Small extracellular vesicles facilitate epithelial-mesenchymal transition in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps via the miR-375-3p/QKI axis

BACKGROUND

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). However, the involvement of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in EMT and their contributions to CRSwNP has not been extensively investigated.

METHODS

SEVs were isolated from nasal mucosa through ultracentrifugation. MicroRNA sequencing and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction were employed to analyze the differential expression of microRNAs carried by sEVs. Human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) were used to assess the EMT-inducing effect of sEVs/microRNAs. EMT-associated markers were detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to determine the target gene of miR-375-3p. MicroRNA mimic, lentiviral, and plasmid transduction were used for functional experiments.

RESULTS

In line with the greater EMT status in eosinophilic CRSwNP (ENP), sEVs derived from ENP (ENP-sEVs) could induce EMT in hNECs. MiR-375-3p was elevated in ENP-sEVs compared to that in control and nonENP. MiR-375- 3p carried by ENP-sEVs facilitated EMT by directly targeting KH domain containing RNA binding (QKI) at seed sequences of 913-919, 1025-1033, and 2438-2444 in 3'-untranslated region. Inhibition of QKI by miR-375-3p overexpression promoted EMT, which could be reversed by restoration of QKI. Furthermore, the abundance of miR-375-3p in sEVs was closely correlated with the clinical symptom score and disease severity.

CONCLUSIONS

MiR-375-3p-enriched sEVs facilitated EMT by suppressing QKI in hNECs. The association of miR-375-3p with disease severity underscores its potential as both a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target for the innovative management of CRSwNP.

Sudomotor dysfunction is associated with impaired left ventricular diastolic function in persons with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

The incidence of preserved ejection fraction heart failure has significantly increased in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is an early and important manifestation of preserved ejection fraction heart failure. The onset of heart failure in persons with diabetes is associated with diabetic neuropathy. However, the relationship among sudomotor function, which is an early manifestation of small fiber neuropathy, and LV diastolic function remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between sudomotor function and LV diastolic function in persons with T2DM.

METHODS

In total, 699 persons with T2DM were enrolled and divided into three groups according to electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) assessed using the SUDOSCAN device: "no dysfunction" group (NSF), "moderate dysfunction" group (MDF), and "severe dysfunction" group (SDF). LV diastolic function was assessed using Doppler echocardiography. To evaluate the relationship between ESC and echocardiographic parameters, Pearson's correlation analysis was performed. Additionally, logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between LV diastolic function and ESC. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to evaluate the performance of sudomotor function indicators in detecting impaired cardiac diastolic function.

RESULTS

There were 301 persons (43.06%) in the NSF group, 232 (33.19%) in the MDF group, and 166 (23.75%) in the SDF group. Compared to the NSF group, the MDF and SDF groups had higher A and E/e' and lower e' values (all p < 0.05). Pearson's correlation analysis showed that A and E/e' were negatively associated with foot ESC (FESC) and hand ESC (HESC), whereas e' was positively associated with FESC and HESC (all p < 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, binary logistic regression analysis showed that ESC was independently associated with impaired LV diastolic function (p = 0.003). The area under the ROC curve values for FESC and HESC were 0.621 and 0.635, respectively (both p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Deteriorating sudomotor function was associated with reduced diastolic function indicators. ESC can be used as a biomarker for detecting LV diastolic impairment.

The characterization and analysis of the compound hemostatic cotton based on Ca2+/poly (vinyl alcohol)/soluble starch-fish skin collagen

Accidental bleeding is an unavoidable problem in daily life. To avoid the risk of excessive blood loss, it is urgent to design a functional material that can quickly stop bleeding. In this study, an efficient wound dressing for hemostasis was investigated. Based on the characteristics that Ca2+ and fish skin collagen (FSC) could activate the coagulation mechanism, hemostatic cotton was prepared by solvent replacement method using CaCl2, FSC, soluble starch (SS), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as raw materials. The cytotoxicity test showed the Ca2+PVA/FSC-SS hemostatic cottons had good biocompatibility. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of Ca2+PVA/FSC-SS(4) was 35.34 s, which was 22.07 s faster than that of PVA/FSC-SS, indicating Ca2+PVA/FSC-SS mediated the endogenous coagulation system. In vitro coagulation test, Ca2+PVA/FSC-SS(4) could stop bleeding rapidly within 39.60 ± 5.16 s, and the ability of wound healing was higher than commercial product (Celox). This study developed a rapid procoagulant and hemostatic material, which had a promising application in a variety of environments.

[Multi-omics combined test performance effectiveness on opportunistic screening of high-risk liver cancer population]

Objective: To validate the performance of a multi-omics combined test for early screening of high-risk liver cancer populations. Methods: 173 high-risk patients with liver cancer were prospectively screened in a real-world setting, and 164 cases were finally enrolled. B-ultrasound, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and HCC screens were conducted in all patients. A multi-omics early screening test was performed for liver cancer in combination with multi-gene methylation, TP53/TERT/CTNNB1 mutations, AFP, and abnormal prothrombin (PIVKA-II). Differences in rates were compared using the chi-square test, adjusted chi-square test, or Fisher's exact probability method for count data. A non-parametric rank test (Mann-Whitney) was used to compare the differences between the two groups of data. Results: The HCCscreen detection had a sensitivity of 100% for liver cancer screening, 93.8% for liver cancer and precancerous diseases, 34.1% for positive predictive value, 99.2% for negative predictive value, and 0.89 for an area under the curve (AUC). Parallel detection of AFP, AFP+B-ultrasound, and methylation+mutation had a sensitivity/specificity and AUC of 31.3%/88.5% (AUC=0.78), 56.3%/88.2% (AUC=0.86), and 81.3%/82.4 % (AUC=0.84). At the same time, the disease severity range was significantly correlated with the methylation+mutation score, HCCscreen score, or positive detection rate (PDR). There was no significant correlation between AFP serum levels and methylation+mutation or HCCscreen scores, while there was a significant linear correlation between methylation+mutation scores and HCCscreen scores (r = 0.73, P < 0.001). Conclusion: In real-world settings, HCCscreen shows high sensitivity for screening opportunistic, high-risk liver cancer populations. Furthermore, it may efficaciously detect liver cancer and precancerous diseases, with superior performance to AFP and AFP+ultrasound. Hence, HCCscreen has the potential to become an effective screening tool that is superior to existing screening methods for high-risk liver cancer populations.

Hidden magnetism uncovered in a charge ordered bilayer kagome material ScV6Sn6

Charge ordered kagome lattices have been demonstrated to be intriguing platforms for studying the intertwining of topology, correlation, and magnetism. The recently discovered charge ordered kagome material ScV6Sn6 does not feature a magnetic groundstate or excitations, thus it is often regarded as a conventional paramagnet. Here, using advanced muon-spin rotation spectroscopy, we uncover an unexpected hidden magnetism of the charge order. We observe an enhancement of the internal field width sensed by the muon ensemble, which takes place within the charge ordered state. More importantly, the muon spin relaxation rate below the charge ordering temperature is substantially enhanced by applying an external magnetic field. Taken together with the hidden magnetism found in AV3Sb5 (A = K, Rb, Cs) and FeGe kagome systems, our results suggest ubiqitous time-reversal symmetry-breaking in charge ordered kagome lattices.

A Machine Learning Method to Predict Pathological Complete Response of Esophageal Cancer after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy with Clinicohematological Markers and MR Radiomics: A Multi-Center Study

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Nearly 30% of patients with local advanced esophageal cancer achieved pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT), who may benefit from organ-preservation strategy under accurate prediction of pCR. We aimed to develop and validate machine learning models based on clinicohematological markers and MR radiomics to accurately predict pCR of esophageal cancer after nCRT.

MATERIALS/METHODS

In this multi-center study, eligible patients with esophageal cancer who received baseline MR scan (T2-weighted image) and nCRT plus surgery were enrolled between September 2014 and September 2022 at institution 1 (training set) and between December 2017 and August 2021 at institution 2 (testing set). Pre-nCRT and post-nCRT blood test results were collected to calculate hematological markers. Models were constructed by machine learning based on clinicohematological markers and MR radiomics to predict pCR. Area under the curve (AUC) and cut-off analysis were used to evaluate model performances.

RESULTS

Totally 154 patients (81 in the training set and 73 in the testing set) were enrolled. The combined model integrating pre-nCRT monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and 6 radiomics features achieved AUC of 0.800 (95% CI 0.671-0.918) in the testing set, with sensitivity of 79.2% (95% CI 62.5%-95.8%), specificity of 83.7% (95% CI 73.5%-93.9%), positive predictive value of 76.0% (95% CI 62.5%-90.0%), and negative predictive value of 89.6% (95% CI 82.0%-95.8%).

CONCLUSION

A machine learning model based on clinicohematological markers and MR radiomics to predict pCR after nCRT for patients with esophageal cancer was developed and validated, providing a novel tool for personalized treatment. It is necessary to further validate in more large datasets.

IFN-λ derived from nonsusceptible enterocytes acts on tuft cells to limit persistent norovirus

Norovirus is a leading cause of epidemic viral gastroenteritis, with no currently approved vaccines or antivirals. Murine norovirus (MNoV) is a well-characterized model of norovirus pathogenesis in vivo, and persistent strains exhibit lifelong intestinal infection. Interferon-λ (IFN-λ) is a potent antiviral that rapidly cures MNoV. We previously demonstrated that IFN-λ signaling in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) controls persistent MNoV, and here demonstrate that IFN-λ acts on tuft cells, the exclusive site of MNoV persistence, to limit infection. While interrogating the source of IFN-λ to regulate MNoV, we confirmed that MDA5-MAVS signaling, required for IFN-λ induction to MNoV in vitro, controls persistent MNoV in vivo. We demonstrate that MAVS in IECs and not immune cells controls MNoV. MAVS in nonsusceptible enterocytes, but not in tuft cells, restricts MNoV, implicating noninfected cells as the IFN-λ source. Our findings indicate that host sensing of MNoV is distinct from cellular tropism, suggesting intercellular communication between IECs for antiviral signaling induction in uninfected bystander cells.

Effect of emodin combined with cisplatin on the invasion and migration of HepG2 hepatoma cells

Cisplatin is the leading chemotherapy agent for advanced liver cancer. However, the resistance to cisplatin in liver cancer reduces its efficacy. A potential strategy to increase its effectiveness and reduce toxicity is to combine cisplatin with 1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone (emodin). In this study, we examined the effects of emodin combined with cisplatin on the invasion and migration of HepG2 cells and analyzed the role of emodin. The effects of cisplatin, emodin and their combination were assessed in HepG2 cells. Proliferation, invasion and migration of HepG2 cells were examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), scar and Transwell assays. The gelatinase spectrum and an ELISA detected the expression of matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP-2) and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9). The expression of E-cadherin and vimentin was detected by immunofluorescence and Western blots. Emodin inhibited cell invasion and migration in HepG2 hepatoma cells, increased E-cadherin expression, decreased vimentin, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression. The combination of emodin and cisplatin-induced a more significant effect in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, we found that emodin inhibited hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis. Compared with either cisplatin or emodin alone, the combination of both showed a more significant synergistic effect. Emodin can enhance the sensitivity of HepG2 HCC cells to cisplatin by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and thus, play a role in preventing recurrence and metastasis in HCC.

[Puerarin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury in mice by modulating the SIRT1/NF-κB pathway]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the role of the SIRT1/NF-κB pathway in mediating the effect of puerarin against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI).

METHODS

Fifteen BALB/C mice were randomized into control group, LPS group and puerarin treatment group, and in the latter two groups, the mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of LPS (5 mg/kg), followed by daily injection of normal saline for 3 days or injection of puerarin (25 mg/kg) given 1 h later and then on a daily basis for 3 days. On day 5 after modeling, the kidney tissues were taken for histological observation and detection of cell apoptosis. The renal function indexes including urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr) and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were measured, and the expressions of SIRT1 and NF-κB-p65(acetyl K310) in the renal tissues were detected.

RESULTS

Intraperitoneal injection of LPS caused obvious glomerular capillary dilatation, hyperemia, renal interstitial edema, and renal tubular epithelial cell swelling and deformation in the mice. The mouse models of LPS-induced AKI also showed significantly increased renal tubular injury score and renal cell apoptosis (P < 0.01) with increased serum levels of BUN, Scr, KIM-1, TNF-α and IL-1β (P < 0.01), enhanced renal expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β and NF-κB p65(acetyl K310) (P < 0.01) and lowered renal expression of SIRT1 (P < 0.05). Treatment with puerarin effectively alleviated LPS-induced renal interstitial edema and renal tubular epithelial cell shedding, lowered renal tubular injury score (P < 0.01) and renal cell apoptosis rate (P < 0.01), and decreased serum levels of BUN, Scr, KIM, TNF-α and IL-1β (P < 0.01). Puerarin treatment significantly reduced TNF-α, IL-1β and NF-κB p65 (acetyl K310) expression in the renal tissue (P < 0.05) and increased SIRT1 expression by 17% (P < 0.05) in the mouse models.

CONCLUSION

Puerarin can effectively alleviate LPS-induced AKI in mice possibly by modulating the SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway.

[STIP1 correlates with tumor immune infiltration and prognosis as a potential immunotherapy target: a pan-cancer bioinformatics analysis]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the correlation of stress-inducible phosphoprotein 1 (STIP1) expression level with prognosis of different cancers and its potential role in immunotherapy.

METHODS

TCGA, TARGET and GTEx databases were used for bioinformatic analysis of STIP1 expression level and its prognostic value in different cancers. We also detected STIP1 expression immunohistochemically in 10 pairs of colorectal cancer and adjacent tissues. We further analyzed the correlation of STIP1 expression level with tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability, immune cell infiltration, immune regulators and outcomes of different cancers. STIP1- related proteins were identified using protein- protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, and functional enrichment analysis was performed to analyze the regulatory pathways involving STIP1.

RESULTS

Bioinformatics analysis showed that STIP1 was highly expressed in most tumors compared with the normal tissues (P < 0.05), which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry of the 10 pairs of colorectal cancer tissues. STIP1 expression level was correlated with clinical stages of multiple cancers (P < 0.05), and in some cancer types, an upregulated STIP1 expression was correlated with a poor prognosis of the patients in terms of overall survival, disease-specific survival, disease-free survival and progression-free survival (P < 0.05). STIP1 expression was significantly correlated with tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability, immune cell infiltration and immunomodulatory factors in most tumors (P < 0.05). PPI network analysis indicated that STIP1-related proteins included HSPA4, HSPA8, and HSP90AA1. KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that the high expression of STIP1 in liver cancer was related mainly with valerate metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and butyrate metabolism pathways; HALLMARK enrichment analysis suggested high STIP1 expression in liver cancer was involved in bile acid and fatty acid metabolism.

CONCLUSION

STIP1 is up-regulated in multiple cancer types and its expression level is correlated with clinical tumor stage, tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability, immune cell infiltration and immunomodulatory factors.

[Protective effects of total saponins from Panax japonicus against high-fat diet-induced testicular Sertoli cell junction damage in mice]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the protective effects of total saponins from Panax japonicus (TSPJ) against high-fat dietinduced testicular Sertoli cell junction damage in mice.

METHODS

Forty male C57BL/6J mice were randomized into normal diet group, high-fat diet group, and low-dose (25 mg/kg) and high-dose (75 mg/kg) TSPJ treatment groups (n=10). The mice in the normal diet group were fed a normal diet, while the mice in the other groups were fed a high-fat diet. After TSPJ treatment via intragastric administration for 5 months, the testes and epididymis of the mice were collected for measurement of weight, testicular and epididymal indices and sperm parameters. HE staining was used for histological evaluation of the testicular tissues and measurement of seminiferous tubule diameter and seminiferous epithelium height. The expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, claudin11, N-cadherin, E-cadherin and β-catenin in Sertoli cells were detected with Western blot, and the localization and expression levels of ZO-1 and β-catenin in the testicular tissues were detected with immunofluorescence assay. The protein expressions of LC3B, p-AKT and p-mTOR in testicular Sertoli cells were detected using double immunofluorescence assay.

RESULTS

Treatment with TSPJ significantly improved high-fat diet-induced testicular dysfunction by reducing body weight (P < 0.001), increasing testicular and epididymal indices (P < 0.05), and improving sperm concentration and sperm viability (P < 0.05). TSPJ ameliorated testicular pathologies and increased seminiferous epithelium height of the mice with high-fat diet feeding (P < 0.05) without affecting the seminiferous tubule diameter. TSPJ significantly increased the expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, N-cadherin, E-cadherin and β-catenin (P < 0.05) but did not affect claudin11 expression in the testicular tissues. Immunofluorescence assay showed that TSPJ significantly increased ZO-1 and β-catenin expression in the testicular tissues (P < 0.001), downregulated LC3B expression and upregulated p-AKT and p-mTOR expressions in testicular Sertoli cells.

CONCLUSION

TSPJ alleviates high-fat diet-induced damages of testicular Sertoli cell junctions and spermatogenesis possibly by activating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and inhibiting autophagy of testicular Sertoli cells.

[Analysis of the impact of health management measures for entry personnel on imported Dengue fever in Guangdong Province, 2020-2022]

Objective: To explore the impact of health management measures for entry personnel (entry management measures) against COVID-19 on the epidemiological characteristics of imported Dengue fever in Guangdong Province from 2020 to 2022. Methods: Data of imported Dengue fever from January 1, 2016 to August 31, 2022, mosquito density surveillance from 2016 to 2021, and international airline passengers and Dengue fever annual reported cases from 2011 to 2021 in Guangdong were collected. Comparative analysis was conducted to explore changes in the epidemic characteristics of imported Dengue fever before the implementation of entry management measures (from January 1, 2016 to March 20, 2020) and after the implementation (from March 21, 2020 to August 31, 2022). Results: From March 21, 2020, to August 31, 2022, a total of 52 cases of imported Dengue fever cases were reported, with an imported risk intensity of 0.12, which were lower than those before implementation of entry management measures (1 828, 5.29). No significant differences were found in the characteristics of imported cases before and after implementation of entry management measures, including seasonality, sex, age, career, and imported countries (all P>0.05). 59.62% (31/52) of cases were found at the centralized isolation sites and 38.46% (20/52) at the entry ports. However, before implementation of entry management measures, 95.08% (1 738/1 828) of cases were found in hospitals. Among 51 cases who had provided entry dates, 82.35% (42/51) and 98.04% (50/51) of cases were found within seven days and fourteen days after entry, slightly higher than before implementation [(72.69%(362/498) and 97.59% (486/498)]. There was significant difference between the monthly mean values of Aedes mosquito larval density (Bretto index) from 2020 to 2021 and those from 2016 to 2019 (Z=2.83, P=0.005). There is a strong positive correlation between the annual international airline passengers volume in Guangdong from 2011 to 2021 and the annual imported Dengue fever cases (r=0.94, P<0.001), and a positive correlation also existed between the international passenger volume and the annual indigenous Dengue fever cases (r=0.72, P=0.013). Conclusions: In Guangdong, the entry management measures of centralized isolation for fourteen days after entry from abroad had been implemented, and most imported Dengue fever cases were found within fourteen days after entry. The risk of local transmission caused by imported cases has reduced significantly.

[Clinical application of a quantitative method of atlantoaxial reduction angle in basilar invagination]

Objectives: To investigate the clinical application effect of a quantitative method of atlantoaxial reduction angle in basilar invagination. Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical and radiographic data was conducted of 38 patients with complicated atlantoaxial dislocation and basilar invagination admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from May 2020 to May 2022. There were 5 males and 33 females, aged (53.5±9.9) years (range: 38 to 80 years). All patients underwent C_1-2 interarticular fusion cage implantation+occipital-cervical fixation by pressing rob with the cantilever technique. The atlantoaxial reduction model of previous studies by our team was used to calculate the reduction angles before surgery. Then titanium rods of prebending angle were prepared according to the calculation before the operation. After that quantitative reduction of angle was performed during the operation. The paired t-test was used to compare the difference between the theoretical and actual reset value. Results: The theoretical reduction angle of all patients was (10.62±1.78)° (range: 6.40° to 13.20°), the actual reduction angle was (10.53±1.63)° (range: 6.70° to 13.30°) and there was no statistical difference between them (t=1.688, P=0.100). The theoretical posterior occipitocervical angle after the operation of all patients was (117.37±5.88)° (range: 107.00° to 133.00°), the actual posterior occipitocervical angle after the operation was (118.25±6.77)° (range: 105.40° to 135.80°) and there was no statistical difference between them (t=-0.737, P=0.466). The postoperative follow-up time of the patients was more than 6 months and the symptoms of all patients were relieved. All patients had satisfactory fusion between small joints without incision infection, internal fixation fracture, displacement, atlantoaxial redislocation, and other long-term complications. Conclusion: The quantitative method of atlantoaxial reduction angle in basilar invagination can calculate the theoretical reduction angle of the clivus axis angle and guide the preparation of the pre-bending titanium rod before surgery, so as to realize the quantification of the atlantoaxial reduction angle.

CircNDST1 promotes papillary thyroid cancer progression via its interaction with CSNK2A1 to activate the PI3K-Akt pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition

BACKGROUND

Multiple studies have established a strong relationship between circRNA and cancer progression. Cervical lymph node metastasis is a key factor influencing the surgical approach and distant metastasis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). However, the role of circNDST1 in PTC has not been investigated. Our research focused on revealing the function and mechanism of action of circNDST1 in PTC.

METHODS

High-throughput sequencing and qPCR were used to assess the expression of circRNA in PTC tissues with extensive cervical lymph node metastasis and circNDST1 in cell lines, respectively. The proliferative effects of circNDST1 in vitro and in vivo were analyzed using CCK8, clone formation assay, EdU, and nude mouse tumorigenesis assay. The transwell scratch assay was employed in the scrutiny of the effect of circNDST1 on the migration and invasion abilities of thyroid cancer cells, while circNDST1's influence on the PI3K-Akt pathway and the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) key protein expression was evaluated utilizing RNA sequencing and western blot. RNA pull-down and RIP were used to examine the binding of circNDST1 to CSNK2A1.

RESULTS

CircNDST1 was highly expressed in PTC cell lines, but knocking it down inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasive abilities of TPC1 and KTC1 cell lines. CircNDST1 bonded with CSNK2A1 and promoted the interaction between CSNK2A1 and Akt, leading to the activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway and EMT.

CONCLUSION

CircNDST1's high expression boosted thyroid cancer progression through the activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway and EMT in a CSNK2A1-dependent manner.

Analysis of SOD1 Variants in Chinese Patients with Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

BACKGROUND

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease, and genetic contributors exert a significant role in the complicated pathogenesis. Identification of the genetic causes in ALS families could be valuable for early diagnosis and management. The development of potential drugs for patients with genetic defects will shed new light on ALS therapy.

AIM

To identify causative variants in three Chinese families with familial ALS (FALS), reveal the pathogenic mechanism, and look for the targeted drug for ALS.

DESIGN AND METHODS

Whole-exome sequencing and bioinformatics were used to perform genetic analysis of the ALS families. Functional analysis was performed to study the variants' function and search for potential drug targets.

RESULTS

Three heterozygous missense variants of the SOD1 gene were identified in families with FALS. The clinical manifestations of these patients include spinal onset, predominant lower motor neurons presentation, and absence of cognitive involvement. Functional analysis showed that all three SOD1 variants led to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, reduced cell viability, and formation of cytoplasmic aggregates. Remarkably, the decreased cell viability induced by variants was rescued after treatment with the ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified three SOD1 variants in three families with FALS. The variant SOD1 toxicity was associated with oxidative damage and aggregation, and N-acetylcysteine could rescue the decreased cell viability induced by these variants. Our findings support a pathogenic role for ROS in SOD1 deficiencies, and provide a potential drug N-acetylcysteine for ALS therapy, especially in SOD1-patients with limb onset.

Evaluation of the benefit of rivaroxaban on VOYAGER PAD primary composite of limb, heart and brain outcomes using the global rank and win ratio methods

Background/Introduction

The VOYAGER PAD trial demonstrated that rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily added to background antiplatelet therapy reduced a composite of irreversible harm events of the heart limb and brain versus placebo in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD) after lower extremity revascularization. The primary analysis was performed as time to first event with equal weighting of components including fatal and non-fatal events.

Purpose

Traditional time to event analyses of composites generally assess outcomes with equal weights. Analyses evaluating outcomes using ranked or weighted methods may provide clinicians a mechanism to interpret results including different weighting and enable shared decision making with patients.

Methods

Exploratory analyses of the primary composite outcome were prespecified prior to trial completion/database lock. Two previously described approaches to evaluate composite outcomes by ranking or weighting were utilized. The first was the global rank method which includes ranking all components of the composite by order of clinical importance (Table 1) with a primary and alternative ranking prespecified. Each patient is assigned a rank with the worse rank for worse outcome and for patients with the same outcome, those occurring earlier assigned the worse rank. Van Elteren test for differences between groups was applied stratified by type of procedure and clopidogrel use consistent with the primary trial analysis. The second was the unmatched win ratio method according to Pocock's rule which ranked CV death higher than non-fatal events and then compared pairs of subjects, one from each treatment group for wins and losses for wins and losses as outlined in Table 1. Finkelstein and Schoenfeld statistics were utilized with confidence intervals provided from bootstrapping.

Results

A total of 6564 patients were randomized and all outcomes through the common study end date were counted. The global rank method using both the primary and alternative method yielded a statistically significant superior effect of rivaroxaban versus placebo (p-value for primary ranking 0.0158, p-value for alternative ranking 0.0155). When using the win-ratio approach, there were more wins for rivaroxaban (14.8%) than placebo (12.8%) with 72.4% of patients having no primary component events (Figure 1). The overall win ratio was 1.16 95% CI (1.03–1.30) in favor of rivaroxaban with p=0.0167.

Conclusion(s)

Rivaroxaban significantly reduces acute limb ischemia, amputation, MI, ischemic stroke or CV death in PAD after lower extremity revascularization. Exploratory analyses of this efficacy composite show consistent superiority either when considered as a ranked hierarchy of outcomes with CV death as the worst or whether considering a win-ratio approach ranking CV death as worse followed by non-fatal events. These data support the robustness of the primary trial results when considering ranking of the composite components.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): Bayer

Identification of SCAR markers for genetic authentication of Dendrobium nobile Lindl

Dendrobium nobile Lindl. is an orcid plant with important medicinal values. This is a colourful houseplant, and also a popular herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The variants of this plant from different geographic regions might be high, and in this study, we aimed to develop specific sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers for the identification of specific variant of this plant. Different cultivars of D. nobile were collected from nine different places of China, and one cultivar from Myanmar. DNA materials were extracted from the plant samples, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were developed, cloned and sequenced for the development of SCAR markers. We have developed four SCAR markers, which are specific to the cultivar from Luzhou China, and clearly distinguishable (genetically) from other cultivars. These SCAR markers are deposited in GenBank (accession number MZ417502, MZ484089, MZ417504 and MZ417505). Four SCAR markers for D. nobile are effective molecular technique to genetically identify the different cultivars or species, and this method is applicable for genetic characterization and identification of other plant species too.

A bivalent Tim-3/PD-1 bispecific antibody for the treatment of PD-1 antibody resistant or refractory NSCLC

e14597

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) PD-1/PD-L1 antibody are key drugs for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Bispecific antibody is one of the strategies aimed at the clinical needs for NSCLC patients who are resistant to or refractory from ICI treatment. Tim-3, one of the next generation of ICB targets, is co-expressed on exhausted T cells with PD-1. It is also expressed by innate immune populations, including NK and DC. Dual blocking PD-1 and Tim-3 not only on T cells but also on DC, NK cells may achieve better clinical benefit. Methods: A bivalent to both Tim-3 and PD-1 bispecific antibody (Bis5) was developed and is in Phase I clinical trials for NSCLC patients who are resistant to or refractory from PD-1 antibody treatment. Results: Bis5 showed affinity of 5-8 nM to both Tim-3 and PD-1. Moreover, Bis5 showed better cell activity than Tim-3 and PD-1 antibody combination to activated T cell as well as NK and DC. Bis5 showed 77%-88% tumor inhibition which is close to PD-1 antibody alone in MC38 model. Neither PD-1 antibody or PD-1 and Tim-3 antibody combination show any activity in CT26 model while Bis5 showed significant tumor inhibition activity and doubled the survival rate. The highest non-severe toxicity dose (HNSTD) was 200mpk in monkeys. ADA were 33.3% (2/6), 83.3% (5/6), and 0.0% (0/6) at doses of 2, 10, and 50 mpk, respectively. The T1/2 were 31.7-66.5 h for doses 2-50 mpk. Conclusions: A Phase I, multicenter, open-label study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, immunogenicity and preliminary efficacy of Bis5 in patients with advanced and/or metastatic solid tumors has started. Seven cohorts (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15 mg/kg) are planned to be enrolled sequentially in the dose escalation part. In the expansion part, a cohort group of 10 patients is planned for post PD-1 treated NSCLC as the second or third line treatment.

A peptide fused to CLDN18.2 antibody targeting the tumor antigen associated CD8+T cells for the treatment of pancreatic cancers

e16240

Background: PD-1/PD-L1-targeted immunotherapies have become critical roles in the treatment for many tumors. However, there is limited progress in gastrointestinal cancers, especially in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDAC is low immunogenicity. PDAC microenvironment is immunosuppressive. More than 70% PDACs have few or no CD8+ T cells around the tumor cell or in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, immunotherapy like PD-1/PD-L1 antibody alone is rarely effective for PDACs. Methods: Some cytokine or analogs may activate CD8+ T cells. An analog specifically activating tumor antigen associated (TAA) CD8+ T cells was fused to anti-CLDN18.2 antibody. Results: The specific bi-functional molecule (Bis2) has high affinity to human anti-CLDN18.2 (14pM) and CD8+T cells. Bis2 shows significant in vivo efficacy at 0.1 mpk. The efficacy lasts for more than 24 days, only given two doses at day 1 and day 3, respectively. IHC shows that the tumor infiltrated CD8+T cells significantly increased and IFNγ secretion enhanced as well. The IHC results are consistent with the mechanism that Bis2 induces TAA CD8+ T cell proliferation and prevents CD8+T cells from IFNγ-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, Bis2 also shows 100% tumor inhibition in combination with either chem (L-OHP+5FU) or PD-1 antibody in vivo which is better than chem in combination with PD-1 antibody. Bis2 also shows 60% tumor inhibition at 1mpk in CLDN18.2 negative cell based in vivo model. Bis2 shows ADA in monkeys in two weeks by dosing weekly. The repeated doses toxicity study shows an increase of MONO and %MONO and decrease in RBC, HGB, HCT, and MCHC. The HNSTD was 3mpk. The T1/2 was 40h. Conclusions: The Phase I study in advanced solid tumors is ongoing. The study uses accelerated titration starting from 0.01mpk combined with a BOIN design, maximum patient size of 36. In the expansion part, two cohorts of 10 CLDN18.2+ pancreatic cancer patients are planned for the treatment of Bis2 alone or Bis2 in combination with chemotherapy, respectively.

REMOVED: Plasma Steroids and Endocannabinoids Used as Biomarkers to Assess the Pruritus Severity of Patients With Prurigo Nodularis

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the first author and the approval of all of the co-authors. After publication, the author contacted the journal regarding errors affecting the statistical analysis: the incorrect identification of patients in the part of clinical information and biomarker's levels led to incorrect conclusions of the study. The data is lacking experimental verification due to data loss and errors. The editor in chief accepted the retraction. The authors offer their apologies.

REMOVED: Plasma Steroids and Endocannabinoids Used as Biomarkers to Assess the Pruritus Severity of Patients With Prurigo Nodularis

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the first author and the approval of all of the co-authors. After publication, the author contacted the journal regarding errors affecting the statistical analysis: the incorrect identification of patients in the part of clinical information and biomarker's levels led to incorrect conclusions of the study. The data is lacking experimental verification due to data loss and errors. The editor in chief accepted the retraction. The authors offer their apologies.

[Expression and functional SNP loci screen of ATM from coal worker's pneumoconiosis]

Objective: To detect of gene expression and genotype of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) from coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) , It is explored whether CWP is related to ATM gene. Methods: In October 2020, the relevant information of 264 subjects who received physical examination or medical treatment in the Department of occupational diseases of Guiyang public health treatment center from January 2019 to September 2020 was collected. Through the occupational health examination, 67 healthy people with no history of exposure to occupational hazards were selected as the healthy control group; The coal miners with more than 10 years of coal dust exposure history and small shadow in the lung but not up to the diagnostic criteria were the dust exposure control group, a total of 66 people; The patients with the same history of coal dust exposure and confirmed stage I were coal worker's pneumoconiosis stage I group, a total of 131 people. The expression of ATM was detected by QRT PCR. ATM rs189037 and rs1801516 were genotyped by massarray. Results: There was significant difference in the expression of ATM among the groups (P<0.05) ; Compared with the healthy control group, the expression of ATM in the dust exposed control group was significantly increased (P<0.05) . With the occurrence and development of CWP, the GG of rs189037 wild type decreased, the GA of mutant heterozygote and AA of homozygote increased, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05) ; Rs1801516 wild type GG and mutant heterozygote GA had no significant changes (P>0.05) . There were significant differences in age, neutrophils and basophils among rs189037 groups (all P<0.05) . There were no significant differences in blood pressure, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, smoking and drinking history among rs189037 groups (all P>0.05) . Compared with wild-type GG, the or of mutant heterozygotes and homozygotes increased, but the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05) . Conclusion: ATM gene may be one of the early activation genes of CWP and rs189037 may be the functional loci which affects gene expression. ATM gene is related to inflammatory response, Neutrophils and basophils have an impact on the development of CWP.

Ruling Out Real-Valued Standard Formalism of Quantum Theory

Standard quantum theory was formulated with complex-valued Schrödinger equations, wave functions, operators, and Hilbert spaces. Previous work attempted to simulate quantum systems using only real numbers by exploiting an enlarged Hilbert space. A fundamental question arises: are the complex numbers really necessary in the standard formalism of quantum theory? To answer this question, a quantum game has been developed to distinguish standard quantum theory from its real-number analog, by revealing a contradiction between a high-fidelity multiqubit quantum experiment and players using only real-number quantum theory. Here, using superconducting qubits, we faithfully realize the quantum game based on deterministic entanglement swapping with a state-of-the-art fidelity of 0.952. Our experimental results violate the real-number bound of 7.66 by 43 standard deviations. Our results disprove the real-number formulation and establish the indispensable role of complex numbers in the standard quantum theory.

[A nomogram for predicting lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer]

Objective: To explore the independent risk factors of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in early gastric cancer, and to use nomogram to construct a prediction model for above LNM. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Inclusion criteria: (1) primary early gastric cancer as stage pT1 confirmed by postoperative pathology; (2) complete clinicopathological data. Exclusion criteria: (1) patients with advanced gastric cancer, stump gastric cancer or history of gastrectomy; (2) early gastric cancer patients confirmed by pathology after neoadjuvant chemotherapy; (3) other types of gastric tumors, such as lymphoma, neuroendocrine tumor, stromal tumor, etc.; (4) primary tumors of other organs with gastric metastasis. According to the above criteria, 1633 patients with early gastric cancer who underwent radical gastrectomy at the Department of General Surgery of the Chinese PLA General Hospital First Medical Center from December 2005 to December 2020 were enrolled as training set, meanwhile 239 patients with early gastric cancer who underwent gastrectomy at the Department of General Surgery of the Chinese PLA General Hospital Fourth Medical Center from December 2015 to December 2020 were enrolled as external validation set. Risk factors of LNM in early gastric cancer were identified by using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. A nomogram prediction model was established with significant factors screened by multivariate analysis. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used for assessing the predictive value of the model. Calibration curve was drawn for external validation. Results: Among 1633 patients in training set, the mean number of retrieved lymph nodes was 20 (13-28), and 209 patients (12.8%) had lymph node metastasis. Univariate analysis showed that gender, resection range, tumor location, tumor morphology, lymph node clearance, vascular invasion, lymphatic cancer thrombus, tumor length, tumor differentiation, microscopic presence of signet ring cells and depth of tumor invasion were associated with LNM (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that females, tumor morphology as ulcer type, vascular invasion, lymphatic cancer thrombus, tumor length≥3 cm, deeper invasion of mucosa, and poor differentiation were independent risk factors for LNM in early gastric cancers (all P<0.05). Receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that AUC of training set was 0.818 (95%CI: 0.790-0.847) and AUC of external validation set was 0.765 (95%CI: 0.688-0.843). The calibration curve showed that the LNM probability predicted by nomogram was consistent with the actual situation (C-index: 0.818 in training set and 0.765 in external validation set). Conclusions: Females, tumor morphology as ulcer type, vascular invasion, lymphatic cancer thrombus, tumor length≥3 cm, deeper invasion of mucosa and poor differentiation are independent risk factors for LNM of early gastric cancer. The establishment of a nomogram prediction model for LNM in early gastric cancer has great diagnostic value and can provide reference for treatment selection.

[Analysis of influence factors for short-term recurrence of retroperitoneal liposarcoma after complete resection]

Objective: To examine the influence factors of short-term recurrence after complete surgical resection of retroperitoneal liposarcoma. Methods: The clinicopathological data of retroperitoneal liposarcoma at Department of General Surgery, the First Medical Center, People's Liberation Army General Hospital from January 1, 2000 to January 31, 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 60 males and 31 females, aged (52.1±9.9) years (range: 30 to 84 years). Tumor recurrence within 12 months after complete resection was defined as short-term recurrence, and tumor recurrence more than 12 months was defined as non-short-term recurrence. The t test, rank-sum test, χ² test and Fisher exact test were conducted for inter-group comparison. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the independent influence factors for the short-term recurrence of retroperitoneal liposarcoma after complete resection. The Kaplan-Meier curve was used to calculate the recurrence-free survival, and the Log-rank test was adopted for the comparison between the groups. Results: The univariate analysis results showed that irregular tumor morphology, multiple pathological subtypes, pathological scores>3, and multiple primary tumors are influence factors for short-term recurrence after complete resection of retroperitoneal liposarcoma (χ²: 4.422 to 7.773, all P<0.05). Regression analysis of the above risk factors showed that multiple primary tumors was the independent risk factor (OR=2.918, 95%CI: 1.127 to 7.556, P=0.027). In the short-term recurrence group, Kaplan-Meier curve analysis showed that patients with multiple primary tumors had a shorter median recurrence time than patients with unifocal tumor (6 months vs. 9 months, P=0.028). Conclusions: Multiple primary tumor is an independent risk factor for short-term recurrence after complete resection of retroperitoneal liposarcoma. It suggests that the frequency of follow-up after surgery should be increased for such patients.

Intestinal antiviral signaling is controlled by autophagy gene Epg5 independent of the microbiota

Mutations in the macroautophagy/autophagy gene EPG5 are responsible for Vici syndrome, a human genetic disease characterized by combined immunodeficiency. Previously, we found that epg5^-/- mice exhibit hyperinflammation in the lungs mediated by IL1B/IL-1β and TNF/TNFα, resulting in resistance to influenza. Here, we find that disruption of Epg5 results in protection against multiple enteric viruses including norovirus and rotavirus. Gene expression analysis reveals IFNL/IFN-λ responsive genes as a key alteration. Further, mice lacking Epg5 exhibit substantial alterations of the intestinal microbiota. Surprisingly, germ-free mouse studies indicate Epg5-associated inflammation of both the intestine and lung is microbiota-independent. Genetic studies support IFNL signaling as the primary mediator of resistance to enteric viruses, but not of microbial dysbiosis, in epg5^-/- mice. This study unveils an important role, unexpectedly independent of the microbiota, for autophagy gene Epg5 in host organism protection by modulating intestinal IFNL responses.Abbreviations: CTNNB1: catenin (cadherin associated protein), beta 1; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; EPG5: ectopic P-granules autophagy protein 5 homolog (C. elegans); FT: fecal transplant; IFI44: interferon-induced protein 44; IFIT1: interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1; IFNG/IFN-γ: interferon gamma; IFNL/IFN-λ: interferon lambda; IFNLR1: interferon lambda receptor 1; IL1B/IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; ISG: interferon stimulated gene; GF: germ-free; LEfSe: linear discriminant analysis effect size; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MNoV: murine norovirus; MX2: MX dynamin-like GTPase 2; OAS1A: 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 1A; RV: rotavirus; SPF: specific-pathogen free; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STAT1: signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TBK1: TANK-binding kinase 1; TNF/TNFα: tumor necrosis factor.

[Risk factors of postoperative complication after total gastrectomy in advanced gastric cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy]

Objective: At present, there are few studies focusing on the factors short-term complications after total gastrectomy in patients with advanced gastric cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). The purpose of this study is to provide a reference for clinical prevention of complications in these patients. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted. Case inclusion criteria: (1) clinical stage II-III gastric cancer diagnosed by preoperative gastroscopy, pathology, abdominal CT, EUS or PET-CT; (2) evaluated suitable for NACT by MDT discussion; (3) no previous history of other malignant tumors and no concurrent tumor; (4) undergoing total gastrectomy+ D2 lymphadenectomy after NACT. Exclusion criteria: (1) age <18 or >80 years old; (2) severe concurrent diseases, and ASA classification>grade III; (3) stump gastric cancer or history of gastric surgery; (4) incomplete clinicopathological data. According to the above criteria, clinicopathological data of 140 advanced gastric cancer patients who underwent total gastrectomy after NACT in Chinese PLA General Hospital between June 2012 and June 2019 were collected, including 109 males and 31 females with mean age of (56.9±11.4) years and body mass indey (BMI) of (23.3±3.1) kg/m(2). Logistic analysis was used to analyze the relationship between postoperative complication and clinicopathological data. Factors in univariate analysis with P<0.05 were included in the multivariate analysis. Results: Postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo classification ≥ II) occurred in 35 cases (25.0%) and severe complications (Clavien-Dindo classification ≥ IIIa) occurred in 4 cases (2.9%), including 1 case of esophago-jejunal anastomotic leakage, 1 case of vena cava thrombosis, 1 case of pleural effusion, 1 case of septic shock during perioperative days resulting in death. Univariate analysis showed that BMI (P=0.011), cycle of NACT (P=0.027), tumor diameter (P=0.021), and vascular invasion (P=0.033) were associated with postoperative complication within 30 days, while open/laparoscopic total gastrectomy were not associated with postoperative complication (P=0.926). Multivariate analysis revealed that BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2) (OR=3.294, 95% CI: 1.343-8.079, P=0.009) and < 4 cycles of NACT (OR=2.922, 95% CI: 1.217-7.016, P=0.016) were independent risk factors for postoperative complication. The 3-year overall survival rates of patients with or without complication were 54.4% and 64.0%, respectively (P=0.395), and 3-year disease-free survival rates were 47.4% and 52.9%, respectively (P=0.587). Conclusions: Higher BMI and fewer cycles of NACT are independent risk factors of postoperative complication in advanced gastric cancer patients undergoing total gastrectomy after NACT. No obvious association is found between postoperative complication and surgical approaches.

Tafolecimab, a novel potential long-acting PCSK9 monoclonal antibody: efficacy and safety in healthy and hypercholesterolemia subjects

Background

LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. PCSK9 binds LDL receptors, targeting them for degradation. The dosing intervals for currently available PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies are once every 2 or 4 weeks. Tafolecimab, a novel recombinant human PCSK9 monoclonal antibody, was found to have higher affinity with PCSK9 and show longer LDL-C reduction compared to evolocumab in preclinical studies.

Purposes

The objectives for the SAD and MAD studies were to investigate the safety and efficacy of tafolecimab and explore the optimal dosing schedule.

Methods

The phase 1 study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, single-ascending dose study (SAD) in Chinese healthy subjects, who were randomized 3:1 to tafolecimab and placebo (n=58). SAD subjects received tafolecimab subcutaneously at 25/75/150/300/450/600mg, or intravenously at 75/450mg, monitored up to day 84. The phase 2 study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-dosing, multiple ascending dose (MAD) study in patients with hypercholesterolemia, who were randomized 4:1 to tafolecimab and placebo (n=60). MAD subjects received tafolecimab subcutaneously at 75/140mg every 2 weeks, 300/420mg every 4weeks, 450/600mg every 6 weeks up to day 84 or 98 with 3 months follow-up.

Results

In the SAD, the maximum mean reduction in LDL-C ranged from 52.2% to 72.1% and was achieved as early as 5 days (figure 1a). The duration of LDL-C reduction was tafolecimab dose dependent. In the MAD, the mean LDL-C concentrations were reduced by tafolecimab for each dose at 12 weeks relative to baseline (ranging from 54.30% to 72.26%; p&lt;0.001). Particularly, a 56.52% (−72.50%, −40.54%) reduction of LDL-C was observed in the cohort of 600mg Q6W. The effect sustained till week 14 (8 weeks after the last dose) where there was still a 43.46% (−60.96%, −25.96%) reduction from baseline (figure 1b). The mean reduction of Lp(a) at week 12 ranged from 24.04% to 50.59% relative to baseline. Tafolecimab reduced the other lipids when comparing with placebo. The pharmacokinetics/pharmadynamics (LDL-C) profiles of tafolecimab were well characterised and support the potential dosing interval of 6–8 weeks subcutaneously.

Both healthy and hypercholesterolemia subjects are generally tolerable to tafolecimab. Reported treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were: tafolecimab 23 (52.3%) vs. placebo 8 (57.1%); tafolecimab 34 (70.8%) vs. placebo 9 (75.0%) in the SAD and MAD respectively. There were no serious TEAEs or events leading to death or treatment discontinuation in both SAD and MAD.

Conclusions

Tafolecimab was well tolerated in both healthy and hypercholesterolemia in Chinese subjects, and improved lipid profile including LDL-C, Lp(a) and other lipids. The sustained effects on LDL-C suggests the potential of tafolecimab as a long-lasting PCSK9 inhibitor with dosing interval of 6–8 weeks or beyond.

Figure 1. LDL-C: Percent change from baseline

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: Private company. Main funding source(s): Innovent Biologics (Suzhou), China

Plasma mtDNA copy numbers are associated with GSTK1 expression and inflammation in type 2 diabetes

AIMS

Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Glutathione S-transferase kappa 1 (GSTK1) is critical to maintain mitochondrial function and homeostasis. We aimed to investigate whether a potential link exists between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy numbers and inflammation, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and GSTK1 expression in type 2 diabetes.

METHODS

We assessed mtDNA copy numbers in plasma and GSTK1 expression in white blood cells in 123 people with type 2 diabetes and in 121 healthy controls using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). An automatic chemistry or immunoassay analyser was used to determine serum glucose, lipids and inflammatory markers. Multiple linear regression and multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations and risks.

RESULTS

Compared with healthy controls, individuals with diabetes showed higher mtDNA copy numbers (t = -3.938, P < 0.001) and lower GSTK1 expression (Z = -2.985, P = 0.002). mtDNA copy number was associated with type 2 diabetes risk [odds ratio (OR) = 1.80, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.25-2.58, P = 0.001] after controlling for confounding factors. In individuals with diabetes, mtDNA copy number was negatively associated with GSTK1 expression (β = -0.235, P = 0.036) and positively associated with serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (β = 0.839, P < 0.001), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (β = 0.549, P < 0.001), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (β = 0.589, P = 0.006) and NEFA (β = 0.001, P = 0.020). In the diabetic group, individuals with an abnormal increase in NEFA, hsCRP, TNF-α and IL-6 showed significantly elevated mtDNA copy numbers (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

mtDNA copy numbers in plasma might have an important role in the progression of diabetic chronic inflammation via inhibition of GSTK1 and could be a potential biomarker for type 2 diabetes.

Meta-analysis of the effects of helmet-assisted non-invasive ventilation in the treatment of acute respiratory failure

OBJECTIVE

To study the efficacy of helmet-assisted non-invasive ventilation and conventional ventilation in the treatment of acute respiratory failure (ARF).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase and CNKI databases were searched for randomized controlled trials and case-control trials of helmet-assisted noninvasive ventilation in the treatment of ARF. The outcome measures included respiratory rate, intubation rate, complication rate, mortality rate and arterial blood gas analysis of the commonly used indicators (PaCO2/ PaO2 / pH). The results of the included studies' odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidential interval (CI) were analyzed using Stata software.

RESULTS

The results of the analysis showed that the in-hospital mortality, intubation rate and complication rate were all significantly decreased with the p-value less than 0.05, which was statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Helmet-assisted noninvasive ventilation can significantly reduce hospital mortality, intubation rate and complication rate, improving the survival rate and prognosis of patients with ARF.

Thermal and Quantum Melting Phase Diagrams for a Magnetic-Field-Induced Wigner Solid

A sufficiently large perpendicular magnetic field quenches the kinetic (Fermi) energy of an interacting two-dimensional (2D) system of fermions, making them susceptible to the formation of a Wigner solid (WS) phase in which the charged carriers organize themselves in a periodic array in order to minimize their Coulomb repulsion energy. In low-disorder 2D electron systems confined to modulation-doped GaAs heterostructures, signatures of a magnetic-field-induced WS appear at low temperatures and very small Landau level filling factors (ν≃1/5). In dilute GaAs 2D hole systems, on the other hand, thanks to the larger hole effective mass and the ensuing Landau level mixing, the WS forms at relatively higher fillings (ν≃1/3). Here we report our measurements of the fundamental temperature vs filling phase diagram for the 2D holes' WS-liquid thermal melting. Moreover, via changing the 2D hole density, we also probe their Landau level mixing vs filling WS-liquid quantum melting phase diagram. We find our data to be in good agreement with the results of very recent calculations, although intriguing subtleties remain.

Novel GLI3 Mutations in Chinese Patients with Non-syndromic Post-axial Polydactyly

BACKGROUND

Polydactyly, characterized by supernumerary digits in the upper or lower extremities, is the most common congenital digital abnormalities. It derives from the defective patterning of anteroposterior axis of the developing limb, with various etiology and clinical heterogeneity. The patients with post-axial polydactyly type A (PAPA) have the typical symptom of a well-formed supernumerary digit outside the fifth digit.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of present study was to identify the causative mutations of two unrelated Han Chinese patients with non-syndromic PAPA.

METHODS

Two unrelated Han Chinese patients and 100 ethnicity-matched, unrelated normal controls were recruited for this study. BGISEQ-500 exome sequencing was performed in the two patients, followed by validation in the patients and 100 controls by using Sanger sequencing.

RESULTS

Two mutations in the GLI family zinc finger 3 gene (GLI3), including a frameshift mutation c.3437_3453delTCGAGCAGCCCTGCCCC (p.L1146RfsX95) and a nonsense mutation c.3997C>T (p.Q1333X), were identified in two patients but were absent in the 100 healthy controls.

CONCLUSION

The two GLI3 mutations, p.L1146RfsX95 and p.Q1333X, may account for non-syndromic PAPA in the two patients, respectively. The findings of this study may expand the mutational spectrum of GLI3-PAPA and provide novel insights into the genetic basis of polydactyly.

Gender and age differences in the association between sleep characteristics and fasting glucose levels in Chinese adults

AIM

The present study examined the associations between night-time sleep duration, midday napping duration and bedtime, and fasting glucose levels, and whether or not such associations are dependent on gender and age.

METHODS

This study was a cross-sectional analysis of 172,901 adults aged≥40 years living in mainland China. Sleep duration was obtained by self-reports of bedtime at night, waking-up time the next morning and average napping duration at midday. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)≥7.0mmol/L was defined as hyperglycaemia. Independent associations between night-time sleep duration, midday naptime duration and bedtime with hyperglycaemia were evaluated using regression models.

RESULTS

Compared with night-time sleep durations of 6-7.9h, both short (<6h) and long (≥8h) night-time sleep durations were significantly associated with an increased risk of hyperglycaemia in women [odds ratio (OR): 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.29 and OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.08-1.21, respectively], and revealed a U-shaped distribution of risk in women and no significant association in men. Long midday nap durations (≥1h) were significantly but weakly associated with hyperglycaemia (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.09) compared with no napping without interactions from gender or age, whereas the association between bedtime and fasting glucose levels did vary according to gender and age.

CONCLUSION

Night-time sleep duration, midday napping duration and bedtime were all independently associated with the risk of hyperglycaemia, and some of the associations between these sleep characteristics and hyperglycaemia were gender- and age-dependent.

[Effects of parental rearing patterns and their consistency on the emotional and behavioral problems of preschool children]

Objective: To explore the effect of parental rearing patterns and their consistency on the emotional and behavioral problems of preschool children. Methods: From October to November 2017, 27 987 children aged 3 to 6 years old from 109 kindergartens in 11 cities of Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu Provinces were selected by using the cluster sampling method. A total of 27 200 valid questionnaires which were completed by subjects' parents were collected. The emotional and behavioral problems of preschool children were collected by "strengths and difficulties questionnaire" and the parental rearing patterns were evaluated by the "Parental Behavior Scale". The differences in emotional and behavioral abnormality rates of preschool children with different characteristics were analyzed; with emotional and behavioral problems as dependent variables and parental support/participation and compulsion/hostility as independent variables, the multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the effect of parental rearing patterns and their consistency on the emotional and behavioral problems of preschool children. Results: The age of children was (4.35±0.96) years old, and 51.4% of children were 13 975 males. There were 24 634 (90.6%) urban children and 17 916 (65.9%) only children. Both parents with strong support/participation accounted for 14.9%, and those with poor support/participation accounted for 11.9%; both parents with strong compulsion/hostility accounted for 15.2%, and those with low compulsion/hostility accounted for 11.3%. The rates of emotional symptoms, conduct behavior, hyperactive behavior, peer interaction, total difficulty score, and abnormal prosocial behavior of preschool children were 9.5%, 9.5%, 18.2%, 24.5%, 11.2%, and 10.2%, respectively. The multivariate logistic regression model analysis showed that after adjusting for gender, only child, living area, family economic status, mother's age and education level, father's education level, and other factors, compared with fathers/mothers with strong support/participation and low compulsion/hostility and parents with strong support/participation and low compulsion/hostility, preschool children who had fathers/mothers with poor support/participation and strong compulsion/hostility or parents with poor support/participation and strong compulsion/hostility were more likely to have emotional symptoms, conduct behavior, hyperactive behavior, peer interaction, total difficulty score, and abnormal prosocial behavior (P<0.05). Conclusions: Parental rearing patterns and their consistency are related to the emotional and behavioral problems of preschool children.

A social cost-benefit analysis of two One Health interventions to prevent toxoplasmosis

Background

In the Netherlands, toxoplasmosis ranks third in disease burden among foodborne pathogens, with an estimated health loss of 1,900 Disability Adjusted Life Years and a cost-of-illness estimated at €44 million annually. We performed a Social Cost-Benefit Analysis (SCBA) to evaluate the net value of two potential interventions, freezing meat and improving biosecurity in pig farms, for the Dutch society.

Methods

We assessed the costs and benefits of the two interventions and compared them with the current practice of education, especially during pregnancy. A ‘minimum scenario’ and a ‘maximum scenario’ was assumed, using input parameters with least benefits to society and input parameters with most benefits to society, respectively.

Results

The freezing meat intervention was far more effective than the biosecurity intervention. Despite high freezing costs, freezing two meat products: steak tartare and mutton leg yielded net social benefits in both the minimum and maximum scenario, ranging from €10.6 million to €31 million for steak tartare and €0.6 million to €1.5 million for mutton leg. The biosecurity intervention would result in net costs in all scenarios ranging from €1 million to €2.5 millions.

Conclusions

From a public health perspective (i.e. reducing the burden of toxoplasmosis) freezing steak tartare and leg of mutton is to be considered.

Decreased Expression of TIM-3 on Th17 Cells Associated with Ophthalmopathy in Patients with Graves' Disease

Purpose:

Thyroid-associated Ophthalmopathy (TAO) is one of the most common orbital immunological diseases in adults. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells play important roles in the pathogenesis of TAO. But the mechanisms regulating CD4+ T cell activity is unclear. This study examines T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) expression in helper T cell type 1 (Th1), Th17, and regulatory T cells in sufferers of TAO.

Methods:

Participants were divided into 3 groups: patients with TAO, patients with Graves’ disease but without orbitopathy (GD), and healthy control patients (HC). Peripheral blood samples were collected for each patient in the designated group. Flow cytometry methods assessed the frequency of Th1 (CD4+IFN-γ+), Th17 (CD4+IL-17+), regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25hiCD127lo), and TIM-3 protein expression. Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) measured the magnitude of TIM-3 expression and the percentage of TIM-3+ cells for each patient.

Results:

Compared to the GD group, TAO patients possessed higher frequencies of Th1 and Th17 cells in peripheral blood samples. The percentage of TIM-3+ Th1 and Th17 cells was significantly lower in the TAO patients than the GD group. Across all patients sampled, TIM-3+ cell percentage negatively correlated with Th1 cell frequency. Th1 and Th17 cells exhibited significantly decreased expression of TIM-3 in TAO patients compared to healthy controls. Regulatory T cells showed little TIM-3 expression and we observed no significant differences in frequency between groups.

Conclusion:

These results suggest a role for TIM-3 in the regulation of Th1 and Th17 cells and the pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy.

Vibrational spectroscopic study on feed molecular structure properties of oil-seeds and co-products from Canadian and Chinese bio-processing and relationship with protein and carbohydrate degradation fractions in ruminant systems

The objective of this study was to apply ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to reveal feed molecular structure properties of oil-seeds and co-products and relationship with protein and carbohydrate degradation fractions in ruminant systems. The oil-seeds and co-products were from both various bio-processing industries in Canada and China. The protein and carbohydrate degradation fractions were evaluated with updated CNCPS system. Results showed that in the co-products from canola processing industries there are strong relationship between 1) soluble true protein (PA2) fraction and the following protein molecular structure spectral characteristics; spectral peak area of amide I and amide II (r = 0.56, P = 0.001), area of amide I (r = 0.67, P < 0.001), height of amide I (r = 0.74, P < 0.001), amide I and II ratio (r = 0.57, P = 0.001), α-helix (r = 0.82, P < 0.001), and β-sheet (r = 0.61, P < 0.001), 2) slowly degradable true protein (PB2) fraction and height of amide I (r = -0.60, P = 0.001), α-helix (r = -0.72, P < 0.001), and β-sheet (r = -0.51, P = 0.004), 3) soluble fiber (CB2) fraction and α-helix and β-sheet height ratio (r = -0.63, P < 0.001), and 4) unavailable NDF (CC) fraction and height of amide I (r = 0.55, P = 0.002). These results indicated feed molecular structure spectral properties of the oil-seeds and co-products related to CNCPS protein and carbohydrate degradation fractions in ruminant systems.