots were likely to produce outcrossed seeds, while those that opened later within the same flowering shoots produced relatively more selfed seeds than did the flowers which opened earlier. Thus, the ratio of the numbers of selfed to outcrossed seeds produced may differ between small and large individuals. These results suggest that plants regulate selfed- and outcrossed-seed production depending on their sizes and flowering sequence.Key words: self-fertilization, individual size, flowering sequence, Iris gracilipes.
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Hikosaka K, Nagamatsu D, Ishii HS, Hirose T. Photosynthesis-nitrogen relationships in species at different altitudes on Mount Kinabalu, Malaysia. Ecol Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1703.2002.00490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ishii HS, Sakai S. Temporal variation in floral display size and individual floral sex allocation in racemes of Narthecium asiaticum (Liliaceae). Am J Bot 2002; 89:441-446. [PMID: 21665640 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.89.3.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the effects of temporal variation in floral display size (number of flowers open at one time on a plant) on the rate of pollen removed and receipt of individual flowers for the sequential blooming plant Narthecium asiaticum (Liliaceae). Because of the acropetal blooming of this species, the display sizes when upper flowers opened was much greater than the display sizes when lower flowers opened. Our experiments revealed that large displays lead to a high rate of pollen removal from individual flowers, though they do not lead to a high rate of ovule fertilization. Consequently, the rate of pollen grains removed per flower by pollinators was greater in upper flowers than in lower flowers. The pattern of sex allocation in individual flowers within a raceme was consistent with such variation. Namely, both maleness [stamen mass/(stamen mass + pistil mass)] and pollen : ovule ratio were larger in upper flowers. We suggest that the temporal variation in display size, in addition to such factors as dichogamy and pollinator directionality, also produces variation in the probability of successful pollen transfer from individual flowers that may cause the variation in the sex allocation of individual flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi S Ishii
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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