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Iwata N, Tsubuki S, Takaki Y, Shirotani K, Lu B, Gerard NP, Gerard C, Hama E, Lee HJ, Saido TC. Metabolic regulation of brain Abeta by neprilysin. Science 2001; 292:1550-2. [PMID: 11375493 DOI: 10.1126/science.1059946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 713] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptide (Abeta), the pathogenic agent of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a physiological metabolite in the brain. We examined the role of neprilysin, a candidate Abeta-degrading peptidase, in the metabolism using neprilysin gene-disrupted mice. Neprilysin deficiency resulted in defects both in the degradation of exogenously administered Abeta and in the metabolic suppression of the endogenous Abeta levels in a gene dose-dependent manner. The regional levels of Abeta in the neprilysin-deficient mouse brain were in the distinct order of hippocampus, cortex, thalamus/striatum, and cerebellum, where hippocampus has the highest level and cerebellum the lowest, correlating with the vulnerability to Abeta deposition in brains of humans with AD. Our observations suggest that even partial down-regulation of neprilysin activity, which could be caused by aging, can contribute to AD development by promoting Abeta accumulation.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
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713 |
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Kim DO, Lee KW, Lee HJ, Lee CY. Vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) of phenolic phytochemicals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:3713-3717. [PMID: 12059148 DOI: 10.1021/jf020071c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To express the antioxidant capacity of plant foods in a more familiar and easily understood manner (equivalent to vitamin C mg/100 g), two stable radical species, ABTS(*)(-) and DPPH(*), commonly used for antioxidant activity measurements, were employed independently to evaluate their efficacies using apple polyphenolic extracts and seven polyphenolic standards including synthetic Trolox. Their antioxidant activities were expressed as vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) in mg/100 g apple or mg/100 mL of the reference chemical compounds in 10 and 30 min using the ABTS(*)(-) and DPPH(*) scavenging assays, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of Gala apples and seven phenolic standards, determined by both ABTS(*)(-) and DPPH(*) scavenging assays, showed a dose-response of the first-order. Fresh Gala apples had a VCEAC of 205.4 +/- 5.6 mg/100 g using the ABTS assay, and the relative VCEACs of phenolic standards were as follows: gallic acid > quercetin > epicatechin > catechin > vitamin C > rutin > chlorogenic acid > Trolox. With the DPPH radical assay, the VCEAC of fresh Gala apples was 136.0 +/- 6.6 mg/100 g, and the relative VCEACs of seven phenolic standards were, in decreasing order, as follows: gallic acid > quercetin > epicatechin > catechin > or = vitamin C > Trolox > rutin > chlorogenic acid. Because the ABTS assay can be used in both organic and aqueous solvent systems, employs a specific absorbance at a wavelength remote from the visible region, and requires a short reaction time, it is a more desirable method than the DPPH assay. Therefore, it is recommended that antioxidant capacity be expressed as vitamin C mg/100 g equivalent (VCEAC) using the ABTS assay.
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Comparative Study |
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Iwata N, Tsubuki S, Takaki Y, Watanabe K, Sekiguchi M, Hosoki E, Kawashima-Morishima M, Lee HJ, Hama E, Sekine-Aizawa Y, Saido TC. Identification of the major Abeta1-42-degrading catabolic pathway in brain parenchyma: suppression leads to biochemical and pathological deposition. Nat Med 2000; 6:143-50. [PMID: 10655101 DOI: 10.1038/72237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) is a physiological peptide constantly anabolized and catabolized under normal conditions. We investigated the mechanism of catabolism by tracing multiple-radiolabeled synthetic peptide injected into rat hippocampus. The Abeta1-42 peptide underwent full degradation through limited proteolysis conducted by neutral endopeptidase (NEP) similar or identical to neprilysin as biochemically analyzed. Consistently, NEP inhibitor infusion resulted in both biochemical and pathological deposition of endogenous Abeta42 in brain. This NEP-catalyzed proteolysis therefore limits the rate of Abeta42 catabolism, up-regulation of which could reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease by preventing Abeta accumulation.
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Hallanger AE, Levey AI, Lee HJ, Rye DB, Wainer BH. The origins of cholinergic and other subcortical afferents to the thalamus in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1987; 262:105-24. [PMID: 2442206 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902620109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The origins of the cholinergic and other afferents of several thalamic nuclei were investigated in the rat by using the retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated-horseradish peroxidase in combination with the immunohistochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity. Small injections placed into the reticular, ventral, laterodorsal, lateroposterior, posterior, mediodorsal, geniculate, and intralaminar nuclei resulted in several distinct patterns of retrograde labelling. As expected, the appropriate specific sensory and motor-related subcortical structures were retrogradely labelled after injections into the principal thalamic nuclei. In addition, other basal forebrain and brainstem structures were also labelled, with their distribution dependent on the site of injection. A large percentage of these latter projections was cholinergic. In the brainstem, the cholinergic pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus was retrogradely labelled after all thalamic injections, suggesting that it provides a widespread innervation to the thalamus. Neurons of the cholinergic laterodorsal tegmental nucleus were retrogradely labelled after injections into the anterior, laterodorsal, central medial, and mediodorsal nuclei, suggesting that it provides a projection to limbic components of the thalamus. Significant basal forebrain labelling occurred only with injections into the reticular and mediodorsal nuclei. Only injections into the reticular nucleus resulted in retrograde labelling of the cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert. The results provide evidence for an organized system of thalamic afferents arising from cholinergic and noncholinergic structures in the brainstem and basal forebrain. The brainstem structures, especially the cholinergic pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, appear to project directly to principal thalamic nuclei, thereby providing a possible anatomical substrate for mediating the well-known facilitory effects of brainstem stimulation upon thalamocortical transmission.
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Rye DB, Saper CB, Lee HJ, Wainer BH. Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of the rat: cytoarchitecture, cytochemistry, and some extrapyramidal connections of the mesopontine tegmentum. J Comp Neurol 1987; 259:483-528. [PMID: 2885347 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902590403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTn) was originally defined on cytoarchitectonic grounds in humans. We have employed cytoarchitectonic, cytochemical, and connectional criteria to define a homologous cell group in the rat. A detailed cytoarchitectonic delineation of the mesopontine tegmentum, including the PPTn, was performed employing tissue stained for Nissl substance. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunostained tissue was then analyzed in order to investigate the relationship of cholinergic perikarya, dendritic arborizations, and axonal trajectories within this cytoarchitectonic scheme. To confirm some of our cytoarchitectonic delineations, the relationships between neuronal elements staining for ChAT and tyrosine hydroxylase were investigated on tissue stained immunohistochemically for the simultaneous demonstration of these two enzymes. The PPTn consists of large, multipolar neurons, all of which stain immunohistochemically for ChAT. It is present within cross-sections that also include the A-6 through A-9 catecholamine cell groups and is traversed by catecholaminergic axons within the dorsal tegmental bundle and central tegmental tract. The dendrites of PPTn neurons respect several nuclear boundaries and are oriented perpendicularly to several well-defined fiber tracts. Cholinergic axons ascend from the mesopontine tegmentum through the dorsal tegmental bundle and a more lateral dorsal ascending pathway. A portion of the latter terminates within the lateral geniculate nucleus. It has been widely believed that the PPTn is reciprocally connected with several extrapyramidal structures, including the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata. Therefore, the relationships of pallidotegmental and nigrotegmental pathways to the PPTn were investigated employing the anterograde autoradiographic methodology. The reciprocity of tegmental connections with the substantia nigra and entopeduncular nucleus was investigated employing combined WGA-HRP injections and ChAT immunohistochemistry. The pallido- and nigrotegmental terminal fields did not coincide with the PPTn, but, rather, were located just medial and dorsomedial to it (the midbrain extrapyramidal area). The midbrain extrapyramidal area, but not the PPTn, was reciprocally connected with the substantia nigra and entopeduncular nucleus. We discuss these results in light of other cytoarchitectonic, cytochemical, connectional, and physiologic studies of the functional anatomy of the mesopontine tegmentum.
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Zelefsky MJ, Fuks Z, Happersett L, Lee HJ, Ling CC, Burman CM, Hunt M, Wolfe T, Venkatraman ES, Jackson A, Skwarchuk M, Leibel SA. Clinical experience with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol 2000; 55:241-9. [PMID: 10869739 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(99)00100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare acute and late toxicities of high-dose radiation for prostate cancer delivered by either conventional three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) or intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Between September 1992 and February 1998, 61 patients with clinical stage T1c- T3 prostate cancer were treated with 3D-CRT and 171 with IMRT to a prescribed dose of 81 Gy. To quantitatively evaluate the differences between conventional 3D-CRT and IMRT, 20 randomly selected patients were planned concomitantly by both techniques and the resulting treatment plans were compared. Acute and late radiation-induced morbidity was evaluated in all patients and graded according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group toxicity scale. RESULTS Compared with conventional 3D-CRT, IMRT improved the coverage of the clinical target volume (CTV) by the prescription dose and reduced the volumes of the rectal and bladder walls carried to high dose levels (P<0.01), indicating improved conformality with IMRT. Acute and late urinary toxicities were not significantly different for the two methods. However, the combined rates of acute grade 1 and 2 rectal toxicities and the risk of late grade 2 rectal bleeding were significantly lower in the IMRT patients. The 2-year actuarial risk of grade 2 bleeding was 2% for IMRT and 10% for conventional 3D-CRT (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate the feasibility and safety of high-dose IMRT for patients with localized prostate cancer and provide a proof-of-principle that this method improves dose conformality relative to tumor coverage and exposure to normal tissues.
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Clinical Trial |
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Lee KW, Kim YJ, Lee HJ, Lee CY. Cocoa has more phenolic phytochemicals and a higher antioxidant capacity than teas and red wine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:7292-7295. [PMID: 14640573 DOI: 10.1021/jf0344385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Black tea, green tea, red wine, and cocoa are high in phenolic phytochemicals, among which theaflavin, epigallocatechin gallate, resveratrol, and procyanidin, respectively, have been extensively investigated due to their possible role as chemopreventive agents based on their antioxidant capacities. The present study compared the phenolic and flavonoid contents and total antioxidant capacities of cocoa, black tea, green tea, and red wine. Cocoa contained much higher levels of total phenolics (611 mg of gallic acid equivalents, GAE) and flavonoids (564 mg of epicatechin equivalents, ECE) per serving than black tea (124 mg of GAE and 34 mg of ECE, respectively), green tea (165 mg of GAE and 47 mg of ECE), and red wine (340 mg of GAE and 163 mg of ECE). Total antioxidant activities were measured using the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays and are expressed as vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacities (VCEACs). Cocoa exhibited the highest antioxidant activity among the samples in ABTS and DPPH assays, with VCEACs of 1128 and 836 mg/serving, respectively. The relative total antioxidant capacities of the samples in both assays were as follows in decreasing order: cocoa > red wine > green tea > black tea. The total antioxidant capacities from ABTS and DPPH assays were highly correlated with phenolic content (r2 = 0.981 and 0.967, respectively) and flavonoid content (r2 = 0.949 and 0.915). These results suggest that cocoa is more beneficial to health than teas and red wine in terms of its higher antioxidant capacity.
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Comparative Study |
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Cho ZH, Chung SC, Jones JP, Park JB, Park HJ, Lee HJ, Wong EK, Min BI. New findings of the correlation between acupoints and corresponding brain cortices using functional MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:2670-3. [PMID: 9482945 PMCID: PMC19456 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.5.2670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A preliminary study of the correlation between acupuncture points (acupoints) for the treatment of eye disorders suggested by ancient Oriental literature and the corresponding brain localization for vision described by Western medicine was performed by using functional MRI (fMRI). The vision-related acupoint (VA1) is located in the lateral aspect of the foot, and when acupuncture stimulation is performed there, activation of occipital lobes is seen by fMRI. Stimulation of the eye by directly using light results in similar activation in the occipital lobes by fMRI. The experiment was conducted by using conventional checkerboard 8-Hz light-flash stimulation of the eye and observation of the time-course data. This was followed by stimulation of the VA1 by using the same time-course paradigm as visual light stimulation. Results obtained with 12 volunteers yielded very clean data and very close correlations between visual and acupuncture stimulation. We have also stimulated nonacupoints 2 to 5 cm away from the vision-related acupoints on the foot as a control, and activation in the occipital lobes was not observed. The results obtained demonstrate the correlation between activation of specific areas of brain cortices and corresponding acupoint stimulation predicted by ancient acupuncture literature.
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research-article |
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Lee KW, Kim YJ, Kim DO, Lee HJ, Lee CY. Major phenolics in apple and their contribution to the total antioxidant capacity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:6516-20. [PMID: 14558772 DOI: 10.1021/jf034475w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of each phytochemical to the total antioxidant capacity of apples was determined. Major phenolic phytochemicals of six apple cultivars were identified and quantified, and their contributions to total antioxidant activity of apples were determined using a 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging assay and expressed as vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC). Average concentrations of major phenolics and vitamin C in six apple cultivars were as follows (mg/100 g of fresh weight of apples): quercetin glycosides, 13.20; procyanidin B(2), 9.35; chlorogenic acid, 9.02; epicatechin, 8.65; phloretin glycosides, 5.59; vitamin C, 12.80. A highly linear relationship (r (2) > 0.97) was attained between concentrations and total antioxidant capacity of phenolics and vitamin C. Relative VCEAC values of these compounds were in the order quercetin (3.06) > epicatechin (2.67) > procyanidin B(2) (2.36) > phloretin (1.63) > vitamin C (1.00) > chlorogenic acid (0.97). Therefore, the estimated contribution of major phenolics and vitamin C to the total antioxidant capacity of 100 g of fresh apples is as follows: quercetin (40.39 VCEAC) > epicatechin (23.10) > procyanidin B(2) (22.07) > vitamin C (12.80) > phloretin (9.11) > chlorogenic acid (8.75). These results indicate that flavonoids such as quercetin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B(2) rather than vitamin C contribute significantly to the total antioxidant activity of apples.
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Comparative Study |
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317 |
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Lee HJ, Shieh CK, Gorbalenya AE, Koonin EV, La Monica N, Tuler J, Bagdzhadzhyan A, Lai MM. The complete sequence (22 kilobases) of murine coronavirus gene 1 encoding the putative proteases and RNA polymerase. Virology 1991; 180:567-82. [PMID: 1846489 PMCID: PMC7131164 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90071-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The 5'-most gene, gene 1, of the genome of murine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), is presumed to encode the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. We have determined the complete sequence of this gene of the JHM strain by cDNA cloning and sequencing. The total length of this gene is 21,798 nucleotides long, which includes two overlapping, large open reading frames. The first open reading frame, ORF 1a, is 4488 amino acids long. The second open reading frame, ORF 1b, overlaps ORF 1a for 75 nucleotides, and is 2731 amino acids long. The overlapping region may fold into a pseudoknot RNA structure, similar to the corresponding region of the RNA of avian coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The in vitro transcription and translation studies of this region indicated that these two ORFs were most likely translated into one polyprotein by a ribosomal frameshifting mechanism. Thus, the predicted molecular weight of the gene 1 product is more than 800,000 Da. The sequence of ORF 1b is very similar to the corresponding ORF of IBV. In contrast, the ORF 1a of these two viruses differ in size and have a high degree of divergence. The amino acid sequence analysis suggested that ORF 1a contains several functional domains, including two hydrophobic, membrane-anchoring domains, and three cysteine-rich domains. It also contains a picornaviral 3C-like protease domain and two papain-like protease domains. The presence of these protease domains suggests that the polyprotein is most likely processed into multiple protein products. In contrast, the ORF 1b contains polymerase, helicase, and zinc-finger motifs. These sequence studies suggested that the MHV gene 1 product is involved in RNA synthesis, and that this product is processed autoproteolytically after translation. This study completes the sequence of the MHV genome, which is 31 kb long, and constitutes the largest viral RNA known.
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Bae JH, Bassenge E, Kim KB, Kim YN, Kim KS, Lee HJ, Moon KC, Lee MS, Park KY, Schwemmer M. Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia impairs endothelial function by enhanced oxidant stress. Atherosclerosis 2001; 155:517-23. [PMID: 11254924 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS it appears that hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a risk factor of atherosclerosis as demonstrated by recent studies. In this study, we analyzed the effects of acute HTG on endothelial function and oxidative stress, which are important mechanisms in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS in a high fat meal group (n = 11), serum triglycerides and PMA-activated leukocyte O(2)(-)* production were significantly (P < 0.005) increased from 146 +/- 69 mg/dl and 4.09 +/- 0.93 nmol/10(6) cells/min preprandially to 198 +/- 88 mg/dl and 5.49 +/- 1.19 nmol/10(6) cells/min, respectively, 2 h after eating a high-fat meal. The flow-mediated endothelium-dependent brachial artery dilation (FMD; high-resolution ultrasound) was decreased from 13.7 +/- 3.3% preprandially to 8.2 +/- 3.7%, 2 h after eating a high-fat meal (P < 0.005). However, following a low-fat meal (n = 9), there were no significant changes in triglycerides, leukocyte O(2)(-)* production and FMD. Changes of serum triglycerides were correlated negatively (r = -0.650, P < 0.005) with changes of FMD, but were correlated positively (r = 0.798, P < 0.001) with changes of leukocyte O(2)(-)* production, which - in turn - were correlated negatively (r = -0.784, P < 0.001) with changes of FMD in all study subjects (mean age: 56 years, n = 20). CONCLUSIONS this study suggests that acute HTG causes endothelial dysfunction via enhanced oxidant stress and this may pave the way for the development of atherosclerosis under chronic conditions.
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Seo AN, Lee HJ, Kim EJ, Kim HJ, Jang MH, Lee HE, Kim YJ, Kim JH, Park SY. Tumour-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes as an independent predictive factor for pathological complete response to primary systemic therapy in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:2705-13. [PMID: 24129232 PMCID: PMC3833219 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are known to be associated with response to primary systemic therapy (PST) in breast cancer. This study was conducted to assess the association of TIL subsets with pathological complete response (pCR) after PST in breast cancer in relation to breast cancer subtype, breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) phenotype and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Methods: The pre-chemotherapeutic biopsy specimens of 153 breast cancer patients who underwent surgical resection after anthracycline- or anthracycline/taxane-based PST were analysed. TIL subsets (CD4+, CD8+, and FOXP3+ TILs), BCSC phenotype, and the expression of EMT markers were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and were correlated with pCR after PST. Results: Infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes was closely correlated with BCSC phenotype and EMT. High levels of CD4+, CD8+, and FOXP3+ TILs were associated with pCR, and CD8+ TILs were found to be an independent predictive factor for pCR. In addition, CD8+ TILs were associated with pCR irrespective of breast cancer subtype, CD44+/CD24− phenotype, EMT, and chemotherapeutic regimen in subgroup analyses. Conclusion: These findings indicate that CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes are a key component of TILs associated with chemo-response and can be used as a reliable predictor of response to anthracycline- or anthracycline/taxane-based PST in breast cancer.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
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Valegård K, van Scheltinga AC, Lloyd MD, Hara T, Ramaswamy S, Perrakis A, Thompson A, Lee HJ, Baldwin JE, Schofield CJ, Hajdu J, Andersson I. Structure of a cephalosporin synthase. Nature 1998; 394:805-9. [PMID: 9723623 DOI: 10.1038/29575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Penicillins and cephalosporins are among the most widely used therapeutic agents. These antibiotics are produced from fermentation-derived materials as their chemical synthesis is not commercially viable. Unconventional steps in their biosynthesis are catalysed by Fe(II)-dependent oxidases/oxygenases; isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS) creates in one step the bicyclic nucleus of penicillins, and deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase (DAOCS) catalyses the expansion of the penicillin nucleus into the nucleus of cephalosporins. Both enzymes use dioxygen-derived ferryl intermediates in catalysis but, in contrast to IPNS, the ferryl form of DAOCS is produced by the oxidative splitting of a co-substrate, 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate). This route of controlled ferryl formation and reaction is common to many mononuclear ferrous enzymes, which participate in a broader range of reactions than their well-characterized counterparts, the haem enzymes. Here we report the first crystal structure of a 2-oxoacid-dependent oxygenase. High-resolution structures for apo-DAOCS, the enzyme complexed with Fe(II), and with Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate, were obtained from merohedrally twinned crystals. Using a model based on these structures, we propose a mechanism for ferryl formation.
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Rye DB, Lee HJ, Saper CB, Wainer BH. Medullary and spinal efferents of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and adjacent mesopontine tegmentum in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1988; 269:315-41. [PMID: 2453532 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902690302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The medullary and spinal efferents of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and adjacent mesopontine tegmentum were investigated by employing (1) the anterograde autoradiographic methodology and (2) the retrograde transport of HRP and/or WGA-HRP in combination with choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry. The anterograde experiments identified five descending pathways from the mesopontine tegmentum: (1) Probst's tract, which descends in the dorsolateral reticular formation in close relation to the nucleus of the solitary tract; (2) a ventrolateral branch of Probst's tract that extends ventrolaterally alongside the spinal trigeminal nucleus; (3) a ventromedial branch of Probst's tract that extends ventromedially through the gigantocellular field of the medulla; (4) the medial reticulospinal tract, which descends in parallel with the medial longitudinal fasciculus and turns ventrolaterally along the dorsal surface of the inferior olive to enter the ventrolateral funiculus of the spinal cord; and (5) a crossed ventromedial pathway, which descends in a ventral paramedian position through the magnocellular field of the medulla. The origins of these pathways reflected a rough lateral-to-medial topography of mesopontine tegmental cell groups. The parabrachial nucleus, situated furthest laterally, for example, projected primarily through Probst's tract and its ventrolateral branch. The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, midbrain extrapyramidal area, and the subceruleal region, situated more medially, projected descending axons largely through the ventromedial branch of Probst's tract. The pontine tegmental field, situated furthest medially and ventromedially, was the largest contributor to the medial reticulospinal tract. The retrograde transport experiments confirmed these general organizational features. The combination of retrograde transport with choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry established that the cholinergic pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus contributes a large portion to the mesopontine tegmental innervation of the medullary reticular formation. A much smaller number of cholinergic pedunculopontine neurons project as far as the spinal cord. Spinal projections from the mesopontine tegmentum originate largely from non-cholinergic neurons of the midbrain extrapyramidal area, subceruleal region, Kölliker-Fuse division of the parabrachial nucleus, and pontine tegmental field.
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Kim WS, Song SY, Ahn YC, Ko YH, Baek CH, Kim DY, Yoon SS, Lee HG, Kang WK, Lee HJ, Park CH, Park K. CHOP followed by involved field radiation: is it optimal for localized nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma? Ann Oncol 2001; 12:349-52. [PMID: 11332147 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011144911781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyse the treatment outcome of four cycles of CHOP (cyclophosphamide-vincristine-doxorubicin-prednisolone) followed by involved field radiation therapy (IF RT) for the treatment of stage I-II nasal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma. From March 1995 to December 1999, 17 patients (median age 41 years; range 30-66) with localized nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma were enrolled. B symptoms were noted in five patients (31%). Sixteen of seventeen patients (94%) were of low risk when classified according to the International Prognostic Index (IPI). The treatment plan consisted of four cycles of CHOP chemotherapy followed by IF RT of 45 Gy. Two patients received radiation during the first or second cycle of CHOP because of bleeding from the primary tumour site. Both patients achieved complete responses (CRs). In the remaining 15 patients, after 4 cycles of CHOP, 6 CRs and 3 partial responses (PRs) were achieved (53% of response rate). IF RT was given to six patients (four in CR, one in PR and one in PD), and all six patients achieved CR. Overall, CR was achieved in 10 of 17 patients (58%). The planned sequential chemoradiotherapy was completed in only 6 of 17 patients (35%) because of the progression during chemotherapy. None of the patients who achieved CR experienced relapse of lymphoma during follow-up. The estimated overall three-year survival rate was 59%. In univariate analysis, B symptoms and stage were significant prognostic factors for response and overall survival (P < 0.05). The present study suggests that four cycles of CHOP followed by IF RT is not satisfactory for treating patients with localized nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma, and that further exploration for improved therapy is needed.
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Kim J, Lee HJ, Lee KW. Naturally occurring phytochemicals for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2009; 112:1415-30. [PMID: 20050972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease increasingly recognized as one of the most important medical problems affecting the elderly. Although a number of drugs, including several cholinesterase inhibitors and an NMDA receptor antagonist, have been approved for use, they have been shown to produce diverse side effects and yield relatively modest benefits. To overcome these limitations of current therapeutics for AD, extensive research and development are underway to identify drugs that are effective and free of undesirable side effects. Certain naturally occurring dietary polyphenolic phytochemicals have received considerable recent attention as alternative candidates for AD therapy. In particular, curcumin, resveratrol, and green tea catechins have been suggested to have the potential to prevent AD because of their anti-amyloidogenic, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties. These polyphenolic phytochemicals also activate adaptive cellular stress responses, called 'neurohormesis', and suppress disease processes. In this commentary, we describe the amyloid-beta-induced pathogenesis of AD, and summarize the intracellular and molecular targets of selected dietary phytochemicals that might slow the progression of AD.
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Review |
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Kurata H, Lee HJ, O'Garra A, Arai N. Ectopic expression of activated Stat6 induces the expression of Th2-specific cytokines and transcription factors in developing Th1 cells. Immunity 1999; 11:677-88. [PMID: 10626890 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stat6 is critical for IL-4-mediated Th2 cell development, but its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here we constructed Stat6:ER, a Stat6-estrogen receptor fusion protein that can be activated by 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen, independently of IL-4 and endogenous Stat6. Retrovirus-mediated introduction of Stat6:ER into developing Th1 cells induced Th2-specific cytokines and suppressed IFNgamma production in a 4-HT-dependent manner and in the absence of IL-4. It also induced GATA-3 and c-maf expression and downregulated IL-12Rbeta2 chain expression. Its decreased ability to induce the Th2 phenotype with progressing Th1 cell commitment correlated with a decreased induction of GATA-3 and c-maf. This study indicates that Stat6 functions upstream of GATA-3 and c-Maf to induce Th2 development.
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Johnson OL, Cleland JL, Lee HJ, Charnis M, Duenas E, Jaworowicz W, Shepard D, Shahzamani A, Jones AJ, Putney SD. A month-long effect from a single injection of microencapsulated human growth hormone. Nat Med 1996; 2:795-9. [PMID: 8673926 DOI: 10.1038/nm0796-795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An injectable sustained-release form of human growth hormone (hGH) was developed by stabilizing and encapsulating the protein, without altering its integrity, into biodegradable microspheres using a novel cryogenic process. A single injection of microspheres in monkeys resulted in elevated serum levels of recombinant hGH (rhGH) for more than one month. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its binding protein IGFBP-3, both of which are induced by hGH, were also elevated for four weeks by the rhGH containing microspheres to a level greater than that induced by the same amount of rhGH administered by daily injections. These results show that, by using appropriate methods of stabilization and encapsulation, the advantages of sustained-release formulations previously demonstrated for low-molecular-weight drugs can now be extended to protein therapeutics.
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Chang C, Saltzman A, Yeh S, Young W, Keller E, Lee HJ, Wang C, Mizokami A. Androgen receptor: an overview. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 1995; 5:97-125. [PMID: 8845584 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v5.i2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The action of androgens in regulating development and growth is mediated by androgen receptor (AR). AR is a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily, a class of receptors that function through their ability to regulate the transcription of specific genes. The AR is located in various target tissues, with its levels and activity altered with the onset of various cellular events (e.g., sexual development, malignant transformation). The modulation of AR levels occurs through a number of mechanisms, including transcription, and is regulated by various factors (e.g., androgens). The ability of AR to modulate gene transcription is through its interaction with specific DNA sequences located near or within the target gene promoter. The importance of the AR in reproductive physiology has been emphasized by the finding of AR mutations, leading to a variety of disorders, including testicular feminization syndrome. In this article, we review the structure and function of AR and the role AR plays in the function of the mammalian system.
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Khan MA, Lee HJ, Lee WS, Kim HS, Kim SB, Ki KS, Ha JK, Lee HG, Choi YJ. Pre- and Postweaning Performance of Holstein Female Calves Fed Milk Through Step-Down and Conventional Methods. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:876-85. [PMID: 17235164 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(07)71571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Milk consumption, dry feed intake, body weight (BW) gain, occurrence of diarrhea, and selected blood metabolites were studied in female Holstein calves fed milk either through conventional or step-down (STEP) methods. In conventional method, the calves (n = 20) were fed colostrum and then milk at the rate of 10% of BW for the entire period of 45 d. In STEP method, the calves (n = 20) were given colostrum and then milk for 25 d at the rate of 20% of BW, which was reduced (between d 26 to 30) to 10% of BW for the remaining 15 d. The calves fed through conventional and STEP methods were weaned gradually by diluting milk with water between d 46 and 50. Feed intake and BW of the calves were monitored until 90 d of age. The STEP calves consumed 92.3, 19.4, and 62.4% more milk than conventionally fed calves during pre-STEP (d 1 to 30), post-STEP (d 31 to 50), and preweaning (d 1 to 50) periods, respectively. Consumption of starter and hay were greater during the pre-STEP period and lesser during the post-STEP and postweaning (d 51 to 90) periods in calves provided milk using conventional method compared with STEP-fed calves. Body weight gain, dry matter intake, and feed efficiency of calves were greater in those on the STEP method than on the conventional method. Lesser blood glucose and greater blood urea nitrogen at weaning (d 50) and postweaning (d 60) possibly indicated a better functioning rumen in calves fed milk through The STEP method than those fed conventionally. Occurrence of diarrhea was higher during wk 3 and 4 of age in calves fed milk through conventional method compared with STEP-fed calves. In conclusion, STEP milk feeding may prevent the problems of depressed solid feed intake associated with ad libitum milk feeding and of poor BW gain with conventional milk feeding in dairy calves.
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Yoo KM, Lee KW, Park JB, Lee HJ, Hwang IK. Variation in major antioxidants and total antioxidant activity of Yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb ex Tanaka) during maturation and between cultivars. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:5907-5913. [PMID: 15366841 DOI: 10.1021/jf0498158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that a high consumption of fruits can reduce the risk of some cancers and cardiovascular disease, and this may be attributable to the antioxidant activity of vitamins and phenolic compounds. The present study investigated the variations in vitamin C, total phenolic, hesperidin, and naringin contents, and total antioxidant activity of yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb ex Tanaka)-which is a popular citrus fruit in Korea and Japan-between cultivars and during maturity. The amounts of phenolics and vitamin C and the antioxidant activity in all tested yuzu cultivars were higher in peel than in flesh. Ripening increased the total antioxidant activity and vitamin C content in both peel and flesh of yuzu. However, the amounts of all total phenolics, hesperidin, and naringin in peel increased with ripening, whereas they decreased slightly in flesh. There was a highly linear relationship between the vitamin C content and the total antioxidant activity in both peel (r(2) = 1.000) and flesh (r(2) =0.998), suggesting that vitamin C plays a key role in the antioxidant activity of yuzu. In addition, the contribution of each antioxidant to the total antioxidant activity of yuzu was determined using a 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging assay and is expressed here in terms of the vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC). The means of vitamin C, naringin, and hesperidin in yuzu were 90.4, 63.8, and 65.7 mg/100 g fresh yuzu, respectively. The relative VCEAC values of these compounds were in the following order: vitamin C (1.00) > naringin (0.195) > hesperidin (0.162). Therefore, the estimated contribution of each antioxidant to the total antioxidant capacity of 100 g of fresh yuzus is as follows (in mg of VCEAC): vitamin C (90.36 mg) > naringin (12.44 mg) > hesperidin (10.64 mg). Our results indicate that mature yuzu contains higher amounts of vitamin C and phenolics than other citrus fruits and could therefore be used as a significant dietary source of antioxidants.
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Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography (US) are ideally suited for demonstrating urachal remnant diseases. A patent urachus is demonstrated at longitudinal US and occasionally at CT as a tubular connection between the anterosuperior aspect of the bladder and the umbilicus. An umbilical-urachal sinus manifests at US as a thickened tubular structure along the midline below the umbilicus. A vesicourachal diverticulum is usually discovered incidentally at axial CT, appearing as a midline cystic lesion just above the anterosuperior aspect of the bladder. At US, it manifests as an extraluminally protruding, fluid-filled sac that does not communicate with the umbilicus. Urachal cysts manifest at both modalities as a noncommunicating, fluid-filled cavity in the midline lower abdominal wall located just beneath the umbilicus or above the bladder. Both infected urachal cysts and urachal carcinomas commonly display increased echogenicity at US and thick-walled cystic or mixed attenuation at CT, making it difficult to differentiate between them. Percutaneous needle biopsy or fluid aspiration is usually needed for diagnosis and therapeutic planning. Nevertheless, CT and US can help identify most disease entities originating from the urachal remnant in the anterior abdominal wall. Understanding the anatomy and the imaging features of urachal remnant diseases is essential for correct diagnosis and proper management.
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Khan MA, Lee HJ, Lee WS, Kim HS, Ki KS, Hur TY, Suh GH, Kang SJ, Choi YJ. Structural growth, rumen development, and metabolic and immune responses of Holstein male calves fed milk through step-down and conventional methods. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:3376-87. [PMID: 17582123 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Structural growth, feed consumption, rumen development, metabolic response, and immune response were studied in Holstein calves fed milk through either a conventional method or a step-down (STEP) method. In the conventional method, calves (n = 20) were fed colostrum and then milk at a rate of 10% of their BW for the entire period of 44 d. In the STEP method, calves (n = 20) were given colostrum and then milk at a rate of 20% of their BW for 23 d, which was reduced (between d 24 to 28) to 10% of their BW for the remaining 16 d. The calves on both methods were weaned gradually by diluting milk with water between d 45 and 49. After weaning, feed consumption, structural growth, and body weight gain were monitored until calves were 63 d of age. At d 63, twelve calves (6/treatment) were euthanized and rumen papillae length, papillae width, rumen wall thickness, and emptied forestomach weight were recorded. At wk 4, 7, and 9, ruminal contents were collected to enumerate rumen metabolites. The STEP-fed calves consumed a greater amount of milk than conventionally fed calves during the pre-STEP (d 1 to 28), post-STEP (d 29 to 49), and preweaning (d 1 to 49) periods. Consumption of starter and hay was greater during the pre-STEP period and lesser during the post-STEP and postweaning (d 50 to 63) periods in calves on the conventional method than on the STEP method. Body weight gain and structural growth measurements of calves were greater on the STEP method than on the conventional method. A hypophagic condition caused by greater milk consumption depressed solid feed intake of STEP-fed calves during the pre-STEP period, and a hyperphagic response caused by a reduced nutrient supply from milk triggered their consumption of solid feed during the post-STEP and postweaning periods. Ruminal pH and concentrations of ammonia, total volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate, butyrate, and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate were higher in calves on the STEP method and at weaning and postweaning (d 63) were lower in calves on the conventional method. Emptied weight of the forestomach, rumen wall thickness, papillae length, papillae width, and papillae concentration were higher in calves on the STEP method than in those on the conventional method. Blood glucose was lower, and blood urea nitrogen and beta-hydroxybutyrate at weaning and postweaning were higher in STEP-fed calves. Serum IgG, IgA, and triglycerides for 1, 2, and 3 wk of age were higher in calves on the STEP method than in those on the conventional method. In conclusion, greater feed consumption, BW gain, and structural growth, and a more metabolically and physically developed rumen were observed in calves on the STEP method than in those on the conventional method.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
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Abstract
A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was used to manipulate the bonding of a carbon monoxide (CO) molecule and to analyze the structure and vibrational properties of individual products. Individual iron (Fe) atoms were evaporated and coadsorbed with CO molecules on a silver (110) surface at 13 kelvin. A CO molecule was transferred from the surface to the STM tip and bonded with an Fe atom to form Fe(CO). A second CO molecule was similarly transferred and bonded with Fe(CO) to form Fe(CO)(2). Controlled bond formation and characterization at the single-bond level probe chemistry at the spatial limit.
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Park JH, Jonas SF, Bataillon G, Criscitiello C, Salgado R, Loi S, Viale G, Lee HJ, Dieci MV, Kim SB, Vincent-Salomon A, Curigliano G, André F, Michiels S. Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 2019; 30:1941-1949. [PMID: 31566659 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs) have been considered an important prognostic factor in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), there have been limited data on their prognostic value in the absence of adjuvant chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS A pooled analysis was carried out using four cohorts of TNBC patients not treated with chemotherapy. sTILs were evaluated in the most representative tumoral block of surgical specimens. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for invasive disease-free survival (iDFS), distant disease-free survival (D-DFS), and overall survival (OS), fitting sTILs as a continuous variable adjusted for clinicopathologic factors. RESULTS We analyzed individual data of 476 patients from 4 centers diagnosed between 1989 and 2015. Their median age was 64 years. The median tumor size was 1.6 cm and 83% were node-negative. The median level of sTILs was 10% (Q1-Q3, 4%-30%). Higher grade was associated with higher sTILs (P < 10-3). During follow-up, 107 deaths, and 173 and 118 events for iDFS and D-DFS were observed, respectively. In the multivariable analysis, sTILs obtained an independent prognostic value for all end points (likelihood ratio χ2 = 7.14 for iDFS; P < 10-2; χ2 = 9.63 for D-DFS, P < 10-2; χ2 = 5.96 for OS, P = 0.015). Each 10% increment in sTILs corresponded to a hazard ratio of 0.90 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82 - 0.97] for iDFS, 0.86 (95% CI 0.77 - 0.95) for D-DFS, and 0.88 (95% CI 0.79 - 0.98) for OS, respectively. In patients with pathological stage I tumors with sTILs ≥30% (n = 74), 5-year iDFS was 91% (95% CI 84% to 96%), D-DFS was 97% (95% CI 93% to 100%), and OS was 98% (95% CI 95% to 100%). CONCLUSION sTILs add important prognostic information in systemically untreated early-stage TNBC patients. Notably, sTILs can identify a subset of stage I TNBC patients with an excellent prognosis without adjuvant chemotherapy.
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