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González-Fortes G, Tassi F, Trucchi E, Henneberger K, Paijmans JLA, Díez-Del-Molino D, Schroeder H, Susca RR, Barroso-Ruíz C, Bermudez FJ, Barroso-Medina C, Bettencourt AMS, Sampaio HA, Grandal-d'Anglade A, Salas A, de Lombera-Hermida A, Fabregas Valcarce R, Vaquero M, Alonso S, Lozano M, Rodríguez-Alvarez XP, Fernández-Rodríguez C, Manica A, Hofreiter M, Barbujani G. A western route of prehistoric human migration from Africa into the Iberian Peninsula. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20182288. [PMID: 30963949 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Being at the western fringe of Europe, Iberia had a peculiar prehistory and a complex pattern of Neolithization. A few studies, all based on modern populations, reported the presence of DNA of likely African origin in this region, generally concluding it was the result of recent gene flow, probably during the Islamic period. Here, we provide evidence of much older gene flow from Africa to Iberia by sequencing whole genomes from four human remains from northern Portugal and southern Spain dated around 4000 years BP (from the Middle Neolithic to the Bronze Age). We found one of them to carry an unequivocal sub-Saharan mitogenome of most probably West or West-Central African origin, to our knowledge never reported before in prehistoric remains outside Africa. Our analyses of ancient nuclear genomes show small but significant levels of sub-Saharan African affinity in several ancient Iberian samples, which indicates that what we detected was not an occasional individual phenomenon, but an admixture event recognizable at the population level. We interpret this result as evidence of an early migration process from Africa into the Iberian Peninsula through a western route, possibly across the Strait of Gibraltar.
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Affiliation(s)
- G González-Fortes
- 1 Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara , 44121 Ferrara , Italy
| | - F Tassi
- 1 Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara , 44121 Ferrara , Italy
| | - E Trucchi
- 1 Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara , 44121 Ferrara , Italy
| | - K Henneberger
- 2 Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam OT Golm , Germany
| | - J L A Paijmans
- 2 Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam OT Golm , Germany
| | - D Díez-Del-Molino
- 3 Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History , 104 05 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - H Schroeder
- 4 Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen , 1353 Copenhagen K , Denmark
| | - R R Susca
- 1 Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara , 44121 Ferrara , Italy
| | - C Barroso-Ruíz
- 5 Fundación Instituto de Investigación de Prehistoria y Evolución Humana (FIPEH) , 14900 Lucena, Córdoba , Spain
| | - F J Bermudez
- 5 Fundación Instituto de Investigación de Prehistoria y Evolución Humana (FIPEH) , 14900 Lucena, Córdoba , Spain
| | - C Barroso-Medina
- 5 Fundación Instituto de Investigación de Prehistoria y Evolución Humana (FIPEH) , 14900 Lucena, Córdoba , Spain
| | - A M S Bettencourt
- 6 Landscape, Heritage and Territory Laboratory-Lab2PT, Department of History, University of Minho , 4700-057 Braga , Portugal
| | - H A Sampaio
- 7 Landscape, Heritage and Territory Laboratory-Lab2PT, Department of Hospitality and Tourism, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave , Barcelos , Portugal
| | - A Grandal-d'Anglade
- 8 Universitary Institute of Geology, University of Coruña , A Coruña 15081 , Spain
| | - A Salas
- 9 Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB (IDIS-SERGAS) , Galicia , Spain
| | - A de Lombera-Hermida
- 10 Department of History GEPN-AAT, University of Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - R Fabregas Valcarce
- 10 Department of History GEPN-AAT, University of Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - M Vaquero
- 11 Department of History and History of Art, Rovira i Virgili University , 43002 Tarragona , Spain.,12 Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES) , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - S Alonso
- 11 Department of History and History of Art, Rovira i Virgili University , 43002 Tarragona , Spain.,12 Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES) , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - M Lozano
- 11 Department of History and History of Art, Rovira i Virgili University , 43002 Tarragona , Spain.,12 Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES) , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - X P Rodríguez-Alvarez
- 11 Department of History and History of Art, Rovira i Virgili University , 43002 Tarragona , Spain.,12 Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES) , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | | | - A Manica
- 14 Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 3EJ , UK
| | - M Hofreiter
- 2 Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam OT Golm , Germany
| | - G Barbujani
- 1 Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara , 44121 Ferrara , Italy
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Oates EC, Jones KJ, Donkervoort S, Charlton A, Brammah S, Smith JE, Ware JS, Yau KS, Swanson LC, Whiffin N, Peduto AJ, Bournazos A, Waddell LB, Farrar MA, Sampaio HA, Teoh HL, Lamont PJ, Mowat D, Fitzsimons RB, Corbett AJ, Ryan MM, O'Grady GL, Sandaradura SA, Ghaoui R, Joshi H, Marshall JL, Nolan MA, Kaur S, Punetha J, Töpf A, Harris E, Bakshi M, Genetti CA, Marttila M, Werlauff U, Streichenberger N, Pestronk A, Mazanti I, Pinner JR, Vuillerot C, Grosmann C, Camacho A, Mohassel P, Leach ME, Foley AR, Bharucha-Goebel D, Collins J, Connolly AM, Gilbreath HR, Iannaccone ST, Castro D, Cummings BB, Webster RI, Lazaro L, Vissing J, Coppens S, Deconinck N, Luk HM, Thomas NH, Foulds NC, Illingworth MA, Ellard S, McLean CA, Phadke R, Ravenscroft G, Witting N, Hackman P, Richard I, Cooper ST, Kamsteeg EJ, Hoffman EP, Bushby K, Straub V, Udd B, Ferreiro A, North KN, Clarke NF, Lek M, Beggs AH, Bönnemann CG, MacArthur DG, Granzier H, Davis MR, Laing NG. Congenital Titinopathy: Comprehensive characterization and pathogenic insights. Ann Neurol 2019; 83:1105-1124. [PMID: 29691892 PMCID: PMC6105519 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Comprehensive clinical characterization of congenital titinopathy to facilitate diagnosis and management of this important emerging disorder. METHODS Using massively parallel sequencing we identified 30 patients from 27 families with 2 pathogenic nonsense, frameshift and/or splice site TTN mutations in trans. We then undertook a detailed analysis of the clinical, histopathological and imaging features of these patients. RESULTS All patients had prenatal or early onset hypotonia and/or congenital contractures. None had ophthalmoplegia. Scoliosis and respiratory insufficiency typically developed early and progressed rapidly, whereas limb weakness was often slowly progressive, and usually did not prevent independent walking. Cardiac involvement was present in 46% of patients. Relatives of 2 patients had dilated cardiomyopathy. Creatine kinase levels were normal to moderately elevated. Increased fiber size variation, internalized nuclei and cores were common histopathological abnormalities. Cap-like regions, whorled or ring fibers, and mitochondrial accumulations were also observed. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging showed gluteal, hamstring and calf muscle involvement. Western blot analysis showed a near-normal sized titin protein in all samples. The presence of 2 mutations predicted to impact both N2BA and N2B cardiac isoforms appeared to be associated with greatest risk of cardiac involvement. One-third of patients had 1 mutation predicted to impact exons present in fetal skeletal muscle, but not included within the mature skeletal muscle isoform transcript. This strongly suggests developmental isoforms are involved in the pathogenesis of this congenital/early onset disorder. INTERPRETATION This detailed clinical reference dataset will greatly facilitate diagnostic confirmation and management of patients, and has provided important insights into disease pathogenesis. Ann Neurol 2018;83:1105-1124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Oates
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kid's Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristi J Jones
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kid's Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sandra Donkervoort
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Amanda Charlton
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Histopathology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan Brammah
- Electron Microscope Unit, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John E Smith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - James S Ware
- National Heart and Lung Institute and MRC London Institute of Medical Science, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle S Yau
- Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lindsay C Swanson
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nicola Whiffin
- National Heart and Lung Institute and MRC London Institute of Medical Science, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Peduto
- Department of Radiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Sydney Western Clinical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam Bournazos
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kid's Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leigh B Waddell
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kid's Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle A Farrar
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hugo A Sampaio
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hooi Ling Teoh
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Phillipa J Lamont
- Neurogenetic Unit, Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Mowat
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Medical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robin B Fitzsimons
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alastair J Corbett
- Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Monique M Ryan
- Department of Neurology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gina L O'Grady
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kid's Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Paediatric Neuroservices, Starship Child Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah A Sandaradura
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kid's Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roula Ghaoui
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kid's Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Himanshu Joshi
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kid's Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jamie L Marshall
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Melinda A Nolan
- Paediatric Neuroservices, Starship Child Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simranpreet Kaur
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kid's Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jaya Punetha
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Ana Töpf
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Harris
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Madhura Bakshi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Casie A Genetti
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Minttu Marttila
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ulla Werlauff
- Danish National Rehabilitation Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nathalie Streichenberger
- Neuropathology Department, Hospices Civils Lyon, Claude Bernard University, Lyon1, France.,NeuroMyogene Institute, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Lyon, France
| | - Alan Pestronk
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Ingrid Mazanti
- Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jason R Pinner
- Department of Medical Genomics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carole Vuillerot
- Woman-Mother-Child Hospital, Hospices Civils Lyon, Bron, France.,Claude Bernard University Lyon1, France
| | - Carla Grosmann
- University of California, San Diego/Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - Ana Camacho
- Child Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, October 12 University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Payam Mohassel
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Meganne E Leach
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - A Reghan Foley
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Diana Bharucha-Goebel
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Division of Neurology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | | | - Anne M Connolly
- Neuromuscular Division, Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Heather R Gilbreath
- Department of Advanced Practice, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas, TX
| | - Susan T Iannaccone
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Diana Castro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Beryl B Cummings
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Richard I Webster
- T. Y. Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leïla Lazaro
- Pediatric Service, Basque Coast Hospital Center, Bayonne, France
| | - John Vissing
- Neuromuscular Clinic and Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Coppens
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Reference Center, Erasmus Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Reference Center, Queen Fabiola Children's University Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Deconinck
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Reference Center, Queen Fabiola Children's University Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ho-Ming Luk
- Clinical Genetic Service, Department of Health, Hong Kong, China
| | - Neil H Thomas
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola C Foulds
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marjorie A Illingworth
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Ellard
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rahul Phadke
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gianina Ravenscroft
- Harry Perkins Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nanna Witting
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Unit and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Hackman
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Sandra T Cooper
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kid's Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erik-Jan Kamsteeg
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Kate Bushby
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Straub
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Bjarne Udd
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuromuscular Research Center, Tampere University and University Hospital, Neurology, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Vaasa Central Hospital, Department of Neurology, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Ana Ferreiro
- Pathophysiology of Striated Muscles Laboratory, Unit of Functional and Adaptative Biology, BFA, Paris Diderot University/CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Public Hospital Network of Paris, Paris-East Reference Center Neuromuscular Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital Group, Paris, France
| | - Kathryn N North
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kid's Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel F Clarke
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, Kid's Research Institute, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Monkol Lek
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Alan H Beggs
- Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Carsten G Bönnemann
- Neuromuscular and Neurogenetic Disorders of Childhood Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Henk Granzier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Mark R Davis
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nigel G Laing
- Harry Perkins Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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