Characterization of Risk Factors for Modeling of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Induced by a High-Fat Diet in C57BL/6 Mice

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. C57BL/6 mice prone to obesity and leptin resistance were kept on a high-fat diet for 21 weeks. The animals showed a significant increase in fasting and postprandial glucose levels and body weight, the development of insulin resistance, and by week 18, an increase in the serum TNFα level. Metformin therapy at a dose of 250 mg/kg was effective against the background of disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism: animals showed a significant decrease in insulin resistance and TNFα level.

Nurses' Attitude Towards Various Hand Hygiene Products. Soap vs Antiseptics

BACKGROUND

According to the latest recommendations of WHO, in most situations requiring hands treatment, alcohol-based skin antiseptics should be used. This study is aimed to determine the awareness and preferences of nurses in the city of Moscow regarding the choice of methods regarding hand hygiene treatment and the factors influencing this choice.

STUDY DESIGN

Using the specially designed questionnaire, 184 nurses working in Moscow hospitals were interviewed to find out the attitude of nurses to various methods of hand hygiene.

METHODS

The questionnaire was developed on the basis of WHO Recommendations and Russian Recommendations. The survey was conducted from May 2017 to July 2017. To confirm the statistical significance of the identified associations a chi-square test was used. To find the 95% confidence interval to the relative values the Clopper-Pearson method was used.

RESULTS

Only 3 (1.63%) of respondents indicated that they use antiseptic as the most frequently used hand hygiene product, 27 (14.67%) use liquid soap more often, 153 (83.15%) indicated that they use soap and antiseptic with equal frequency. In none of the standard situations we examined the use of antiseptic was the most frequent choice. Only in three cases antiseptic was chosen more often than soap - before and after manipulations with wounds and catheters (36.96%) or before performing invasive procedures (36.41%) and after contact with biological material (29.35%). At the same time nurses with more than 15 years of experience have preferred antiseptic.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the study it can be assumed that despite the implementation of the Russian guidelines on hand hygiene developed according to WHO recommendations, nurses prefer the traditional method of washing hands with soap. This suggests that in the current conditions additional measures are needed to train nurses and to monitor their work.

[LH, FSH and progesterone level in the blood plasma of women with normal menstrual cycle]

Luteinizing hormone (LH), folliculostimulating hormone (FSH) and progesterone were studied by the radioimmunoassay in a group of 10 women throughout a normal menstrual cycle. The LH and the FSH peak occurs at the middle of the cycle. At the early follicular phase the FSH level was higher than that of the LH. During the follicular and the lutein phases the plasma progesterone level was 0.65 +/- 0.12 ng/ml and 12.4 +/- 2.3 ng/ml, respectively. The laboratory criteria of the normal ovular cycle are: a) a mid-cycle LH peak; b) plasma progesterone level at the lutein phase were 10-15 times greater than at the follicular one; c) progesterone peak at the mid-lutein phase; d) the duration of the lutein phase of 12-15 days.