[Distribution, Source, and Ecological Risk Evaluation of the PAHs and PCBs in the Sediments from Sanya River]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), two typical persistent organic pollutants, are the research focus due to their mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, and bioaccumulation. The content distribution and residual characteristics of PAHs and PCBs were investigated in the sediments from the Sanya River. Source apportionment was further explored based on the analysis of the spatial distribution, and the ecological risk evaluation was carried out with the sediment quality criteria and standards. The results indicate that the content of ΣPAHs and ΣPCBs in the sediment range from 265.00 μg·kg^-1 to 6735.00 μg·kg^-1 and 1.75 μg·kg^-1 to 92.75 μg·kg^-1, with relatively high contents in the east and west river upstream, respectively, which had a strong correlation with the industrial structure and river movement of the study area. The composition and source apportionment demonstrate that PAHs originated mostly from the combustion of petroleum with low PAHs, and haxa-CB and hepta-CB are the predominant PCBs congeners, primarily resulting from the migration of PCBs in the capacitor. The ecological risk evaluation demonstrates that the biotoxic effect of the PAHs is not obvious, with a low ecological risk. However, several PAHs monomers exceeded the standard significantly in some sampling sites, which should be of concern due to its serious threat of exposure to organisms. The probability of a biotoxic effect of PCBs is 10%-50%, which occasionally produces a negative ecological effect.

[The possible failing reasons of balloon catheter dilation procedure in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis]

Objective:To investigate the effectiveness of balloon catheter dilation (BCD) in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis, and to analyse the possible factors which lead to BCD failure, as well as to provide basic reference for BCD clinical usage.Method:Forty-six sinuses of 32 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis were underwent "Balloon-only" BCD or "FESS assisted" BCD at our institution between September 2014 and December 2016. By recording details of the operation of all the subjects in this study and following up the clinical symptoms, nasal endoscopy, computed tomography of the sinuses, and postoperative complications six months after operation, to evaluate the difficulty, safety, effectiveness and especially, the failing reasons of BCD.Result:BCD was approached in 46 sinuses (19 maxillary sinus, 22 frontal and 5 sphenoid), and succeeded in 13 maxillary sinuses, 19 frontal sinuses, and 4 sphenoid sinuses. Of the 13 maxillary sinuses, there were 9 sinuses underwent "Balloon-only" procedure, other 4 cases underwent "FESS assisted" procedure. There were 3 cases of frontal sinus failed, because of the frontal recess anatomical complexity and the twisted drainage. Of the 5 sphenoid sinuses, 4 cases succeeded, including fungal sphenoiditis cases, in which the mould was completely cleared through the dilated ostia, and 1 case failed. All the patients were followed up for 1, 3 and 6 months of patient's quality of life, nasal endoscope, computed tomography of the sinuses. The results showed that the SNOT-20 scores of the quality of life in significant relief of symptoms, nasal mucosa status improved significantly compared with the preoperative, dilated ostium remains open, no obvious scar formation, no severe operative complications.Conclusion:Balloon catheter dilation in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis is safe and effective. But the operation indications is limited, and many factors influence the success rate of BCD, so, preoperatively gaining the information of nasal cavity and anatomical structure around ostium according to patients' nasal endoscopy and sinus CT is critical to success of BCD.