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Akai M, Noma K, Kato T, Nishimura S, Matsumoto H, Kawasaki K, Kunitomo T, Kobayashi T, Nishiwaki N, Kashima H, Kikuchi S, Ohara T, Tazawa H, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H, Fujiwara T. Fibroblast activation protein-targeted near-infrared photoimmunotherapy depletes immunosuppressive cancer-associated fibroblasts and remodels local tumor immunity. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:1647-1658. [PMID: 38555315 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02639-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) play a critical role in tumor immunosuppression. However, targeted depletion of CAFs is difficult due to their diverse cells of origin and the resulting lack of specific surface markers. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a novel cancer treatment that leads to rapid cell membrane damage. METHODS In this study, we used anti-mouse fibroblast activation protein (FAP) antibody to target FAP+ CAFs (FAP-targeted NIR-PIT) and investigated whether this therapy could suppress tumor progression and improve tumor immunity. RESULTS FAP-targeted NIR-PIT induced specific cell death in CAFs without damaging adjacent normal cells. Furthermore, FAP-targeted NIR-PIT treated mice showed significant tumor regression in the CAF-rich tumor model accompanied by an increase in CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Moreover, treated tumors showed increased levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 in CD8+ TILs compared with non-treated tumors, suggesting enhanced antitumor immunity. CONCLUSIONS Cancers with FAP-positive CAFs in their TME grow rapidly and FAP-targeted NIR-PIT not only suppresses their growth but improves tumor immunosuppression. Thus, FAP-targeted NIR-PIT is a potential therapeutic strategy for selectively targeting the TME of CAF+ tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Akai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Noma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Takuya Kato
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Seitaro Nishimura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hijiri Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kento Kawasaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Kunitomo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Teruki Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nishiwaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hajime Kashima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoru Kikuchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Pathology & Experimental Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Inagaki FF, Kano M, Furusawa A, Kato T, Okada R, Fukushima H, Takao S, Okuyama S, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy targeting PD-L1: Improved efficacy by preconditioning the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Sci 2024. [PMID: 38671582 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a new type of cancer therapy that employs antibody-IRDye700DX conjugates (AbPCs) and near-infrared (NIR) light at a wavelength of 689 nm, the excitation wavelength of IR700. Administered intravenously, injected AbPCs bind specifically to cells expressing the target antigen, whereupon NIR light exposure causes rapid, selective killing. This process induces an anticancer T cell response, leading to sustained anticancer host immune response. Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) is a major inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule expressed in various cancers. In this study, we first assessed the efficacy of PD-L1-targeted NIR-PIT (αPD-L1-PIT) in immune-competent tumor mouse models. αPD-L1-PIT showed a significant therapeutic effect on the tumor models with high PD-L1 expression. Furthermore, αPD-L1-PIT induced an abscopal effect on distant tumors and long-term immunological memory. In contrast, αPD-L1-PIT was not as effective for tumor models with low PD-L1 expression. To improve the efficacy of PD-L1-targeted NIR-PIT, PEGylated interferon-gamma (IFNγ) was administered with αPD-L1-PIT. The combination therapy improved the treatment efficacy by increasing PD-L1 expression leading to more efficient cell killing by αPD-L1-PIT. Furthermore, the PEGylated IFNγ led to a CD8+ T cell-dominant tumor microenvironment (TME) with an enhanced anticancer T cell response after αPD-L1-PIT. As a result, even so-called cold tumors exhibited complete responses after αPD-L1-PIT. Thus, combination therapy of PEGylated IFNγ and PD-L1-targeted NIR-PIT has the potential to be an important future strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuki F Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Makoto Kano
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Seiichiro Takao
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Kobayashi H, Choyke PL. The role of interventional radiology and molecular imaging for near infrared photoimmunotherapy. Jpn J Radiol 2024:10.1007/s11604-024-01567-7. [PMID: 38658501 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-024-01567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Near infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a recently approved cancer therapy for recurrent head and neck cancer. It involves the intravenous administration of an antibody-photoabsorber (IRDye700DX: IR700) conjugate (APC) to target cancer cells, followed 24 h later by exposure to near infrared light to activate cell-specific cytotoxicity. NIR-PIT selectively targets cancer cells for destruction and activates a strong anticancer host immunity. The fluorescent signal emitted by IR700 enables the visualization of the APC in vivo using fluorescence imaging. Similarly, the activation of IR700 during therapy can be monitored by loss of fluorescence. NIR-PIT can be used with a variety of antibodies and therefore, a variety of cancer types. However, in most cases, NIR-PIT requires direct light exposure only achieved with interstitial diffuser light fibers that are placed with image-guided interventional needle insertion. In addition, the unique nature of NIR-PIT cell death, means that metabolic molecular imaging techniques such as PET and diffusion MRI can be used to assess therapeutic outcomes. This mini-review focuses on the potential implications of NIR-PIT for interventional radiology and therapeutic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Centre Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Centre Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Jin J, Barnett JD, Mironchik Y, Gross J, Kobayashi H, Levin A, Bhujwalla ZM. Photoimmunotheranostics of epithelioid sarcoma by targeting CD44 or EGFR. Transl Oncol 2024; 45:101966. [PMID: 38663219 PMCID: PMC11063645 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelioid sarcoma (ES) is a rare soft tissue neoplasm with high recurrence rates. Wide surgical resection remains the only potential curative treatment. ES presents most commonly on the fingers, hands and forearm, making light-based cancer cell-targeted therapies such as near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) that is target-specific, but with limited penetration depth, suitable for ES treatment. We established that CD44 and EGFR were overexpressed in ES patient samples and in the VA-ES-BJ human ES cell line. NIR-PIT of VA-ES-BJ cells using antibody photosensitizer conjugates, prepared by conjugating a CD44 or EGFR monoclonal antibody to the photosensitizer IR700, confirmed that NIR-PIT with both conjugates resulted in cell death. Neither treatment with NIR light alone nor treatment with the conjugates but without NIR light were effective. CD44-IR700-PIT resulted in greater cell death than EGFR-IR700-PIT, consistent with the increased expression of CD44 by VA-ES-BJ cells. In tumors, EGFR-IR700 exhibited a higher tumor-to-normal ratio, as determined by in vivo fluorescence imaging, and a higher anti-tumor growth effect, compared to CD44-IR700. No antitumor effect of the EGFR antibody or the photosensitizer conjugate alone was observed in vivo. Our data support evaluating the use of EGFR-IR700-PIT in the management of ES for detecting and eliminating ES cells in surgical margins, and in the treatment of superficial recurrent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefu Jin
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - James D Barnett
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yelena Mironchik
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John Gross
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Theranostics, Molecular Imaging Branch, NCI/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adam Levin
- Orthopaedic Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zaver M Bhujwalla
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Kobayashi T, Noma K, Nishimura S, Kato T, Nishiwaki N, Ohara T, Kunitomo T, Kawasaki K, Akai M, Komoto S, Kashima H, Kikuchi S, Tazawa H, Shirakawa Y, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H, Fujiwara T. Near-infrared Photoimmunotherapy Targeting Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Patient-Derived Xenografts using a Humanized anti-Fibroblast Activation Protein Antibody. Mol Cancer Ther 2024:743105. [PMID: 38638034 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer remains a highly aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis, despite ongoing advancements in treatments such as immunotherapy. The tumor microenvironment, particularly cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), plays a crucial role in driving the aggressiveness of esophageal cancer. In a previous study utilizing human-derived xenograft models, we successfully developed a novel cancer treatment that targeted CAFs with near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT), as an adjuvant therapy. In this study, we sought to translate our findings toward clinical practice by employing patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and utilizing humanized monoclonal antibodies, specifically Sibrotuzumab, which is anti-human fibroblast activation protein (FAP) antibody and already being investigated in clinical trials as monotherapy. PDX models derived from esophageal cancer patients were effectively established, preserving the expression of key biomarkers such as EGFR and FAP, as observed in primary tumors. The application of FAP-targeted NIR-PIT using Sibrotuzumab, conjugated with the photosensitizer IR700DX, exhibited precise binding and selective elimination of FAP-expressing fibroblasts in vitro. Notably, in our in vivo investigations using both cell line-derived xenograft and PDX models, FAP-targeted NIR-PIT led to significant inhibition of tumor progression compared to control groups, all without inducing adverse events such as weight loss. Immunohistological assessments revealed a substantial reduction in CAFs exclusively within the tumor microenvironment of both models, further supporting the efficacy of our approach. Thus, our study demonstrates the potential of CAF-targeted NIR-PIT employing Sibrotuzumab as a promising therapeutic avenue for clinical treatment of esophageal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Kobayashi
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Noma
- Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Seitaro Nishimura
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takuya Kato
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Noriyuki Nishiwaki
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Tomoyoshi Kunitomo
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kento Kawasaki
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Akai
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Komoto
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Kikuchi
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Shirakawa
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
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Fukushima H, Furusawa A, Takao S, Matikonda SS, Kano M, Okuyama S, Yamamoto H, Choyke PL, Schnermann MJ, Kobayashi H. Phototruncation cell tracking with near-infrared photoimmunotherapy using heptamethine cyanine dye to visualise migratory dynamics of immune cells. EBioMedicine 2024; 102:105050. [PMID: 38490105 PMCID: PMC10951901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive in vivo cell tracking is valuable in understanding the mechanisms that enhance anti-cancer immunity. We have recently developed a new method called phototruncation-assisted cell tracking (PACT), that uses photoconvertible cell tracking technology to detect in vivo cell migration. This method has the advantages of not requiring genetic engineering of cells and employing tissue-penetrant near-infrared light. METHODS We applied PACT to monitor the migration of immune cells between a tumour and its tumour-draining lymph node (TDLN) after near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT). FINDINGS PACT showed a significant increase in the migration of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages from the tumour to the TDLN immediately after NIR-PIT. This migration by NIR-PIT was abrogated by inhibiting the sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway or Gαi signaling. These results were corroborated by intranodal immune cell profiles at two days post-treatment; NIR-PIT significantly induced DC maturation and increased and activated the CD8+ T cell population in the TDLN. Furthermore, PACT revealed that NIR-PIT significantly enhanced the migration of CD8+ T cells from the TDLN to the tumour four days post-treatment, which was consistent with the immunohistochemical assessment of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumour regression. INTERPRETATION Immune cells dramatically migrated between the tumour and TDLN following NIR-PIT, indicating its potential as an immune-stimulating therapy. Also, PACT is potentially applicable to a wide range of immunological research. FUNDING This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Centre for Cancer Research (grant number: ZIA BC011513 and ZIA BC011506).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Seiichiro Takao
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Siddharth S Matikonda
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Makoto Kano
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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7
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Fukushima H, Takao S, Furusawa A, Valera Romero V, Gurram S, Kato T, Okuyama S, Kano M, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy targeting Nectin-4 in a preclinical model of bladder cancer. Cancer Lett 2024; 585:216606. [PMID: 38272345 PMCID: PMC10923129 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Enfortumab vedotin (EV), an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that targets Nectin-4, has shown promising results in the treatment of bladder cancer. However, multiple resistance mechanisms that are unique to ADCs limit the therapeutic potential of EV in clinical practice. Here, we developed and tested a Nectin-4-targeted near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) that utilizes the same target as EV but utilizes a distinct cytotoxic and immunotherapeutic pathway in preclinical models of bladder cancer. NIR-PIT was effective in vitro against luminal subtype human bladder cancer cell lines (RT4, RT112, MGH-U3, SW780, and HT1376-luc), but not against other subtype cell lines (UMUC3 and T24). In vivo, the tumor site was clearly visible by Nectin-4-IR700 fluorescence 24 h after its administration, suggesting the potential as an intraoperative imaging modality. NIR-PIT significantly suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival in SW780 and RT112 xenograft models. Weekly treatment with NIR-PIT further improved tumor control in RT112 xenograft models. The effectiveness of NIR-PIT was also confirmed in HT1376-luc orthotopic xenograft models. Histological analysis verified that NIR-PIT induced a significant pathologic response. Taken together, Nectin-4-targeted NIR-PIT shows promise as a treatment for luminal subtype bladder cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Seiichiro Takao
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vladimir Valera Romero
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sandeep Gurram
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Makoto Kano
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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8
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Kato T, Noma K, Furusawa A, Kobayashi H, Fujiwara T. [Novel Therapy Targeting the Cancer Microenvironment Using Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy Leading to Tumor Immune Activation]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2023; 50:1361-1363. [PMID: 38303275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy(NIR-PIT)is a novel cancer treatment modality that employs antibody-IRDye700DX (IR700)conjugates. Recently, the clinical application of NIR-PIT has received approval in Japan for patients with inoperable head and neck cancer, specifically targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor(hEGFR). Furthermore, NIR-PIT extends beyond the scope of tumor antigens and can be employed to eliminate specific host cells that contribute to the creation of immune-permissive environments supporting tumor growth. One of the distinguishing features of NIR-PIT is its ability to selectively eliminate various cell types within the tumor microenvironment(TME)by specifically targeting distinct antigens. By employing podoplanin(PDPN)-targeted NIR-PIT, PDPN-expressing fibroblasts were selectively eradicated, resulting in the suppression of tumor progression and a notable extension of overall survival. Additionally, we investigated the efficacy of depleting myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSCs)using NIR-PIT. This approach led to the selective elimination of MDSCs within tumors, and remarkable abscopal effects were observed in bilateral tumor models. Hence, NIR-PIT holds immense promise for the treatment of diverse cancer types by precisely targeting tumor cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kato
- Dept. of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
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9
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Takao S, Fukushima H, King AP, Kato T, Furusawa A, Okuyama S, Kano M, Choyke PL, Escorcia FE, Kobayashi H. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy in the models of hepatocellular carcinomas using cetuximab-IR700. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:4654-4663. [PMID: 37817415 PMCID: PMC10727998 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has emerged as an important therapeutic target in many cancers, and overexpression of EGFR is frequently observed in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a new anticancer treatment that selectively damages the cell membrane of cancer cells after NIR light-induced photochemical reaction of IR700, which is bound to a targeting antibody on the cell membrane. NIR-PIT using cetuximab-IR700 has already been approved in Japan, is under review by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for advanced head and neck cancers, and its safety has been established. However, EGFR has not been investigated as a target in NIR-PIT in HCCs. Here, we investigate the application of NIR-PIT using cetuximab-IR700 to HCCs using xenograft mouse models of EGFR-expressing HCC cell lines, Hep3B, HuH-7, and SNU-449. In vitro NIR-PIT using EGFR-targeted cetuximab-IR700 killed cells in a NIR light dose-dependent manner. In vivo NIR-PIT resulted in a delayed growth compared with untreated controls. In addition, in vivo NIR-PIT in both models showed histological signs of cancer cell damage, such as cytoplasmic vacuolation and nuclear dysmorphism. A significant decrease in Ki-67 positivity was also observed after NIR-PIT, indicating decreased cancer cell proliferation. This study suggests that NIR-PIT using cetuximab-IR700 has potential for the treatment of EGFR-expressing HCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Takao
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - A. Paden King
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Makoto Kano
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Peter L. Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Freddy E. Escorcia
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute, NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
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10
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Iwase T, Ito K, Nishimura T, Miyakawa K, Ryo A, Kobayashi H, Mitsunaga M. Photoimmunotechnology as a powerful biological tool for molecular-based elimination of target cells and microbes, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:3390-3412. [PMID: 37794073 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and viruses, can develop resistance to clinically used drugs; therefore, finding new therapeutic agents is an ongoing challenge. Recently, we reported the photoimmuno-antimicrobial strategy (PIAS), a type of photoimmunotechnology, that enables molecularly targeted elimination of a wide range of microbes, including the viral pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and the multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). PIAS works in the same way as photoimmunotherapy (PIT), which has been used to treat recurrent head and neck cancer in Japan since 2020. Both PIAS and PIT use a monoclonal antibody conjugated to a phthalocyanine derivative dye that undergoes a shape change when photoactivated. This shape change induces a structural change in the antibody-dye conjugate, resulting in physical stress within the binding sites of the conjugate and disrupting them. Therefore, targeting accuracy and flexibility can be determined based on the specificity of the antibody used. In this protocol, we describe how to design a treatment strategy, label monoclonal antibodies with the dye and characterize the products. We provide detailed examples of how to set up and perform PIAS and PIT applications in vitro and in vivo. These examples are PIAS against microbes using MRSA as a representative subject, PIAS against viruses using severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells, PIAS against MRSA-infected animals, and in vitro and in vivo PIT against cancer cells. The in vitro and in vivo protocols can be completed in ~3 h and 2 weeks, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayuki Iwase
- Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kimihiro Ito
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Miyakawa
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Makoto Mitsunaga
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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11
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Miyazaki NL, Furusawa A, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Review of RM-1929 Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy Clinical Efficacy for Unresectable and/or Recurrent Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5117. [PMID: 37958293 PMCID: PMC10650558 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) contribute to a significant global cancer burden. Developments in current therapeutic approaches have improved patient outcomes but have limited efficacy in patients with unresectable and/or recurrent HNSCC. RM-1929 near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is an emerging treatment that is currently being investigated in a Phase III clinical trial and has been conditionally approved for the treatment of unresectable and/or recurrent HNSCC in Japan. Here, we collect a series of case reports and clinical trial data to assess the efficacy of RM-1929 NIR-PIT. Disease control rates ranged from 66.7 to 100% across these studies, and overall response rates ranged from 43.3 to 100%, suggesting positive clinical outcomes. Low-grade postoperative localized pain and edema were the most frequently reported side effects, and preliminary reports on quality of life and pain levels suggest that RM-1929 NIR-PIT does not significantly decrease quality of life and is manageable with existing pain management strategies, including opioids. These preliminary data in real-world use of RM-1929 NIR-PIT show that it is a well-tolerated therapy that has clinically meaningful outcomes for patients with unresectable and/or recurrent HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (N.L.M.); (A.F.); (P.L.C.)
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12
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Fukushima H, Furusawa A, Kato T, Wakiyama H, Takao S, Okuyama S, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Intratumoral IL15 Improves Efficacy of Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:1215-1227. [PMID: 37461129 PMCID: PMC10592297 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
IL15 is a potent inducer of differentiation and proliferation of CD8+ T and natural killer (NK) cells, making it a promising candidate for cancer immunotherapy. However, limited efficacy of systemic monotherapy utilizing intravenous IL15 suggests the needs for alternative routes of administration or combination treatment with other therapies. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a highly selective anticancer treatment that elicits a massive release of tumor antigens and immunogenic signals. Here, we investigated whether intratumoral IL15 can enhance the effectiveness of cancer cell-targeted NIR-PIT using syngeneic murine tumor models. Intratumoral injection of IL15 was more effective than intraperitoneal IL15 in vivo in suppressing tumor growth and inducing intratumoral immune responses. When the efficacy of CD44-targeted NIR-PIT was compared in vivo between IL15-secreting MC38 (hIL15-MC38) and parental MC38 tumors, the hIL15-MC38/NIR-PIT group showed the best tumor growth inhibition and survival. In addition, the hIL15-MC38/NIR-PIT group showed significant dendritic cell maturation and significant increases in the number and Granzyme B expression of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T, NK, and natural killer T cells compared with the treated parental line. Furthermore, intratumoral IL15 injection combined with CD44-targeted NIR-PIT showed significant tumor control in MC38 and Pan02-luc tumor models. In bilateral tumor models, CD44-targeted NIR-PIT in hIL15-MC38 tumors significantly suppressed the growth of untreated MC38 tumors, suggesting abscopal effects. Mice that achieved complete response after the combination therapy completely rejected later tumor rechallenge. In conclusion, local IL15 administration synergistically improves the efficacy of cancer cell-targeted NIR-PIT probably by inducing stronger anticancer immunity, indicating its potential as an anticancer treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Seiichiro Takao
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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13
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Abe K, Akhlaq N, Akutsu R, Ali A, Alonso Monsalve S, Alt C, Andreopoulos C, Antonova M, Aoki S, Arihara T, Asada Y, Ashida Y, Atkin ET, Barbi M, Barker GJ, Barr G, Barrow D, Batkiewicz-Kwasniak M, Bench F, Berardi V, Berns L, Bhadra S, Blanchet A, Blondel A, Bolognesi S, Bonus T, Bordoni S, Boyd SB, Bravar A, Bronner C, Bron S, Bubak A, Buizza Avanzini M, Caballero JA, Calabria NF, Cao S, Carabadjac D, Carter AJ, Cartwright SL, Catanesi MG, Cervera A, Chakrani J, Cherdack D, Chong PS, Christodoulou G, Chvirova A, Cicerchia M, Coleman J, Collazuol G, Cook L, Cudd A, Dalmazzone C, Daret T, Davydov YI, De Roeck A, De Rosa G, Dealtry T, Delogu CC, Densham C, Dergacheva A, Di Lodovico F, Dolan S, Douqa D, Doyle TA, Drapier O, Dumarchez J, Dunne P, Dygnarowicz K, Eguchi A, Emery-Schrenk S, Erofeev G, Ershova A, Eurin G, Fedorova D, Fedotov S, Feltre M, Finch AJ, Fiorentini Aguirre GA, Fiorillo G, Fitton MD, Franco Patiño JM, Friend M, Fujii Y, Fukuda Y, Fusshoeller K, Giannessi L, Giganti C, Glagolev V, Gonin M, González Rosa J, Goodman EAG, Gorin A, Grassi M, Guigue M, Hadley DR, Haigh JT, Hamacher-Baumann P, Harris DA, Hartz M, Hasegawa T, Hassani S, Hastings NC, Hayato Y, Henaff D, Hiramoto A, Hogan M, Holeczek J, Holin A, Holvey T, Hong Van NT, Honjo T, Iacob F, Ichikawa AK, Ikeda M, Ishida T, Ishitsuka M, Israel HT, Iwamoto K, Izmaylov A, Izumi N, Jakkapu M, Jamieson B, Jenkins SJ, Jesús-Valls C, Jiang JJ, Jonsson P, Joshi S, Jung CK, Jurj PB, Kabirnezhad M, Kaboth AC, Kajita T, Kakuno H, Kameda J, Kasetti SP, Kataoka Y, Katayama Y, Katori T, Kawaue M, Kearns E, Khabibullin M, Khotjantsev A, Kikawa T, Kikutani H, King S, Kiseeva V, Kisiel J, Kobata T, Kobayashi H, Kobayashi T, Koch L, Kodama S, Konaka A, Kormos LL, Koshio Y, Kostin A, Koto T, Kowalik K, Kudenko Y, Kudo Y, Kuribayashi S, Kurjata R, Kutter T, Kuze M, La Commara M, Labarga L, Lachner K, Lagoda J, Lakshmi SM, Lamers James M, Lamoureux M, Langella A, Laporte JF, Last D, Latham N, Laveder M, Lavitola L, Lawe M, Lee Y, Lin C, Lin SK, Litchfield RP, Liu SL, Li W, Longhin A, Long KR, Lopez Moreno A, Ludovici L, Lu X, Lux T, Machado LN, Magaletti L, Mahn K, Malek M, Mandal M, Manly S, Marino AD, Marti-Magro L, Martin DGR, Martini M, Martin JF, Maruyama T, Matsubara T, Matveev V, Mauger C, Mavrokoridis K, Mazzucato E, McCauley N, McElwee J, McFarland KS, McGrew C, McKean J, Mefodiev A, Megias GD, Mehta P, Mellet L, Metelko C, Mezzetto M, Miller E, Minamino A, Mineev O, Mine S, Miura M, Molina Bueno L, Moriyama S, Moriyama S, Morrison P, Mueller TA, Munford D, Munteanu L, Nagai K, Nagai Y, Nakadaira T, Nakagiri K, Nakahata M, Nakajima Y, Nakamura A, Nakamura H, Nakamura K, Nakamura KD, Nakano Y, Nakayama S, Nakaya T, Nakayoshi K, Naseby CER, Ngoc TV, Nguyen VQ, Niewczas K, Nishimori S, Nishimura Y, Nishizaki K, Nosek T, Nova F, Novella P, Nugent JC, O’Keeffe HM, O’Sullivan L, Odagawa T, Ogawa T, Okada R, Okinaga W, Okumura K, Okusawa T, Ospina N, Owen RA, Oyama Y, Palladino V, Paolone V, Pari M, Parlone J, Parsa S, Pasternak J, Pavin M, Payne D, Penn GC, Pershey D, Pickering L, Pidcott C, Pintaudi G, Pistillo C, Popov B, Porwit K, Posiadala-Zezula M, Prabhu YS, Pupilli F, Quilain B, Radermacher T, Radicioni E, Radics B, Ramírez MA, Ratoff PN, Reh M, Riccio C, Rondio E, Roth S, Roy N, Rubbia A, Ruggeri AC, Ruggles CA, Rychter A, Sakashita K, Sánchez F, Santucci G, Schloesser CM, Scholberg K, Scott M, Seiya Y, Sekiguchi T, Sekiya H, Sgalaberna D, Shaikhiev A, Shaker F, Shaykina A, Shiozawa M, Shorrock W, Shvartsman A, Skrobova N, Skwarczynski K, Smyczek D, Smy M, Sobczyk JT, Sobel H, Soler FJP, Sonoda Y, Speers AJ, Spina R, Suslov IA, Suvorov S, Suzuki A, Suzuki SY, Suzuki Y, Sztuc AA, Tada M, Tairafune S, Takayasu S, Takeda A, Takeuchi Y, Takifuji K, Tanaka HK, Tanihara Y, Tani M, Teklu A, Tereshchenko VV, Teshima N, Thamm N, Thompson LF, Toki W, Touramanis C, Towstego T, Tsui KM, Tsukamoto T, Tzanov M, Uchida Y, Vagins M, Vargas D, Varghese M, Vasseur G, Vilela C, Villa E, Vinning WGS, Virginet U, Vladisavljevic T, Wachala T, Walsh JG, Wang Y, Wan L, Wark D, Wascko MO, Weber A, Wendell R, Wilking MJ, Wilkinson C, Wilson JR, Wood K, Wret C, Xia J, Xu YH, Yamamoto K, Yamamoto T, Yanagisawa C, Yang G, Yano T, Yasutome K, Yershov N, Yevarouskaya U, Yokoyama M, Yoshimoto Y, Yoshimura N, Yu M, Zaki R, Zalewska A, Zalipska J, Zaremba K, Zarnecki G, Zhao X, Zhu T, Ziembicki M, Zimmerman ED, Zito M, Zsoldos S. Measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters from the T2K experiment using 3.6×1021 protons on target. Eur Phys J C Part Fields 2023; 83:782. [PMID: 37680254 PMCID: PMC10480298 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11819-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The T2K experiment presents new measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters using 19.7 ( 16.3 ) × 10 20 protons on target (POT) in (anti-)neutrino mode at the far detector (FD). Compared to the previous analysis, an additional 4.7 × 10 20 POT neutrino data was collected at the FD. Significant improvements were made to the analysis methodology, with the near-detector analysis introducing new selections and using more than double the data. Additionally, this is the first T2K oscillation analysis to use NA61/SHINE data on a replica of the T2K target to tune the neutrino flux model, and the neutrino interaction model was improved to include new nuclear effects and calculations. Frequentist and Bayesian analyses are presented, including results on sin 2 θ 13 and the impact of priors on the δ CP measurement. Both analyses prefer the normal mass ordering and upper octant of sin 2 θ 23 with a nearly maximally CP-violating phase. Assuming the normal ordering and using the constraint on sin 2 θ 13 from reactors, sin 2 θ 23 = 0 . 561 - 0.032 + 0.021 using Feldman-Cousins corrected intervals, and Δ m 32 2 = 2 . 494 - 0.058 + 0.041 × 10 - 3 eV 2 using constant Δ χ 2 intervals. The CP-violating phase is constrained to δ CP = - 1 . 97 - 0.70 + 0.97 using Feldman-Cousins corrected intervals, and δ CP = 0 , π is excluded at more than 90% confidence level. A Jarlskog invariant of zero is excluded at more than 2 σ credible level using a flat prior in δ CP , and just below 2 σ using a flat prior in sin δ CP . When the external constraint on sin 2 θ 13 is removed, sin 2 θ 13 = 28 . 0 - 6.5 + 2.8 × 10 - 3 , in agreement with measurements from reactor experiments. These results are consistent with previous T2K analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Abe
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
| | - N. Akhlaq
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - R. Akutsu
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - A. Ali
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - S. Alonso Monsalve
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C. Alt
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C. Andreopoulos
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M. Antonova
- IFIC (CSIC and University of Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - S. Aoki
- Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - T. Arihara
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y. Asada
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Y. Ashida
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - E. T. Atkin
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M. Barbi
- Department of Physics, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan Canada
| | - G. J. Barker
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - G. Barr
- Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - D. Barrow
- Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - F. Bench
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - V. Berardi
- Dipartimento Interuniversitario di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Bari and Università e Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - L. Berns
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - S. Bhadra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - A. Blanchet
- Section de Physique, DPNC, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A. Blondel
- Section de Physique, DPNC, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - S. Bolognesi
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - T. Bonus
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Wroclaw University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - S. Bordoni
- Section de Physique, DPNC, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S. B. Boyd
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - A. Bravar
- Section de Physique, DPNC, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C. Bronner
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
| | - S. Bron
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - A. Bubak
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - M. Buizza Avanzini
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Palaiseau, France
| | - J. A. Caballero
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - N. F. Calabria
- Dipartimento Interuniversitario di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Bari and Università e Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - S. Cao
- Institute For Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Education (IFIRSE), ICISE, Quy Nhon, Vietnam
| | - D. Carabadjac
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Palaiseau, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A. J. Carter
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey UK
| | - S. L. Cartwright
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - M. G. Catanesi
- Dipartimento Interuniversitario di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Bari and Università e Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - A. Cervera
- IFIC (CSIC and University of Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - J. Chakrani
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Palaiseau, France
| | - D. Cherdack
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - P. S. Chong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - G. Christodoulou
- CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - A. Chvirova
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. Cicerchia
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Legnaro, Italy
| | - J. Coleman
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - G. Collazuol
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - L. Cook
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
- Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - A. Cudd
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - C. Dalmazzone
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - T. Daret
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yu. I. Davydov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Moscow Region Russia
| | - A. De Roeck
- CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - G. De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Napoli and Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - T. Dealtry
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - C. C. Delogu
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - C. Densham
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Harwell, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A. Dergacheva
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - F. Di Lodovico
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS UK
| | - S. Dolan
- CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - D. Douqa
- Section de Physique, DPNC, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - T. A. Doyle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - O. Drapier
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Palaiseau, France
| | - J. Dumarchez
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - P. Dunne
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - K. Dygnarowicz
- Institute of Radioelectronics and Multimedia Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A. Eguchi
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. Emery-Schrenk
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - G. Erofeev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. Ershova
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - G. Eurin
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - D. Fedorova
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - S. Fedotov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. Feltre
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - A. J. Finch
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - G. Fiorillo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Napoli and Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - M. D. Fitton
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Harwell, Oxford, UK
| | - J. M. Franco Patiño
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M. Friend
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- J-PARC, Tokai, Japan
| | - Y. Fujii
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- J-PARC, Tokai, Japan
| | - Y. Fukuda
- Department of Physics, Miyagi University of Education, Sendai, Japan
| | - K. Fusshoeller
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L. Giannessi
- Section de Physique, DPNC, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C. Giganti
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - V. Glagolev
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Moscow Region Russia
| | - M. Gonin
- ILANCE, CNRS-University of Tokyo International Research Laboratory, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582 Japan
| | - J. González Rosa
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - E. A. G. Goodman
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A. Gorin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. Grassi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - M. Guigue
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - D. R. Hadley
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - J. T. Haigh
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - D. A. Harris
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - M. Hartz
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - T. Hasegawa
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- J-PARC, Tokai, Japan
| | - S. Hassani
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - N. C. Hastings
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Y. Hayato
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
| | - D. Henaff
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A. Hiramoto
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M. Hogan
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado USA
| | - J. Holeczek
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - A. Holin
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Harwell, Oxford, UK
| | - T. Holvey
- Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - N. T. Hong Van
- International Centre of Physics, Institute of Physics (IOP), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 10 Dao Tan, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T. Honjo
- Department of Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - F. Iacob
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - A. K. Ichikawa
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - M. Ikeda
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
| | - T. Ishida
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- J-PARC, Tokai, Japan
| | - M. Ishitsuka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba Japan
| | - H. T. Israel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - K. Iwamoto
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A. Izmaylov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - N. Izumi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba Japan
| | - M. Jakkapu
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - B. Jamieson
- Department of Physics, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - S. J. Jenkins
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - C. Jesús-Valls
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
| | - J. J. Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - P. Jonsson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S. Joshi
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - C. K. Jung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY USA
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - P. B. Jurj
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M. Kabirnezhad
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A. C. Kaboth
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey UK
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Harwell, Oxford, UK
| | - T. Kajita
- Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H. Kakuno
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J. Kameda
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
| | - S. P. Kasetti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | - Y. Kataoka
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
| | - Y. Katayama
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - T. Katori
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS UK
| | - M. Kawaue
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - E. Kearns
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. Khabibullin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A. Khotjantsev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - T. Kikawa
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - H. Kikutani
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. King
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS UK
| | - V. Kiseeva
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Moscow Region Russia
| | - J. Kisiel
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - T. Kobata
- Department of Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - H. Kobayashi
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T. Kobayashi
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- J-PARC, Tokai, Japan
| | - L. Koch
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - S. Kodama
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - L. L. Kormos
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Y. Koshio
- Department of Physics, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A. Kostin
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - T. Koto
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. Kowalik
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Y. Kudenko
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Moscow Region, Russia and National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Y. Kudo
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - R. Kurjata
- Institute of Radioelectronics and Multimedia Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - T. Kutter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | - M. Kuze
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. La Commara
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Napoli and Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - L. Labarga
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University Autonoma Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - K. Lachner
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - J. Lagoda
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
| | - S. M. Lakshmi
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Lamers James
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Harwell, Oxford, UK
| | - M. Lamoureux
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - A. Langella
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Napoli and Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - J.-F. Laporte
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - D. Last
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - N. Latham
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - M. Laveder
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - L. Lavitola
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Napoli and Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - M. Lawe
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Y. Lee
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - C. Lin
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S.-K. Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | - R. P. Litchfield
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - S. L. Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - W. Li
- Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - A. Longhin
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - K. R. Long
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Harwell, Oxford, UK
| | - A. Lopez Moreno
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS UK
| | - L. Ludovici
- INFN Sezione di Roma and Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - X. Lu
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - T. Lux
- Institut de Fisica d’Altes Energies (IFAE)-The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - L. N. Machado
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - L. Magaletti
- Dipartimento Interuniversitario di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Bari and Università e Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - K. Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - M. Malek
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - M. Mandal
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
| | - S. Manly
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
| | - A. D. Marino
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - L. Marti-Magro
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - M. Martini
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
- IPSA-DRII, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - J. F. Martin
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - T. Maruyama
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- J-PARC, Tokai, Japan
| | - T. Matsubara
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - V. Matveev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - C. Mauger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - K. Mavrokoridis
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - E. Mazzucato
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - N. McCauley
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J. McElwee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - K. S. McFarland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
| | - C. McGrew
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - J. McKean
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A. Mefodiev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - G. D. Megias
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
| | - P. Mehta
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - L. Mellet
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - C. Metelko
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M. Mezzetto
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - E. Miller
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS UK
| | - A. Minamino
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - O. Mineev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - S. Mine
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
| | - M. Miura
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - S. Moriyama
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. Moriyama
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - P. Morrison
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Th. A. Mueller
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Palaiseau, France
| | - D. Munford
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - L. Munteanu
- CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - K. Nagai
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Y. Nagai
- Department of Atomic Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - T. Nakadaira
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- J-PARC, Tokai, Japan
| | - K. Nakagiri
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. Nakahata
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
| | - Y. Nakajima
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A. Nakamura
- Department of Physics, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - H. Nakamura
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba Japan
| | - K. Nakamura
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
- J-PARC, Tokai, Japan
| | - K. D. Nakamura
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - Y. Nakano
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
| | - S. Nakayama
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
| | - T. Nakaya
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K. Nakayoshi
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- J-PARC, Tokai, Japan
| | | | - T. V. Ngoc
- Institute For Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Education (IFIRSE), ICISE, Quy Nhon, Vietnam
- The Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - V. Q. Nguyen
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Palaiseau, France
| | - K. Niewczas
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Wroclaw University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - S. Nishimori
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Y. Nishimura
- Department of Physics, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
| | - K. Nishizaki
- Department of Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - T. Nosek
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
| | - F. Nova
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Harwell, Oxford, UK
| | - P. Novella
- IFIC (CSIC and University of Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - J. C. Nugent
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | | | - L. O’Sullivan
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - T. Odagawa
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T. Ogawa
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - R. Okada
- Department of Physics, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - W. Okinaga
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. Okumura
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
- Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - T. Okusawa
- Department of Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - N. Ospina
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University Autonoma Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. A. Owen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Y. Oyama
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- J-PARC, Tokai, Japan
| | - V. Palladino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Napoli and Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - V. Paolone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - M. Pari
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - J. Parlone
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - S. Parsa
- Section de Physique, DPNC, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J. Pasternak
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - D. Payne
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - G. C. Penn
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - D. Pershey
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - L. Pickering
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey UK
| | - C. Pidcott
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - G. Pintaudi
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - C. Pistillo
- Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - B. Popov
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
- JINR, Dubna, Russia
| | - K. Porwit
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Y. S. Prabhu
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
| | - F. Pupilli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - B. Quilain
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Palaiseau, France
| | - T. Radermacher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - E. Radicioni
- Dipartimento Interuniversitario di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Bari and Università e Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - B. Radics
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - M. A. Ramírez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - P. N. Ratoff
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - M. Reh
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - C. Riccio
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - E. Rondio
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
| | - S. Roth
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - N. Roy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - A. Rubbia
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A. C. Ruggeri
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Napoli and Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - C. A. Ruggles
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A. Rychter
- Institute of Radioelectronics and Multimedia Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - K. Sakashita
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- J-PARC, Tokai, Japan
| | - F. Sánchez
- Section de Physique, DPNC, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - G. Santucci
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - C. M. Schloesser
- Section de Physique, DPNC, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K. Scholberg
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. Scott
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Y. Seiya
- Department of Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Science Department, BMCC/CUNY, New York, NY USA
| | - T. Sekiguchi
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- J-PARC, Tokai, Japan
| | - H. Sekiya
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - D. Sgalaberna
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A. Shaikhiev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - F. Shaker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - A. Shaykina
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. Shiozawa
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
| | - W. Shorrock
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A. Shvartsman
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - N. Skrobova
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - D. Smyczek
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Smy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - J. T. Sobczyk
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Wroclaw University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - H. Sobel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
| | - F. J. P. Soler
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Y. Sonoda
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
| | - A. J. Speers
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - R. Spina
- Dipartimento Interuniversitario di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Bari and Università e Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - I. A. Suslov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Moscow Region Russia
| | - S. Suvorov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | | | - S. Y. Suzuki
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- J-PARC, Tokai, Japan
| | - Y. Suzuki
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
| | - A. A. Sztuc
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M. Tada
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- J-PARC, Tokai, Japan
| | - S. Tairafune
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - S. Takayasu
- Department of Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - A. Takeda
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
| | - Y. Takeuchi
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
- Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - K. Takifuji
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
| | - H. K. Tanaka
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y. Tanihara
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - M. Tani
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A. Teklu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | | | - N. Teshima
- Department of Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - N. Thamm
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - L. F. Thompson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - W. Toki
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado USA
| | - C. Touramanis
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - T. Towstego
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - K. M. Tsui
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - T. Tsukamoto
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- J-PARC, Tokai, Japan
| | - M. Tzanov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | - Y. Uchida
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M. Vagins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
| | - D. Vargas
- Institut de Fisica d’Altes Energies (IFAE)-The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Varghese
- Institut de Fisica d’Altes Energies (IFAE)-The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - G. Vasseur
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - C. Vilela
- CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - E. Villa
- CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- Section de Physique, DPNC, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - U. Virginet
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | | | - T. Wachala
- H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Cracow, Poland
| | - J. G. Walsh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Y. Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - L. Wan
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - D. Wark
- Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Harwell, Oxford, UK
| | - M. O. Wascko
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A. Weber
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - R. Wendell
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. J. Wilking
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - C. Wilkinson
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - J. R. Wilson
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS UK
| | - K. Wood
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - C. Wret
- Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - J. Xia
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
| | - Y.-H. Xu
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - K. Yamamoto
- Department of Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (NITEP), Osaka, Japan
| | - T. Yamamoto
- Department of Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - C. Yanagisawa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY USA
- Science Department, BMCC/CUNY, New York, NY USA
| | - G. Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - T. Yano
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
| | - K. Yasutome
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - N. Yershov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - U. Yevarouskaya
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - M. Yokoyama
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y. Yoshimoto
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N. Yoshimura
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M. Yu
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - R. Zaki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - A. Zalewska
- H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Cracow, Poland
| | - J. Zalipska
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
| | - K. Zaremba
- Institute of Radioelectronics and Multimedia Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - G. Zarnecki
- H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Cracow, Poland
| | - X. Zhao
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T. Zhu
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M. Ziembicki
- Institute of Radioelectronics and Multimedia Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E. D. Zimmerman
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - M. Zito
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
| | - S. Zsoldos
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS UK
| | - T2K Collaboration
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University Autonoma Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
- Department of Atomic Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- Section de Physique, DPNC, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Cracow, Poland
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX USA
- Institut de Fisica d’Altes Energies (IFAE)-The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- IFIC (CSIC and University of Valencia), Valencia, Spain
- Institute For Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Education (IFIRSE), ICISE, Quy Nhon, Vietnam
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Dipartimento Interuniversitario di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Bari and Università e Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Napoli and Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Roma and Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- International Centre of Physics, Institute of Physics (IOP), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 10 Dao Tan, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam
- ILANCE, CNRS-University of Tokyo International Research Laboratory, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582 Japan
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba Japan
- Department of Physics, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS UK
- Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Palaiseau, France
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Moscow Region Russia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
- Department of Physics, Miyagi University of Education, Sendai, Japan
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY USA
- Department of Physics, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Physics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey UK
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Harwell, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Japan
- Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Radioelectronics and Multimedia Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi Japan
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB Canada
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Wroclaw University, Wrocław, Poland
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON Canada
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Legnaro, Italy
- J-PARC, Tokai, Japan
- Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Moscow Region, Russia and National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”, Moscow, Russia
- IPSA-DRII, Ivry-sur-Seine, France
- The Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- JINR, Dubna, Russia
- Nambu Yoichiro Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (NITEP), Osaka, Japan
- Science Department, BMCC/CUNY, New York, NY USA
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Smedley J, Turkbey B, Bernardo ML, Del Prete GQ, Estes JD, Griffiths GL, Kobayashi H, Choyke PL, Lifson JD, Keele BF. Correction: Tracking the Luminal Exposure and Lymphatic Drainage Pathways of Intravaginal and Intrarectal Inocula Used in Nonhuman Primate Models of HIV Transmission. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288566. [PMID: 37418480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092830.].
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Kobayashi H, Choyke PL, Ogawa M. The chemical basis of cytotoxicity of silicon-phthalocyanine-based near infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) and its implications for treatment monitoring. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 74:102289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Fukushima H, Furusawa A, Kato T, Takao S, Okuyama S, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Abstract 5110: Locally administered Interleukin-15 combined with cancer cell-targeted near-infrared photoimmunotherapy in a syngeneic mouse cancer model. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-5110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a new anti-cancer treatment by NIR light-induced photochemical reactions within antibody-IRdye700DX conjugates, leading to significant immunogenic cell death. The efficacy of NIR-PIT is synergistically enhanced by combining immune activating agents including immune checkpoint inhibitors and cytokines. However, there are still needs for improving the efficacy of NIR-PIT. A recent study showed that cytokines could exert strong anti-cancer effects when administered locally. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) elicits immune responses that include the generation and persistence of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that local IL-15 administration combined with cancer cell-targeted NIR-PIT could be a highly effective therapy. The efficacy of IL-15 was evaluated by intratumorally or intraperitoneally injecting 5 μg of human IL-15 in C57BL/6 mice inoculated s.c. with murine colon cancer MC38 cells. Human IL-15-secreting MC38 (hIL-15-MC38) was constructed by introducing human IL-15-coding plasmids into MC38 cells and the efficacy of CD44-targeted NIR-PIT was compared in vitro and in vivo. The efficacy of intratumoral IL-15 injection combined with CD44-targeted NIR-PIT was also evaluated in MC38 tumor models. Moreover, bilateral tumor models were used to analyze whether local IL-15 administration combined with CD44-targeted NIT-PIT could induce abscopal effects in untreated tumors. Intratumoral IL-15 injection significantly suppressed tumor growth and induced immune activities compared with intraperitoneal injection. Both hIL-15-MC38 and parental MC38 cells had high CD44 expression on their cell surface and in vitro NIR-PIT induced rapid cell death in both two cell lines. When hIL-15-MC38 or MC38 tumor-bearing mice were treated with or without NIR-PIT, hIL-15-MC38 tumor-bearing mice treated with NIR-PIT showed the best tumor growth inhibition and survival. The hIL-15-MC38 tumors treated with NIR-PIT showed significant increases in the cell number/g tumor of CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and natural killer T cells, and significantly higher Granzyme B expression in these cells compared with the control MC38 tumors. Similar results were observed in vivo by intratumoral IL-15 injection combined with NIR-PIT. Moreover, in bilateral tumor models with right hIL-15-MC38 and left MC38 tumors, NIR-PIT against right hIL-15-MC38 tumors significantly suppressed the growth of left untreated MC38 tumors. In conclusion, local IL-15 administration combined with CD44-targeted NIR-PIT promoted anti-cancer immune responses, resulting in the inhibition of growth of treated tumors, longer survival of mice, and abscopal effects in untreated tumors. Thus, locally administered IL-15 is a promising anti-cancer therapy in combination with cancer cell-targeted NIR-PIT.
Citation Format: Hiroshi Fukushima, Aki Furusawa, Takuya Kato, Seiichiro Takao, Shuhei Okuyama, Peter L. Choyke, Hisataka Kobayashi. Locally administered Interleukin-15 combined with cancer cell-targeted near-infrared photoimmunotherapy in a syngeneic mouse cancer model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5110.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukushima
- 1Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Aki Furusawa
- 1Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Takuya Kato
- 1Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Seiichiro Takao
- 1Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- 1Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Peter L. Choyke
- 1Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- 1Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
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17
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Inagaki FF, Wakiyama H, Furusawa A, Okada R, Kato T, Fujimura D, Okuyama S, Fukushima H, Takao S, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) of bone metastases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114390. [PMID: 36791566 PMCID: PMC10024949 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The bones are a common site for metastasis arising from solid tumors such as breast and prostate cancer. Chemotherapy, including immunotherapy, is rarely curative. Radiotherapy with pain palliation can temporize bone metastases but is generally considered a short-term solution and retreatment is difficult. Surgery is often necessary, yet recovery times might exceed life expectancy. Therefore, there is a need to develop new approaches to bone metastases that are effective but minimally invasive. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) uses antibodies labeled with IRDye700DX (IR700) which is activated by NIR light, resulting in rapid cell membrane damage and immunogenic cell death. NIR-PIT using an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody-IR700 conjugate in patients with recurrent head and neck cancer received qualified approval in Japan in 2020 and is now widely used there. However, no bone metastases have yet been treated. In this study, the efficacy of NIR-PIT for bone metastases was investigated using a bone metastases mouse model successfully established by caudal artery injection of a human triple-negative breast cancer cell line, MDAMB468-GFP/luc. The bone metastatic lesions were treated with NIR-PIT using the anti-EGFR antibody, panitumumab-IR700 conjugate. Bioluminescence imaging and histological evaluation showed that EGFR-targeted NIR-PIT has a therapeutic effect on bone metastatic lesions in mice. In addition, micro-CT showed that repeated NIR-PIT led to repair of metastasis-induced bone destruction and restored bone cortex continuity consistent with healing. These data suggest that NIR-PIT has the potential for clinical application in the treatment of bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuki F Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daiki Fujimura
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Seiichiro Takao
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Kato T, Riahin C, Furusawa A, Fukushima H, Wakiyama H, Okuyama S, Takao S, Choyke PL, Ptaszek M, Rosenzweig Z, Kobayashi H. Simultaneous multicolor imaging of lymph node chains using hydroporphyrin-doped near-infrared-emitting polymer dots. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:659-666. [PMID: 37254845 PMCID: PMC10283015 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Evaluation of lymphatic drainage can be challenging to differentiate between separate drainage basins because only one 'color' is typically employed in sentinel node studies. This study aimed to test the feasibility of multicolor in vivo lymphangiography using newly developed organic polymer dots. Materials & methods: Biocompatible, purely organic, hydroporphyrin-doped near-infrared-emitting polymer dots were developed and evaluated for in vivo multicolor imaging in mouse lymph nodes. Results & conclusion: The authors demonstrated successful multicolor in vivo fluorescence lymphangiography using polymer dots, each tuned to a different emission spectrum. This allows minimally invasive visualization of at least four separate lymphatic drainage basins using fluorescent nanoparticles, which have the potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Connor Riahin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Seiichiro Takao
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Zeev Rosenzweig
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
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Kato T, Furusawa A, Okada R, Inagaki F, Wakiyama H, Furumoto H, Fukushima H, Okuyama S, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy Targeting Podoplanin-Expressing Cancer Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:75-88. [PMID: 36223542 PMCID: PMC9812859 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a new cancer treatment that uses an antibody-IRDye700DX (IR700) conjugate that binds to a target followed by the application of NIR light that results in dramatic changes in solubility of the conjugate leading to rapid cell membrane damage and highly immunogenic cell death. NIR-PIT has been used clinically in treating advanced head and neck cancers using an anti-EGFR antibody-IR700 conjugate and has been conditionally approved for clinical use in Japan. NIR-PIT can be employed using a wide range of targeting antibodies. Podoplanin (PDPN), also known as gp38, is a 38 kDa type-1 transmembrane protein associated with lymphatic vessels. In cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), PDPN expression has been widely reported and correlates with poor outcomes in several cancer types. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of PDPN-targeted NIR-PIT in syngenetic mouse models of cancer. PDPN-targeted NIR-PIT destroyed PDPN-expressing cancer cells and CAFs selectively, suppressing tumor progression and prolonging survival with minimal damage to lymphatic vessels compared with the control group. Interestingly, PDPN-targeted NIR-PIT also exerted a therapeutic effect by targeting CAFs in tumor models which do not express in cancer cells. Furthermore, increased cytotoxic T cells in the tumor bed after PDPN-targeted NIR-PIT were observed, suggesting enhanced host antitumor immunity. Thus, PDPN-targeted NIR-PIT is a promising new cancer therapy strategy for PDPN-expressing cancer cells and CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Fuyuki Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Hideyuki Furumoto
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Peter L. Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
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Jin J, Barnett JD, Krishnamachary B, Mironchik Y, Luo CK, Kobayashi H, Bhujwalla ZM. Evaluating near-infrared photoimmunotherapy for targeting fibroblast activation protein-α expressing cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:236-246. [PMID: 36169301 PMCID: PMC9807523 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoimmunotherapy (PIT), carried out using an Ab conjugated to the near infrared dye IRDye700DX, is achieving significant success in target-specific elimination of cells. Fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP-α) is an important target in cancer because of its expression by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) as well as by some cancer cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts that express FAP-α have protumorigenic and immune suppressive functions. Using immunohistochemistry of human breast cancer tissue microarrays, we identified an increase of FAP-α+ CAFs in invasive breast cancer tissue compared to adjacent normal tissue. We found FAP-α expression increased in fibroblasts cocultured with cancer cells. In proof-of-principle studies, we engineered human FAP-α overexpressing MDA-MB-231 and HT-1080 cancer cells and murine FAP-α overexpressing NIH-3T3 fibroblasts to evaluate several anti-FAP-α Abs and selected AF3715 based on its high binding affinity with both human and mouse FAP-α. After conjugation of AF3715 with the phthalocyanine dye IR700, the resultant Ab conjugate, FAP-α-IR700, was evaluated in cells and tumors for its specificity and effectiveness in eliminating FAP-α expressing cell populations with PIT. Fibroblast activation protein-α-IR700-PIT resulted in effective FAP-α-specific cell killing in the engineered cancer cells and in two patient-derived CAFs in a dose-dependent manner. Following an intravenous injection, FAP-α-IR700 retention was three-fold higher than IgG-IR700 in FAP-α overexpressing tumors, and two-fold higher compared to WT tumors. Fibroblast activation protein-α-IR700-PIT resulted in significant growth inhibition of tumors derived from FAP-α overexpressing human cancer cells. A reduction of endogenous FAP-α+ murine CAFs was identified at 7 days after FAP-α-IR700-PIT. Fibroblast activation protein-α-targeted near infrared PIT presents a promising strategy to eliminate FAP-α+ CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefu Jin
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James D Barnett
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Balaji Krishnamachary
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yelena Mironchik
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine K Luo
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Theranostics Molecular Imaging Branch, NCI/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zaver M Bhujwalla
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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21
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Wakiyama H, Furusawa A, Okada R, Inagaki F, Kato T, Furumoto H, Fukushima H, Okuyama S, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Opening up new VISTAs: V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) targeted near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) for enhancing host immunity against cancers. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2869-2879. [PMID: 35445836 PMCID: PMC10673684 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is an inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule that is broadly expressed on lymphoid and myeloid cells, including regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a cancer treatment that utilizes an antibody-photoabsorber (IRDye 700DX NHS ester) conjugate to selectively kill target cells after the local application of NIR light. Depletion of VISTA-expressing cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) using NIR-PIT could enhance anti-tumor immune responses by removing immune suppressive cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy of VISTA-targeted NIR-PIT using two murine tumor models, MC38-luc and LL2-luc. VISTA was expressed on T cells including Tregs and MDSCs in the TME of these tumors. In contrast, CD45 - cells, including cancer cells, did not express VISTA. VISTA-targeted NIR-PIT depleted VISTA-expressing cells ex vivo. In vivo VISTA-targeted NIR-PIT inhibited tumor progression and prolonged survival in both models. After VISTA-targeted NIR-PIT, augmented CD8 + T cell and dendritic cell activation were observed in regional lymph nodes. In conclusion, VISTA-targeted NIR-PIT can effectively treat tumors by decreasing VISTA-expressing immune suppressor cells in the TME. Local depletion of VISTA-expressing cells in the tumor bed using NIR-PIT is a promising new cancer immunotherapy for treating various types of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Fuyuki Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hideyuki Furumoto
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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22
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Moriya T, Hashimoto M, Matsushita H, Masuyama S, Yoshida R, Okada R, Furusawa A, Fujimura D, Wakiyama H, Kato T, Choyke PL, Kusumoto Y, Chtanova T, Kobayashi H, Tomura M. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy induced tumor cell death enhances tumor dendritic cell migration. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:3099-3106. [PMID: 35624180 PMCID: PMC10673685 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) selectively kills tumor cells to which the photo-absorber dye IR700DX-conjugated antibodies are bound and induces a systemic anti-tumor immune response. NIR-PIT induces immunogenic cell death (ICD), releases damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) molecules from dying tumor cells, and activates dendritic cells (DCs). However, it is unclear whether NIR-PIT affects migration of tumor-infiltrating (Ti)-DCs to draining lymph nodes (dLNs), where a systemic anti-tumor response is induced. Here, we utilized in vivo photolabeling of Ti-DCs in tumors in photoconvertible protein Kikume Green-Red (KikGR) mice to show that NIR-PIT enhanced migration of Ti-DCs including cDC1s, cDC2s, and CD326+ DCs to dLNs. This effect was abolished by blocking adenosine triphosphate (ATP), one of the DAMPs molecules, as well as by inhibition of Gαi signaling by pertussis toxin. Thus, ICD induction by NIR-PIT stimulates Ti-DC migration to dLNs via ATP-P2X7 receptor and Gαi protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways and may augment tumor antigen presentation to induce anti-tumor T cells in dLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Moriya
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Mayuko Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan
| | - Hina Matsushita
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan
| | - Shion Masuyama
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan
| | - Rina Yoshida
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Daiki Fujimura
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yutaka Kusumoto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan
| | - Tatyana Chtanova
- Immunology Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2033, Australia
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michio Tomura
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan.
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23
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Kato T, Fukushima H, Furusawa A, Okada R, Wakiyama H, Furumoto H, Okuyama S, Takao S, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Selective depletion of polymorphonuclear myeloid derived suppressor cells in tumor beds with near infrared photoimmunotherapy enhances host immune response. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2152248. [PMID: 36465486 PMCID: PMC9718564 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2152248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is recognized as an important factor in regulating the development, progression, and metastasis of cancer. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a major immune-suppressive cell type by interfering with T cell activation, promoting effector T cell apoptosis, and inducing regulatory T cell expansion. Consequently, reducing or eliminating MDSCs has become a goal of some systemic immunotherapies. However, by systemically reducing MDSCs, unwanted side effects can occur. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a newly developed treatment that selectively kills targeted cells without damaging adjacent normal cells. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of MDSC-directed NIR-PIT utilizing anti-Ly6G antibodies to specifically destroy polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) in syngeneic mouse models. PMN-MDSCs were selectively eliminated within tumors by Ly6G-targeted NIR-PIT. There was significant tumor growth suppression and prolonged survival in three treated tumor models. In the early phase after NIR-PIT, dendritic cell maturation/activation and CD8+ T cell activation were enhanced in both intratumoral tissues and tumor-draining lymph nodes, and NK cells demonstrated increased expression of cytotoxic molecules. Host immunity remained activated in the TME for at least one week after NIR-PIT. Abscopal effects in bilateral tumor models were observed. Furthermore, the combination of NIR-PIT targeting cancer cells and PMN-MDSCs yielded synergistic effects and demonstrated highly activated host tumor immunity. In conclusion, we demonstrated that selective local PMN-MDSCs depletion by NIR-PIT could be a promising new cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hideyuki Furumoto
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Seiichiro Takao
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter L. Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,CONTACT Hisataka Kobayashi Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD20892, USA
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24
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Wakiyama H, Kato T, Furusawa A, Okada R, Inagaki F, Furumoto H, Fukushima H, Okuyama S, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Treg-Dominant Tumor Microenvironment Is Responsible for Hyperprogressive Disease after PD-1 Blockade Therapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:1386-1397. [PMID: 36169564 PMCID: PMC9627263 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) blockade therapy can result in dramatic responses in some patients with cancer. However, about 15% of patients receiving PD-1 blockade therapy experience rapid tumor progression, a phenomenon termed "hyperprogressive disease" (HPD). The mechanism(s) underlying HPD has been difficult to uncover because HPD is challenging to reproduce in animal models. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a method by which specific cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can be selectively depleted without disturbing other cells in the TME. In this study, we partially depleted CD8+ T cells with NIR-PIT by targeting the CD8β antigen thereby temporarily changing the balance of T-cell subsets in two different syngeneic tumor models. PD-1 blockade in these models led to rapid tumor progression compared with controls. CD3ε+CD8α+/CD3ε+CD4+FoxP3+ (Teff/Treg) ratios in the PD-1 and NIR-PIT groups were lower than in controls. Moreover, in a bilateral tumor model, low-dose CD8β-targeted NIR-PIT with anti-PD-1 blockade showed rapid tumor progression only in the tumor exposed to NIR light. In this experiment CD8β-targeted NIR-PIT in the exposed tumor reduced local CD8+ T cells resulting in a regulatory T-cell (Treg)-dominant TME. In conclusion, this reports an animal model to simulate the Treg-dominant TME, and the data generated using the model suggest that HPD after PD-1 blockade therapy can be attributed, at least in part, to imbalances between effector T cells and Tregs in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fuyuki Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hideyuki Furumoto
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter L. Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,Corresponding Author: Hisataka Kobayashi, Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892. Phone: 240-858-3069; Fax: 240-541-4527; E-mail:
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25
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Kato T, Okada R, Furusawa A, Wakiyama H, Furumoto H, Fukushima H, Okuyama S, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Comparison of the Effectiveness of IgG Antibody versus F(ab') 2 Antibody Fragment in CTLA4-Targeted Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3600-3611. [PMID: 35759343 PMCID: PMC10645141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a novel cancer treatment modality that utilizes antibody-photoabsorber conjugates (APCs) and selectively kills target cells after irradiation with NIR light. Originally, NIR-PIT was targeted against cancer cell surface antigens, but as it became clear that NIR-PIT induced a strong immune response, an effort was made to target selected immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment to encourage an even stronger immune response. Thus, CD25-targeted NIR-PIT and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA4)-targeted NIR-PIT were developed to kill regulatory T cells (Tregs) in conjunction with cancer-cell-targeted NIR-PIT, in order to amplify the host immune response. It was found that CD25-targeted NIR-PIT, using an antibody with the Fc portion removed, led to better results than the unmodified anti-CD25 antibody-directed NIR-PIT presumably because of a negative effect on activated T cells. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of an antibody fragment [anti-CTLA4-F(ab')2] and a whole antibody (anti-CTLA4-IgG) for NIR-PIT. There was no significant difference in NIR-PIT-induced Treg killing between the anti-CTLA4-F(ab')2 and anti-CTLA4-IgG antibodies. Although both the antibody and the antibody fragment resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition, the antibody induced more robust CD8+ T cell activation in ipsilateral lymph nodes and was more effective compared to the antibody fragment. The slower clearance of the anti-CTLA4-IgG APC enhanced antitumor immunity by promoting T cell priming in lymph nodes. In conclusion, unlike the results with CD25 where modified antibodies produced superior results to unmodified antibodies, anti-CTLA4-IgG antibody-based NIR-PIT proved more effective in reducing tumor growth than anti-CTLA4-F(ab')2 antibody-based NIR-PIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hideyuki Furumoto
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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26
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Inagaki FF, Kato T, Furusawa A, Okada R, Wakiyama H, Furumoto H, Okuyama S, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Disialoganglioside GD2-Targeted Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) in Tumors of Neuroectodermal Origin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2037. [PMID: 36297471 PMCID: PMC9612122 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Disialoganglioside (GD2) is a subtype of glycolipids that is highly expressed in tumors of neuroectodermal origins, such as neuroblastoma and osteosarcoma. Its limited expression in normal tissues makes GD2 a potential target for precision therapy. Several anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies are currently in clinical use and have had moderate success. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a cancer therapy that arms antibodies with IRDye700DX (IR700) and then exposes this antibody-dye conjugate (ADC) to NIR light at a wavelength of 690 nm. NIR light irradiation induces a profound photochemical response in IR700, resulting in protein aggregates that lead to cell membrane damage and death. In this study, we examined the feasibility of GD2-targeted NIR-PIT. Although GD2, like other glycolipids, is only located in the outer leaflet of the cell membrane, the aggregates formation exerted sufficient physical force to disrupt the cell membrane and kill target cells in vitro. In in vivo studies, tumor growth was significantly inhibited after GD2-targeted NIR-PIT, resulting in prolonged survival. Following GD2-targeted NIR-PIT, activation of host immunity was observed. In conclusion, GD2-targeted NIR-PIT was similarly effective to the conventional protein-targeted NIR-PIT. This study demonstrates that membrane glycolipid can be a new target of NIR-PIT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Furusawa A, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. NIR-PIT: Will it become a standard cancer treatment? Front Oncol 2022; 12:1008162. [PMID: 36185287 PMCID: PMC9523356 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1008162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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28
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Fujiwara K, Nishio S, Yamamoto K, Fujiwara H, Itagaki H, Nagai T, Takano H, Yamaguchi S, Kudoh A, Suzuki Y, Nakamoto T, Kamio M, Kato K, Nakamura K, Takehara K, Yahata H, Kobayashi H, Saito M, Ushijima K, Hasegawa K. LBA31 Randomized phase III trial of maintenance chemotherapy with tegafur-uracil versus observation following concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer, GOTIC-002 LUFT trial. Ann Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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29
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Furumoto H, Okada R, Kato T, Wakiyama H, Inagaki F, Fukushima H, Okuyama S, Furusawa A, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Optimal Light Dose for hEGFR-Targeted Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14164042. [PMID: 36011036 PMCID: PMC9406827 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14164042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a cancer therapy that selectively destroys target cells by first injecting monoclonal antibodies conjugated with a photon absorber (IRDye700DX) into the subject and then activating it at the tumor site by applying nonthermal doses of NIR light at 690 nm. NIR-PIT causes immediate immunogenic cell death but also induces a slightly delayed activation of anti-tumor host immunity which can result in complete responses. The immediate therapeutic effect of NIR-PIT can be enhanced by increasing the dose of near-infrared light irradiation; however, this can cause local side effects such as edema. Since the activation of host immunity also adds to the anti-tumor effect it might be possible to reduce the light dose to avoid immediate side effects while maintaining efficacy of the therapy. In this study, we varied the light dose needed to achieve the maximum therapeutic effect in an immunocompetent mouse model. We show that higher-than-needed light doses caused significant local transient edema that could be avoided with lower but still effective light doses. Here, we present our strategy for optimizing the light dose for NIR-PIT. Abstract Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a newly developed cancer therapy that targets cancer cells using a monoclonal antibody-photon absorber conjugate (APC) that is bound to the target cell surface. Subsequent application of low levels of NIR light results in immediate cancer cell death. The anti-tumor effect of NIR-PIT in immunocompromised mice depends on immediate cancer cell death; therefore, the efficacy increases in a light-dose-dependent manner. However, NIR-PIT also induces a strong anti-tumor immune activation in immunocompetent mice that begins soon after therapy. Thus, it may be possible to reduce the light dose, which might otherwise cause local edema while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we determined the optimal dose of NIR light in NIR-PIT based on a comparison of the therapeutic and adverse effects. Either one of two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human epidermal growth factor receptor (hEGFR), Cetuximab or Panitumumab, were conjugated with a photo-absorbing chemical, IRDye700DX (IR700), and then injected in hEGFR-expressing mEERL (mEERL-hEGFR) tumor-bearing C57BL/6 immunocompetent mice or A431-GFP-luc tumor-bearing athymic immunocompromised mice. NIR light was varied between 0 to 100 J/cm2 one day after administration of APC. In an immunocompromised mouse model, tumor growth was inhibited in a light-dose-dependent manner, yet extensive local edema and weight loss were observed at 100 J/cm2. On the other hand, in an immunocompetent mouse model using the mEERL-hEGFR cell line, maximal tumor response was achieved at 50 J/cm2, with a commensurate decrease in local edema. In this study, we show that a relatively low dose of NIR light is sufficient in an immunocompetent mouse model and avoids side effects seen with higher light doses required in immunocompetent mice. Thus, light dosing can be optimized in NIR-PIT based on the expected immune response.
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Takahashi K, Yasui H, Taki S, Shimizu M, Koike C, Taki K, Yukawa H, Baba Y, Kobayashi H, Sato K. Near‐infrared‐induced drug release from antibody–drug double conjugates exerts a cytotoxic photo‐bystander effect. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 7:e10388. [PMID: 36176626 PMCID: PMC9471993 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideal cancer treatments specifically target and eradicate tumor cells without affecting healthy cells. Therefore, antibody‐based therapies that specifically target cancer antigens can be considered ideal cancer therapies. Antibodies linked with small‐molecule drugs (i.e., antibody–drug conjugates [ADCs]) are widely used in clinics as antibody‐based therapeutics. However, because tumors express antigens heterogeneously, greater target specificity and stable binding of noncleavable linkers in ADCs limit their antitumor effects. To overcome this problem, strategies, including decreasing the binding strength, conjugating more drugs, and targeting tumor stroma, have been applied, albeit with limited success. Thus, further technological advancements are required to remotely control the ADCs. Here, we described a drug that is photo‐releasable from an ADC created via simple double conjugation and its antitumor effects both on target and nontarget tumor cells. Specifically, noncleavable T‐DM1 was conjugated with IR700DX to produce T‐DM1‐IR700. Although T‐DM1‐IR700 itself is noncleavable, with NIR‐light irradiation, it can release DM1‐derivatives which elicited antitumor effect in vitro mixed culture and in vivo mixed tumor model which are mimicking heterogeneous tumor‐antigen expression same as real clinical tumors. This cytotoxic photo‐bystander effect occurred in various types mixed cultures in vitro, and changing antibodies also exerted photo‐bystander effects, suggesting that this technology can be used for targeting various specific cancer antigens. These findings can potentially aid the development of strategies to address challenges associated with tumor expression of heterogeneous antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuomi Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Showa‐ku, Nagoya Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Yasui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Showa‐ku, Nagoya Japan
| | - Shunichi Taki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Showa‐ku, Nagoya Japan
| | - Misae Shimizu
- Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Research Advanced Analytical and Diagnostic Imaging Center (AADIC)/Medical Engineering Unit (MEU), B3 Unit Showa‐ku, Nagoya Japan
| | - Chiaki Koike
- Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Research Advanced Analytical and Diagnostic Imaging Center (AADIC)/Medical Engineering Unit (MEU), B3 Unit Showa‐ku, Nagoya Japan
| | - Kentaro Taki
- Division for Medical Research Engineering Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Showa‐ku, Nagoya Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yukawa
- Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Research Advanced Analytical and Diagnostic Imaging Center (AADIC)/Medical Engineering Unit (MEU), B3 Unit Showa‐ku, Nagoya Japan
- Institute of Nano‐Life‐Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Nagoya University Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Institute of Nano‐Life‐Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Nagoya University Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya Japan
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Kazuhide Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Showa‐ku, Nagoya Japan
- Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Research Advanced Analytical and Diagnostic Imaging Center (AADIC)/Medical Engineering Unit (MEU), B3 Unit Showa‐ku, Nagoya Japan
- Institute of Nano‐Life‐Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
- FOREST‐Souhatsu, CREST, JST Chiyoda‐ku, Tokyo Japan
- Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Research, S‐YLC Japan
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Barnett JD, Jin J, Penet MF, Kobayashi H, Bhujwalla ZM. Phototheranostics of Splenic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Its Impact on Spleen Metabolism in Tumor-Bearing Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153578. [PMID: 35892836 PMCID: PMC9332589 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: MDSCs play an active role in the immune surveillance escape of cancer cells. Because MDSCs in mice are CD11b+Gr1+, near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) using the NIR dye IR700 conjugated to an MDSC-binding antibody provides an opportunity for targeted elimination of MDSCs. (2) Methods: The efficacy of Gr1-IR700-mediated NIR-PIT was evaluated in vitro using magnetically separated CD11b+Gr1+ MDSCs from spleens of 4T1-luc tumor-bearing (TB) mice. For in vivo evaluation, spleens of Gr1-IR700-injected 4T1-luc TB mice were irradiated with NIR light, and splenocyte viability was determined using CCK-8 assays. Metabolic profiling of NIR-PIT-irradiated spleens was performed using 1H MRS. (3) Results: Flow cytometric analysis confirmed a ten-fold increase in splenic MDSCs in 4T1-luc TB mice. Gr1-IR700-mediated NIR-PIT eliminated tumor-induced splenic MDSCs in culture. Ex vivo fluorescence imaging revealed an 8- and 9-fold increase in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in the spleen and lungs of Gr1-IR700-injected compared to IgG-IR700-injected TB mice. Splenocytes from Gr1-IR700-injected TB mice exposed in vivo to NIR-PIT demonstrated significantly lower viability compared to no light exposure or untreated control groups. Significant metabolic changes were observed in spleens following NIR-PIT. (4) Conclusions: Our data confirm the ability of NIR-PIT to eliminate splenic MDSCs, identifying its potential to eliminate MDSCs in tumors to reduce immune suppression. The metabolic changes observed may identify potential biomarkers of splenic MDSC depletion as well as potential metabolic targets of MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Barnett
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (J.D.B.); (J.J.); (M.-F.P.)
| | - Jiefu Jin
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (J.D.B.); (J.J.); (M.-F.P.)
| | - Marie-France Penet
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (J.D.B.); (J.J.); (M.-F.P.)
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Zaver M. Bhujwalla
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (J.D.B.); (J.J.); (M.-F.P.)
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence:
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Mitsunaga M, Ito K, Nishimura T, Miyata H, Miyakawa K, Morita T, Ryo A, Kobayashi H, Mizunoe Y, Iwase T. Antimicrobial strategy for targeted elimination of different microbes, including bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens. Commun Biol 2022; 5:647. [PMID: 35788695 PMCID: PMC9253063 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous emergence of microbial pathogens for which there are no effective antimicrobials threatens global health, necessitating novel antimicrobial approaches. Here, we present a targeted antimicrobial strategy that can be applied to various microbial pathogens. A photoimmuno-conjugate composed of an antibody against the target pathogen and a photoplastic phthalocyanine-derivative probe that generates photo-induced mechanical stress was developed based on photoimmuno-technology. This strategy, named as photoimmuno-antimicrobial strategy (PIAS), eliminates targeted pathogens, regardless of the target species or drug-resistance status. Specifically, PIAS acts on a broad range of microbes, including the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, fungal pathogen Candida albicans, including their drug-resistant strains, and viral pathogen SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. Furthermore, PIAS protects mice from fatal infections without damaging the non-targeted host microbiota and tissues. This study may contribute to the development of next-generation anti-infective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Mitsunaga
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kimihiro Ito
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Miyata
- Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kei Miyakawa
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Morita
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Tadayuki Iwase
- Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Fukushima H, Matikonda SS, Usama SM, Furusawa A, Kato T, Štacková L, Klán P, Kobayashi H, Schnermann MJ. Cyanine Phototruncation Enables Spatiotemporal Cell Labeling. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11075-11080. [PMID: 35696546 PMCID: PMC10523398 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoconvertible tracking strategies assess the dynamic migration of cell populations. Here we develop phototruncation-assisted cell tracking (PACT) and apply it to evaluate the migration of immune cells into tumor-draining lymphatics. This method is enabled by a recently discovered cyanine photoconversion reaction that leads to the two-carbon truncation and consequent blue-shift of these commonly used probes. By examining substituent effects on the heptamethine cyanine chromophore, we find that introduction of a single methoxy group increases the yield of the phototruncation reaction in neutral buffer by almost 8-fold. When converted to a membrane-bound cell-tracking variant, this probe can be applied in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. These include quantitative, time-dependent measurements of the migration of immune cells from tumors to tumor-draining lymph nodes. Unlike previously reported cellular photoconversion approaches, this method does not require genetic engineering and uses near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. Overall, PACT provides a straightforward approach to label cell populations with spatiotemporal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Siddharth S Matikonda
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Syed Muhammad Usama
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Lenka Štacková
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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Fukushima H, Kato T, Furusawa A, Okada R, Wakiyama H, Furumoto H, Okuyama S, Kondo E, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)-targeted near-infrared photoimmunotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:3180-3192. [PMID: 35723065 PMCID: PMC9459244 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer and conventional chemotherapy and molecular-targeted therapies show limited efficacy. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a new anti-cancer treatment that selectively damages the cell membrane of cancer cells based on NIR light-induced photochemical reactions of the antibody-photoabsorber (IRDye700Dx) conjugate and the cell membrane. TNBC is known to express several adhesion molecules on the cell surface providing a potential new target for therapy. Here, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)-targeted NIR-PIT using xenograft mouse models subcutaneously inoculated with two human ICAM-1-expressing TNBC cell lines MDAMB468-luc and MDAMB231 cells. In vitro ICAM-1-targeted NIR-PIT damaged both cell types in a light dose-dependent manner. In vivo ICAM-1-targeted NIR-PIT in both models showed early histological signs of cancer cell damage such as cytoplasmic vacuolation. Even among the cancer cells that appeared to be morphologically intact within 2 hours post treatment, abnormal distribution of the actin cytoskeleton and a significant decrease in Ki-67 positivity were observed, indicating widespread cellular injury reflected in cytoplasmic degeneration. Such damage to cancer cells by NIR-PIT significantly inhibited subsequent tumor growth and improved survival. This study suggests that ICAM-1-targeted NIR-PIT may have potential clinical application in the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Hideyuki Furumoto
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Eisaku Kondo
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku Niigata city 951-8510, Japan.,Division of Tumor Pathology, Near InfraRed PhotoImmunoTherapy Research Institute, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1, Shinmachi, Hirakata, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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Fukushima H, Turkbey B, Pinto PA, Furusawa A, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) in Urologic Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122996. [PMID: 35740662 PMCID: PMC9221010 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a novel molecularly-targeted therapy that selectively kills cancer cells by systemically injecting an antibody-photoabsorber conjugate (APC) that binds to cancer cells, followed by the application of NIR light that drives photochemical transformations of the APC. APCs are synthesized by selecting a monoclonal antibody that binds to a receptor on a cancer cell and conjugating it to IRDye700DX silica-phthalocyanine dye. Approximately 24 h after APC administration, NIR light is delivered to the tumor, resulting in nearly-immediate necrotic cell death of cancer cells while causing no harm to normal tissues. In addition, NIR-PIT induces a strong immunologic effect, activating anti-cancer immunity that can be further boosted when combined with either immune checkpoint inhibitors or immune suppressive cell-targeted (e.g., regulatory T cells) NIR-PIT. Currently, a global phase III study of NIR-PIT in recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is ongoing. The first APC and NIR laser systems were approved for clinical use in September 2020 in Japan. In the near future, the clinical applications of NIR-PIT will expand to other cancers, including urologic cancers. In this review, we provide an overview of NIR-PIT and its possible applications in urologic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (H.F.); (B.T.); (A.F.); (P.L.C.)
| | - Baris Turkbey
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (H.F.); (B.T.); (A.F.); (P.L.C.)
| | - Peter A. Pinto
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (H.F.); (B.T.); (A.F.); (P.L.C.)
| | - Peter L. Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (H.F.); (B.T.); (A.F.); (P.L.C.)
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (H.F.); (B.T.); (A.F.); (P.L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-240-858-3069; Fax: +1-240-541-4527
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Aoki A, Kobayashi H. AB0239 HOW SOLID MALIGNANCIES ARE DETECTED IN JAPANESE PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. Ann Rheum Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundAccording to a meta-analysis reported in 20151), among solid malignancies (cancers), only lung cancer was at an increased risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with the general population. A Japanese cohort study reported that the incidence of cancers in patients with RA treated with biological DMARDs was not significantly elevated compared to the Japanese general population2). However, in recent years, malignancy has been one of the major causes of death in Japanese patients with RA3). It has been reported that there was an increased incidence of malignancies in patients treated with tofacitinib compared to TNF-alpha inhibitors. Clinicians need to pay more attention to emerging malignancies.ObjectivesWe explored how to detect cancer early in patients attending rheumatology outpatient clinics.MethodsIn this retrospective study, we studied 545 patients with RA who visited our rheumatology clinic between April 2011 and December 2021. Forty-five cases of cancer in 38 patients (31 women, 7 men) with RA were reviewed.ResultsCancer types: 9 breast, 8 lung, 6 colon, 5 uterus, 4 stomach, 2 prostate, 2 pancreas and 9 others. Five female patients had metachronous or simultaneous double cancers and one male patient had metachronous triple cancers. The median age at diagnosis of 45 cancers was 72 years old (IQR 63–76.5) and the median duration of RA prior to cancer diagnosis was 10 years (IQR 5–20.5).Lung: Seven cases were found by chest CT at the outpatient clinics; two at the start of bDMARDs and five during RA treatment.Stomach and Colon: Two cases of four stomach cancers were discovered due to the progression of anemia. Both patients were at an advanced stage with distant metastasis and died 2 months after diagnosis. On the other hand, four of six colon cancers were detected by the fecal occult blood test, and three were in remission.Of the 45 cases, only 8 cases were detected by cancer screening. In 15 cases, blood samples or imaging tests were the triggers cancer detection. Eight of the 15 cases were detected by routine examinations in the rheumatology outpatient clinic, but five cases were already in the advanced stage.Table 1.Forty-five cancers in 38 patients with rheumatoid arthritisSite of cancer nClue to cancer diagnosis and prognosis at the final visit (death - under treatment - remission)noticing symptomsVarious tests in outpatient clinic symptoms(-)Cancer ScreeningBreast98(1-4-3) 1(0-0-1)Lung81(1-0-0)7(2-3-2) Colon6 1(1-0-0)5(0-1-4)Stomach41(0-0-1)3(3-0-0) Cervix uteri31(0-0-1) 2(0-0-2)Corpus uteri22(0-2-0) Pancreas2 2(0-2-0) Prostate22(0-1-1) Skin*22(0-0-2) Oral/throat22(0-2-0) Duodenum11(0-0-1) Biliary tract11(0-1-0) Anus1 1(0-0-1)Bladder1 1(0-0-1) Brain1 1(0-1-0) Total4521(2-10-9)15(6-6-3)9(0-1-8)ConclusionWe have been performing cancer screening before RA treatment and performing routine blood, urine, and imaging tests to identify adverse effects. However, they cannot always find cancers at the early stage. Screening procedures for malignancy are strongly recommended4), but the consultation rates for breast and cervical cancer screening are lower in Japan than in European nations. We should encourage our patients to undergo usual age- and sex-appropriate cancer screening.References[1]Simon TA, et al. Incidence of malignancy in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Arthritis Research and Therapy 2015; 17:212[2]Harigai M, et al. Risk for malignancy in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs compared to the general population: A nationwide cohort study in Japan. Modern Rheumatology 2016; 26:642[3]Nakajima A, et al. Mortality and cause of death in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis based on a large observational cohort, IORRA. Scand J Rheumatol 2010; 39:360[4]Baillet A, et al. Points to consider for reporting, screening for and preventing selected comorbidities in chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease in daily practice: a EULAR initiative. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 75:965Disclosure of InterestsNone declared
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Tazawa H, Shigeyasu K, Noma K, Kagawa S, Sakurai F, Mizuguchi H, Kobayashi H, Imamura T, Fujiwara T. Tumor‐targeted fluorescence labeling systems for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:1919-1929. [PMID: 35398956 PMCID: PMC9207361 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional imaging techniques are available for clinical identification of tumor sites. However, detecting metastatic tumor cells that are spreading from primary tumor sites using conventional imaging techniques remains difficult. In contrast, fluorescence‐based labeling systems are useful tools for detecting tumor cells at the single‐cell level in cancer research. The ability to detect fluorescent‐labeled tumor cells enables investigations of the biodistribution of tumor cells for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. For example, the presence of fluorescent tumor cells in the peripheral blood of cancer patients is a predictive biomarker for early diagnosis of distant metastasis. The elimination of fluorescent tumor cells without damaging normal tissues is ideal for minimally invasive treatment of cancer. To capture fluorescent tumor cells within normal tissues, however, tumor‐specific activated target molecules are needed. This review focuses on recent advances in tumor‐targeted fluorescence labeling systems, in which indirect reporter labeling using tumor‐specific promoters is applied to fluorescence labeling of tumor cells for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Telomerase promoter‐dependent fluorescence labeling using replication‐competent viral vectors produces fluorescent proteins that can be used to detect and eliminate telomerase‐positive tumor cells. Tissue‐specific promoter‐dependent fluorescence labeling enables identification of specific tumor cells. Vimentin promoter‐dependent fluorescence labeling is a useful tool for identifying tumor cells that undergo epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). The evaluation of tumor cells undergoing EMT is important for accurately assessing metastatic potential. Thus, tumor‐targeted fluorescence labeling systems represent novel platforms that enable the capture of tumor cells for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tazawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine Okayama University Hospital Okayama Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Shigeyasu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Noma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
- Minimally Invasive Therapy Center Okayama University Hospital Okayama Japan
| | - Fuminori Sakurai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Osaka University Osaka Japan
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Takeshi Imamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine Ehime Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
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Furumoto H, Kato T, Wakiyama H, Furusawa A, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Endoscopic Applications of Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) in Cancers of the Digestive and Respiratory Tracts. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040846. [PMID: 35453596 PMCID: PMC9027987 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a newly developed and promising therapy that specifically destroys target cells by irradiating antibody-photo-absorber conjugates (APCs) with NIR light. APCs bind to target molecules on the cell surface, and when exposed to NIR light, cause disruption of the cell membrane due to the ligand release reaction and dye aggregation. This leads to rapid cell swelling, blebbing, and rupture, which leads to immunogenic cell death (ICD). ICD activates host antitumor immunity, which assists in killing still viable cancer cells in the treated lesion but is also capable of producing responses in untreated lesions. In September 2020, an APC and laser system were conditionally approved for clinical use in unresectable advanced head and neck cancer in Japan, and are now routine in appropriate patients. However, most tumors have been relatively accessible in the oral cavity or neck. Endoscopes offer the opportunity to deliver light deeper within hollow organs of the body. In recent years, the application of endoscopic therapy as an alternative to surgery for the treatment of cancer has expanded, providing significant benefits to inoperable patients. In this review, we will discuss the potential applications of endoscopic NIR-PIT, especially in thoracic and gastrointestinal cancers.
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Koga M, Kinoshita Y, Kato H, Kobayashi H, Shinoda Y, Nangaku M, Makita N, Dahir KM, Ito N. Massive calcification around large joints in a patient subsequently diagnosed with adult-onset hypophosphatasia. Osteoporos Int 2022; 33:505-509. [PMID: 34494146 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-021-06145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a 64-year-old Japanese woman with a history of progressive loss of motor function and painful swelling of large joints. At the age of 54, profound calcification appeared around the shoulder and hip joints, which did not heal after repeated surgical resections. Iliac bone biopsy revealed osteomalacic changes. Laboratory data showed low serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and a high urine phosphoethanolamine (PEA) concentration with normal serum calcium, phosphate, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels. Subsequent genetic analysis of the ALPL gene confirmed the diagnosis of hypophosphatasia (HPP) with the identification of a heterozygous single nucleotide deletion, c.1559delT (p.Leu520ArgfsX86). We started a mineral-targeted enzyme replacement therapy, asfotase alfa (AA), to treat the patient's musculoskeletal symptoms. A follow-up bone biopsy after 12 months of AA treatment showed improvement of osteomalacia. Calcified deposits around the large joints were unchanged radiographically. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with an adult-onset HPP who presented with profound calcification around multiple joints. Nonspecific clinical signs and symptoms in patients with adult-onset HPP often result in delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. We propose that bone biopsy and genetic analysis should be considered along with laboratory analysis for all patients with ectopic calcification around joints of unknown etiology for accurate diagnosis and better treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koga
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Y Kinoshita
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - H Kato
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - H Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Shinoda
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - N Makita
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - K M Dahir
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Program for Metabolic Bone Disorders, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - N Ito
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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Furusawa A, Okada R, Inagaki F, Wakiyama H, Kato T, Furumoto H, Fukushima H, Okuyama S, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. CD29 targeted near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) in the treatment of a pigmented melanoma model. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2019922. [PMID: 35003897 PMCID: PMC8741294 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.2019922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a newly developed cancer treatment that utilizes an antibody-photoabsorber-conjugate (AbPC) combined with NIR light. The AbPC is injected and binds to the tumor whereupon NIR light irradiation causes a photochemical reaction that selectively kills cancer cells. NIR-PIT is ideal for surface-located skin cancers such as melanoma. However, there is concern that the pigment in melanoma lesions could interfere with light delivery, rendering treatment ineffective. We investigated the efficacy of CD29- and CD44-targeted NIR-PIT (CD29-PIT and CD44-PIT, respectively) in the B16 melanoma model, which is highly pigmented. While CD29-PIT and CD44-PIT killed B16 cells invitro and invivo, CD29-PIT suppressed tumor growth more efficiently. Ki67 expression showed that cells surviving CD29-PIT were less proliferative, suggesting that CD29-PIT was selective for more proliferative cancer cells. CD29-PIT did not kill immune cells, whereas CD44-PIT killed both T and NK cells and most myeloid cells, including DCs, which could interfere with the immune response to NIR-PIT. The addition of anti-CTLA4 antibody immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) to CD29-PIT increased the infiltration of CD8 T cells and enhanced tumor suppression with prolonged survival. Such effects were less prominent when the anti-CTLA4 ICI was combined with CD44-PIT. The preservation of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) after CD29-PIT likely led to a better response when combined with anti-CTLA4 treatment. We conclude that NIR-PIT can be performed in pigmented melanomas and that CD29 is a promising target for NIR-PIT, which is amenable to combination therapy with other immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fuyuki Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hideyuki Furumoto
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter L. Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Nanri H, Watanabe D, Yoshida T, Yoshimura E, Okabe Y, Ono M, Koizumi T, Kobayashi H, Fujita H, Kimura M, Yamada Y. Adequate Protein Intake on Comprehensive Frailty in Older Adults: Kyoto-Kameoka Study. J Nutr Health Aging 2022; 26:161-168. [PMID: 35166309 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-022-1740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Defining an adequate protein intake in older adults remains unresolved. We examined the association between calibrated protein intake and comprehensive frailty by sex in the Kyoto-Kameoka study. DESIGN Cross-sectional study of baseline data. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The study included 5679 Japanese participants aged 65 years or older. METHODS Calibration coefficients were estimated from food frequency questionnaires and 7-day dietary records as a reference. Comprehensive frailty was evaluated using the 25-item Kihon Checklist (KCL) and defined as a total KCL score of ≥7points. Sex-specific calibrated protein intakes were presented as % of energy, per kg of actual body weight (BW), and per kg of ideal BW. RESULTS Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that calibrated protein intake is inversely associated with comprehensive frailty. The association between protein intake and comprehensive frailty was also evaluated using curve fitting with non-linear regression, a weak U-shaped association was found in males and an L-shaped association in females. Men had a low prevalence of frailty at a calibrated protein intake of 15-17% energy from protein, 1.2 g/kg actual BW/day, or 1.4 g/kg ideal BW/day, and women had a low prevalence of frailty at 17-21% energy from protein or 1.6 g/kg ideal BW/day, with the prevalence of frailty remaining unchanged at higher protein intakes. Meanwhile, the inverse relationship between protein intake per ABW and frailty showed a gradual decrease at 1.4 g/kg ABW/day for protein in women. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A non-linear relationship was found between calibrated protein intake and frailty, with a U-shaped association in men and an L-shaped association in women. Adequate protein intake in healthy Japanese older adults was higher than the current recommended daily allowance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nanri
- Hinako Nanri, Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan, E-mail:
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Okada R, Furusawa A, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Quantitative Assessment of the Efficacy of Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy with Bioluminescence Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2525:3-13. [PMID: 35836056 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2473-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a cell-specific cancer therapy in which antibody-photoabsorber conjugates (APCs) are activated by NIR light to induce rapid immunogenic cell death with minimal off-target effects. In preclinical settings, bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is useful to quantitatively assess the efficacy of NIR-PIT for both in vitro and in vivo experiments, especially in the early phase of testing. Here, we describe the detailed methods of the experiments for NIR-PIT and evaluation of its efficacy using BLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Kato T, Okada R, Goto Y, Furusawa A, Inagaki F, Wakiyama H, Furumoto H, Daar D, Turkbey B, Choyke PL, Takakura H, Inanami O, Ogawa M, Kobayashi H. Electron Donors Rather Than Reactive Oxygen Species Needed for Therapeutic Photochemical Reaction of Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1689-1701. [PMID: 34661083 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) employs molecularly targeted antibodies conjugated with a photoabsorbing silicon-phthalocyanine dye derivative which binds to cancer cells. Application of NIR light following binding of the antibody-photoabsorber conjugates (APCs) results in ligand release on the dye, dramatic changes in solubility of the APC-antigen complex, and rapid, irreversible cell membrane damage of cancer cells in a highly selective manner, resulting in a highly immunogenic cell death. Clinically, this process results in edema after treatment mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Based on the chemical and biological mechanism of NIR-PIT cytotoxicity and edema formation, in order to minimize acute inflammatory edema without compromising therapeutic effects, l-sodium ascorbate (l-NaAA) was administered to quench harmful ROS and accelerate the ligand release reaction. l-NaAA suppressed acute edema by reducing ROS after NIR-PIT yet did not alter the therapeutic effects. NIR-PIT could be performed safely under existence of l-NaAA without side effects caused by unnecessary ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Yuto Goto
- Laboratory for Bioanalysis and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Fuyuki Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Hideyuki Furumoto
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Dagane Daar
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Baris Turkbey
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
| | - Hideo Takakura
- Laboratory for Bioanalysis and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Osamu Inanami
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mikako Ogawa
- Laboratory for Bioanalysis and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1088, United States
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Nakanishi Y, Ohishi Y, Iida Y, Nakagawa Y, Shimizu T, Tsujino I, Hirotani Y, Tanino T, Nishimaki H, Kobayashi H, Nozaki F, Ohni S, Tang X, Gon Y, Masuda S. P46.04 Different Effects of Crizotinib Treatment in Three Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients With Various ROS1 Fusion Variants. J Thorac Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.08.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kato T, Okada R, Furusawa A, Inagaki F, Wakiyama H, Furumoto H, Okuyama S, Fukushima H, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Simultaneously Combined Cancer Cell- and CTLA4-Targeted NIR-PIT Causes a Synergistic Treatment Effect in Syngeneic Mouse Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2262-2273. [PMID: 34518299 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a new cancer treatment that utilizes antibody-IRDye700DX (IR700) conjugates. The clinical use of NIR-PIT has recently been approved in Japan for patients with inoperable head and neck cancer targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor (hEGFR). Previously, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4)-targeted NIR-PIT has been shown to strongly inhibit tumor progression and prolonged survival was seen in different tumor models due to enhanced T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity. In this study, combined NIR-PIT targeting CTLA4 expressing cells and cancer cells was investigated in four tumor models including a newly established hEGFR-expressing murine oropharyngeal cancer cell (mEERL-hEGFR). While single molecule-targeted therapy (NIR-PIT targeting hEGFR or CTLA4) did not inhibit tumor progression in poorly immunogenic mEERL-hEGFR tumor, dual (CTLA4/hEGFR)-targeted NIR-PIT significantly suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival resulting in a 38% complete response rate. After the dual-targeted NIR-PIT, depletion of CTLA4 expressing cells, which were mainly regulatory T cells (Tregs), and an increase in the CD8+/Treg ratio in the tumor bed were observed, suggesting enhanced host antitumor immunity. Furthermore, dual-targeted NIR-PIT showed antitumor immunity in distant untreated tumors of the same type. Thus, simultaneous cancer cell-targeted NIR-PIT and CTLA4-targeted NIR-PIT is a promising new cancer therapy strategy, especially in poorly immunogenic tumors where NIR-PIT monotherapy is suboptimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fuyuki Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hideyuki Furumoto
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Kobayashi H, Choyke PL. Future applications of and prospects for near-IR photoimmunotherapy: benefits and differences compared with photodynamic and photothermal therapy. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:1305-1307. [PMID: 34514846 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Hase T, Fujiwara Y, Makihara R, Hashimoto N, Tsubata Y, Okuno T, Naito T, Takahashi T, Kobayashi H, Shinno Y, Ikeda T, Goto K, Hosomi Y, Watanabe K, Kitazono S, Sakiyama N, Makino Y, Yamamoto N. 1249P Pharmacokinetic and dose finding study of osimertinib in patients with impaired renal function and low body weight. Ann Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.08.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Wakiyama H, Kato T, Furusawa A, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Near infrared photoimmunotherapy of cancer; possible clinical applications. Nanophotonics 2021; 10:3135-3151. [PMID: 36405499 PMCID: PMC9646249 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2021-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a new cancer treatment that uses an antibody-photo-absorber conjugate (APC) composed of a targeting monoclonal antibody conjugated with a photoactivatable phthalocyanine-derivative dye, IRDye700DX (IR700). APCs injected into the body can bind to cancer cells where they are activated by local exposure to NIR light typically delivered by a NIR laser. NIR light alters the APC chemical conformation inducing damage to cancer cell membranes, resulting in necrotic cell death within minutes of light exposure. NIR-PIT selectivity kills cancer cells by immunogenic cell death (ICD) with minimal damage to adjacent normal cells thus, leading to rapid recovery by the patient. Moreover, since NIR-PIT induces ICD only on cancer cells, NIR-PIT initiates and activates antitumor host immunity that could be further enhanced when combined with immune checkpoint inhibition. NIR-PIT induces dramatic changes in the tumor vascularity causing the super-enhanced permeability and retention (SUPR) effect that dramatically enhances nanodrug delivery to the tumor bed. Currently, a worldwide Phase 3 study of NIR-PIT for recurrent or inoperable head and neck cancer patients is underway. In September 2020, the first APC and accompanying laser system were conditionally approved for clinical use in Japan. In this review, we introduce NIR-PIT and the SUPR effect and summarize possible applications of NIR-PIT in a variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter L. Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Takahashi T, Mori K, Mizuno R, Mamesaya N, Kobayashi H, Omori S, Wakuda K, Ono A, Naito T, Murakami H, Kenmotsu H. 1651P Phase I study of ramucirumab in combination with irinotecan plus cisplatin in patients (pts) with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). Ann Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.08.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Maruoka Y, Wakiyama H, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Near infrared photoimmunotherapy for cancers: A translational perspective. EBioMedicine 2021; 70:103501. [PMID: 34332294 PMCID: PMC8340111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a newly-developed, highly-selective cancer treatment, which utilizes a monoclonal antibody conjugated to a photoabsorbing dye, IRDye700DX (IR700). The antibody conjugate is injected into the patient and accumulates in the tumour. Within 24 h of injection the tumour is exposed to NIR light which activates the conjugate and causes rapid, selective cancer cell death. A global phase III clinical trial of NIR-PIT in recurrent head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) patients is currently underway. Conditional clinical approval for NIR-PIT in recurrent HNSCC has been granted in Japan as of September 2020. Not only does NIR-PIT induce highly selective and immediate cancer cell killing, but it also stimulates highly active anti-tumour immunity. While monotherapy with NIR-PIT has proven effective it is likely that combinations with immune-checkpoint inhibitors or additional NIR-PIT targeting immune suppressive cells in the tumour microenvironment will further improve results. In this review, we discuss the translational aspects of NIR-PIT especially in HNSCC, and potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Maruoka
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Departments of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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