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Distribution of trace substances in the coolant of a BWR fuel element. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2023.112253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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2
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Characterization of a small-scale crystallizer using CFD simulations and X-ray CT measurements. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Mixed convection study on the influence of low Prandtl numbers and buoyancy in turbulent heat transfer using DNS. ANN NUCL ENERGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2021.108258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Development, design, and testing of a microwave-driven compact rotating-target D-D fast neutron generator for imaging applications. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 174:109715. [PMID: 33930728 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A compact D-D fast neutron generator system was developed with an emphasis on imaging applications. It is equipped with an electron cyclotron resonance microwave ion source, an electric field method electron suppression electrode, and a rotating beam target. The design, mechanical assembling, and initial performance of the system is presented in this work. Electrostatics and charged particle tracing simulations were employed to dimension components in the vacuum system and estimate the size of the ion beam spot on the target surface. Stable operation of the neutron generator was possible with accelerating potentials of up to -120 kV and an estimated averaged ion beam current of around 0.5 mA. At these conditions, the neutron yield was estimated to 6 ⋅ 107 s-1 based on a combination of detailed Monte Carlo MCNP6 models and the ambient dose rate reading of an LB6411 neutron probe. The neutron emitting spot size was compared to the ion beam spot size and experimentally determined with an attenuating edge technique to be between 1.7 and 2.6 mm. With these neutron yield and emitting spot size values, the system compares favorably with commercially available neutron generators, and this context is also presented.
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5
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TOPFLOW pressure chamber – Versatile techniques to simplify design and instrumentation of thermal fluid dynamic experiments at high pressure. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2020.110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Investigation of two-phase flow hydrodynamics under SGTR severe accident conditions. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2020.110768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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URANS simulations of the single-phase mixing in a 4*4 LWR fuel bundle with mixing vanes, validated against a sub-channel experiment. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2020.110612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Statistical Burnup Distribution of Moving Pebbles in the High-Temperature Reactor HTR-PM. JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND RADIATION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4044910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the pebble-bed high-temperature reactor under construction in China, called the HTR-PM, the spherical fuel elements continuously flow downward in the cylindrical core. The burnup of each pebble is checked at the core outlet and, according to the achieved burnup level, the pebble might be disposed or reinserted into the upper section of the core. Upon reinsertion, each pebble is radially distributed in a random manner and, according to its downward path, faces different burnup conditions. Hence, the number of passes necessary to achieve the average discharge burnup of 90 MWd/kgU may vary. Discrete element method (DEM) simulations have been carried out to achieve a clear understanding of the movement of the 420000 fuel pebbles in the HTR-PM core. At the same time, neutronics properties have been investigated for a single pebble and for the full core with the Serpent 2 Monte Carlo code. As a result, one-group microscopic cross sections (XS) have been parametrized at the core level. The pebble movement has been loosely coupled with the depletion of a single pebble in a dedicated burnup script called moving pebble burnup (MPB), developed in matlab. 3000 single pebble burnup histories were simulated to obtain sufficient statistics and an insight into the HTR-PM burnup process. The decrease of the average burnup gained per single pass implies that a miss-handling of recirculated fuel elements is unlikely to lead to an excess of the maximum allowed burnup of 100 MWd/kgU. The core demonstrates a self-compensation effect of burnup, meaning that it always compensates burnup under- or over-runs in the successive passes. In addition, gamma detection of 137Cs has been studied as a practical method for monitoring the burnup of the discharged pebbles, turning out to be an applicable measurement technique. Finally, it is possible to conclude that the fuel cycle of the HTR-PM, as it has been laid out, is well designed and feasible.
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9
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Study of level swell for a Filtered Containment Venting System at the VEFITA facility. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Thermal analysis, design, and testing of a rotating beam target for a compact D-D fast neutron generator. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 145:47-54. [PMID: 30583135 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Compact Deuterium-Deuterium fast neutron generators are generally limited to a low neutron yield due to outgassing of implanted deuterium in case of ion beam target overheating. This is even more pronounced for a generator with a small emitting spot tailored to transmission-based imaging applications, resulting in long exposure times. In this work a novel water-cooled rotating copper target rod with a 5 µm thin titanium coating as a deuteron beam target was developed. Using extensive computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer analysis, an optimized target configuration was chosen. The details of the target rod design, construction and loading with deuterium are outlined. The first results after loading showed a peak total neutron output of 4.8 × 107 n/s for -107 kV target high voltage and 0.9 mA average target current at 220 rpm target rotational velocity. The comparison between actual and theoretical ideal neutron yield suggested that no loss of deuterium density in the target due to outgassing occurred.
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11
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Wire-mesh sensors: A review of methods and uncertainty in multiphase flows relative to other measurement techniques. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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13
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Mid wave infrared thermography of water films in condensing and evaporating environments. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Measurement of liquid films thickness in a condensing and re-evaporating environment using attenuation of near infrared light. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Development of neutron and X-ray imaging techniques for nuclear fuel bundle optimization. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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17
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Corrective interface tracking approach to simulate finite-size bubbly flows. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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19
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Thermal mixing of flows in horizontal T-junctions with low branch velocities. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2017.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Experimental Investigation on Bubble Turbulent Diffusion in a Vertical Large-Diameter Pipe by Wire-Mesh Sensors and Correlation Techniques. NUCL TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nt07-a3842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Velocity Measurements and Turbulent Dispersion in Annular Liquid Film Flows in BWR Subchannels with Spacers. NUCL TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nt16-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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22
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Natural Circulation Experiments at the ISB-VVER Integral Test Facility and Calculations Using the Thermal-Hydraulic Code ATHLET. NUCL TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nt99-a3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Coolant Mixing in a Pressurized Water Reactor: Deboration Transients, Steam-Line Breaks, and Emergency Core Cooling Injection. NUCL TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nt03-a3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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24
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Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Boron Dilution Transients in Pressurized Water Reactors. NUCL TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nt03-a3353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Suitability of Drift-Flux Models, Void-Fraction Evolution, and 3-D Flow Pattern Visualization During Stationary and Transient Flashing Flow in a Vertical Pipe. NUCL TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nt05-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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T-junction cross-flow mixing with thermally driven density stratification. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Liquid film dynamics of two-phase annular flow in square and tight lattice subchannels. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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29
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Development and characterization of a D–D fast neutron generator for imaging applications. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 96:114-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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31
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Assessment of GOTHIC and TRACE codes against selected PANDA experiments on a Passive Containment Condenser. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Uranium endowments in phosphate rock. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 478:226-234. [PMID: 24556272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study seeks to identify and specify the components that make up the prospects of U recovery from phosphate rock. A systems approach is taken. The assessment includes i) reviewing past recovery experience and lessons learned; ii) identifying factors that determine recovery; and iii) establishing a contemporary evaluation of U endowments in phosphate rock reserves, as well as the available and recoverable amounts from phosphate rock and phosphoric acid production. We find that in the past, recovery did not fulfill its potential and that the breakup of the Soviet Union worsened then-favorable recovery market conditions in the 1990s. We find that an estimated 5.7 million tU may be recoverable from phosphate rock reserves. In 2010, the recoverable tU from phosphate rock and phosphoric acid production may have been 15,000 tU and 11,000 tU, respectively. This could have filled the world U supply-demand gap for nuclear energy production. The results suggest that the U.S., Morocco, Tunisia, and Russia would be particularly well-suited to recover U, taking infrastructural considerations into account. We demonstrate future research needs, as well as sustainability orientations. We conclude that in order to promote investment and production, it seems necessary to establish long-term contracts at guaranteed prices, ensuring profitability for phosphoric acid producers.
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33
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Conceptual design and optimization of a plastic scintillator array for 2D tomography using a compact D-D fast neutron generator. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 86:63-70. [PMID: 24495568 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A conceptual design optimization of a fast neutron tomography system was performed. The system is based on a compact deuterium-deuterium fast neutron generator and an arc-shaped array of individual neutron detectors. The array functions as a position sensitive one-dimensional detector allowing tomographic reconstruction of a two-dimensional cross section of an object up to 10 cm across. Each individual detector is to be optically isolated and consists of a plastic scintillator and a Silicon Photomultiplier for measuring light produced by recoil protons. A deterministic geometry-based model and a series of Monte Carlo simulations were used to optimize the design geometry parameters affecting the reconstructed image resolution. From this, it is expected that with an array of 100 detectors a reconstructed image resolution of ~1.5mm can be obtained. Other simulations were performed in order to optimize the scintillator depth (length along the neutron path) such that the best ratio of direct to scattered neutron counts is achieved. This resulted in a depth of 6-8 cm and an expected detection efficiency of 33-37%. Based on current operational capabilities of a prototype neutron generator being developed at the Paul Scherrer Institute, planned implementation of this detector array design should allow reconstructed tomograms to be obtained with exposure times on the order of a few hours.
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34
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Neutron imaging of annular flows in a tight lattice fuel bundle model. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Optimizing the performance of cold-neutron tomography for investigating annular flows and functional spacers in fuel rod bundles. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Abstract
For the investigation of air/water slug flow, a horizontal channel with rectangular cross-section was built at Forschungszentrum Rossendorf. The channel allows the investigation of air/water co- and counter-current flows at atmospheric pressure, especially the slug behaviour. Optical measurements were performed with a high-speed video camera, and were complemented by simultaneous dynamic pressure measurements. Moreover velocity-fields were measured using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). A CFD simulation of the stratified co-current flow was performed using the code CFX-5, applying the Euler-Euler two fluid model with the free surface option. The grid contains 4105 control volumes. The turbulence was modelled separately for each phase using the k- based shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model. To achieve wave generation in such a short channel, the inlet water level had to be varied in time. For this purpose, the water level history was taken from a recorded image sequence and set as time-dependent boundary condition at the model inlet. The results show a wave formation up to slug development with closure of the whole channel cross-section and consequently an increase of the pressure level behind the slug. Despite unsteady conditions at the inlet of the test channel and simplified initial conditions in the model, the slug simulation with CFX is in good qualitative agreement with the experiment, while the slug length increases during its progression, witch was not observed in reality.
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37
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On the relevance of low side flows for thermal loads in T-junctions. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Cold-neutron tomography of annular flow and functional spacer performance in a model of a boiling water reactor fuel rod bundle. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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40
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The inhomogeneous MUSIG model for the simulation of polydispersed flows. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Evolution of interfacial area concentration in a vertical air–water flow measured by wire–mesh sensors. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2007.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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42
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Evolution of the structure of a gas–liquid two-phase flow in a large vertical pipe. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2007.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Steam bubble condensation in sub-cooled water in case of co-current vertical pipe flow. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Experimental and numerical studies of void fraction distribution in rectangular bubble columns. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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45
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46
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47
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Simulation of a Small Cold-Leg-Break Experiment at the PMK-2 Test Facility Using the RELAP5 and ATHLET Codes. NUCL TECHNOL 1997. [DOI: 10.13182/nt97-a35376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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