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Liu Y, Jesus AA, Marrero B, Yang D, Ramsey SE, Sanchez GAM, Tenbrock K, Wittkowski H, Jones OY, Kuehn HS, Lee CCR, DiMattia MA, Cowen EW, Gonzalez B, Palmer I, DiGiovanna JJ, Biancotto A, Kim H, Tsai WL, Trier AM, Huang Y, Stone DL, Hill S, Kim HJ, St Hilaire C, Gurprasad S, Plass N, Chapelle D, Horkayne-Szakaly I, Foell D, Barysenka A, Candotti F, Holland SM, Hughes JD, Mehmet H, Issekutz AC, Raffeld M, McElwee J, Fontana JR, Minniti CP, Moir S, Kastner DL, Gadina M, Steven AC, Wingfield PT, Brooks SR, Rosenzweig SD, Fleisher TA, Deng Z, Boehm M, Paller AS, Goldbach-Mansky R. Activated STING in a vascular and pulmonary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:507-518. [PMID: 25029335 PMCID: PMC4174543 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1312625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 910] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of autoinflammatory diseases has uncovered mechanisms underlying cytokine dysregulation and inflammation. METHODS We analyzed the DNA of an index patient with early-onset systemic inflammation, cutaneous vasculopathy, and pulmonary inflammation. We sequenced a candidate gene, TMEM173, encoding the stimulator of interferon genes (STING), in this patient and in five unrelated children with similar clinical phenotypes. Four children were evaluated clinically and immunologically. With the STING ligand cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), we stimulated peripheral-blood mononuclear cells and fibroblasts from patients and controls, as well as commercially obtained endothelial cells, and then assayed transcription of IFNB1, the gene encoding interferon-β, in the stimulated cells. We analyzed IFNB1 reporter levels in HEK293T cells cotransfected with mutant or nonmutant STING constructs. Mutant STING leads to increased phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), so we tested the effect of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors on STAT1 phosphorylation in lymphocytes from the affected children and controls. RESULTS We identified three mutations in exon 5 of TMEM173 in the six patients. Elevated transcription of IFNB1 and other gene targets of STING in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from the patients indicated constitutive activation of the pathway that cannot be further up-regulated with stimulation. On stimulation with cGAMP, fibroblasts from the patients showed increased transcription of IFNB1 but not of the genes encoding interleukin-1 (IL1), interleukin-6 (IL6), or tumor necrosis factor (TNF). HEK293T cells transfected with mutant constructs show elevated IFNB1 reporter levels. STING is expressed in endothelial cells, and exposure of these cells to cGAMP resulted in endothelial activation and apoptosis. Constitutive up-regulation of phosphorylated STAT1 in patients' lymphocytes was reduced by JAK inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) is an autoinflammatory disease caused by gain-of-function mutations in TMEM173. (Funded by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00059748.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - A A Jesus
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - B Marrero
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - D Yang
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - S E Ramsey
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - G A Montealegre Sanchez
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - K Tenbrock
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - H Wittkowski
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - O Y Jones
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - H S Kuehn
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - C-C R Lee
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - M A DiMattia
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - E W Cowen
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - B Gonzalez
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - I Palmer
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - J J DiGiovanna
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - A Biancotto
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - H Kim
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - W L Tsai
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - A M Trier
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - Y Huang
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - D L Stone
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - S Hill
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - H J Kim
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - C St Hilaire
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - S Gurprasad
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - N Plass
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - D Chapelle
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - I Horkayne-Szakaly
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - D Foell
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - A Barysenka
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - F Candotti
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - S M Holland
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - J D Hughes
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - H Mehmet
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - A C Issekutz
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - M Raffeld
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - J McElwee
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - J R Fontana
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - C P Minniti
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - S Moir
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - D L Kastner
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - M Gadina
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - A C Steven
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - P T Wingfield
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - S R Brooks
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - S D Rosenzweig
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - T A Fleisher
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - Z Deng
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - M Boehm
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - A S Paller
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - R Goldbach-Mansky
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
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Liu Y, Jesus AA, Marrero B, Yang D, Ramsey SE, Sanchez GAM, Tenbrock K, Wittkowski H, Jones OY, Kuehn HS, Lee CCR, DiMattia MA, Cowen EW, Gonzalez B, Palmer I, DiGiovanna JJ, Biancotto A, Kim H, Tsai WL, Trier AM, Huang Y, Stone DL, Hill S, Kim HJ, St Hilaire C, Gurprasad S, Plass N, Chapelle D, Horkayne-Szakaly I, Foell D, Barysenka A, Candotti F, Holland SM, Hughes JD, Mehmet H, Issekutz AC, Raffeld M, McElwee J, Fontana JR, Minniti CP, Moir S, Kastner DL, Gadina M, Steven AC, Wingfield PT, Brooks SR, Rosenzweig SD, Fleisher TA, Deng Z, Boehm M, Paller AS, Goldbach-Mansky R. Activated STING in a vascular and pulmonary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2014. [PMID: 25029335 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1312625)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of autoinflammatory diseases has uncovered mechanisms underlying cytokine dysregulation and inflammation. METHODS We analyzed the DNA of an index patient with early-onset systemic inflammation, cutaneous vasculopathy, and pulmonary inflammation. We sequenced a candidate gene, TMEM173, encoding the stimulator of interferon genes (STING), in this patient and in five unrelated children with similar clinical phenotypes. Four children were evaluated clinically and immunologically. With the STING ligand cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP), we stimulated peripheral-blood mononuclear cells and fibroblasts from patients and controls, as well as commercially obtained endothelial cells, and then assayed transcription of IFNB1, the gene encoding interferon-β, in the stimulated cells. We analyzed IFNB1 reporter levels in HEK293T cells cotransfected with mutant or nonmutant STING constructs. Mutant STING leads to increased phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), so we tested the effect of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors on STAT1 phosphorylation in lymphocytes from the affected children and controls. RESULTS We identified three mutations in exon 5 of TMEM173 in the six patients. Elevated transcription of IFNB1 and other gene targets of STING in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from the patients indicated constitutive activation of the pathway that cannot be further up-regulated with stimulation. On stimulation with cGAMP, fibroblasts from the patients showed increased transcription of IFNB1 but not of the genes encoding interleukin-1 (IL1), interleukin-6 (IL6), or tumor necrosis factor (TNF). HEK293T cells transfected with mutant constructs show elevated IFNB1 reporter levels. STING is expressed in endothelial cells, and exposure of these cells to cGAMP resulted in endothelial activation and apoptosis. Constitutive up-regulation of phosphorylated STAT1 in patients' lymphocytes was reduced by JAK inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) is an autoinflammatory disease caused by gain-of-function mutations in TMEM173. (Funded by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00059748.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - A A Jesus
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - B Marrero
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - D Yang
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - S E Ramsey
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - G A Montealegre Sanchez
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - K Tenbrock
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - H Wittkowski
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - O Y Jones
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - H S Kuehn
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - C-C R Lee
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - M A DiMattia
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - E W Cowen
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - B Gonzalez
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - I Palmer
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - J J DiGiovanna
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - A Biancotto
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - H Kim
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - W L Tsai
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - A M Trier
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - Y Huang
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - D L Stone
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - S Hill
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - H J Kim
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - C St Hilaire
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - S Gurprasad
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - N Plass
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - D Chapelle
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - I Horkayne-Szakaly
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - D Foell
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - A Barysenka
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - F Candotti
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - S M Holland
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - J D Hughes
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - H Mehmet
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - A C Issekutz
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - M Raffeld
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - J McElwee
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - J R Fontana
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - C P Minniti
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - S Moir
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - D L Kastner
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - M Gadina
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - A C Steven
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - P T Wingfield
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - S R Brooks
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - S D Rosenzweig
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - T A Fleisher
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - Z Deng
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - M Boehm
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - A S Paller
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
| | - R Goldbach-Mansky
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (Y.L., A.A.J., B.M., G.A.M.S., M.A.D., I.P., H.K., W.L.T., A.M.T., Y.H., N.P., D.C., M.G., A.C.S., P.T.W., S.R.B., Z.D., R.G-M.), National Cancer Institute (C.-C.R.L., E.W.C., J.J.D., M.R.), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.Y., A. Biancotto, C.S.H., J.R.F., C.P.M., M.B.), Department of Laboratory Medicine (H.S.K., S.G., S.D.R., T.A.F.), National Human Genome Research Institute (D.L.S., F.C., D.L.K.), Department of Radiology and Imaging Services (S.H.), National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (H.J.K.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., S.M.) - all at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (O.Y.J., I.H.-S.) - both in Bethesda, MD; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada (S.E.R., A.C.I.); Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen (K.T.), and University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster (H.W., D.F., A. Barysenka) - both in Germany; Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile (B.G.); Merck Research Laboratories, Boston (J.D.H., H.M., J.M.); and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (A.S.P.)
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Komlosh ME, Özarslan E, Lizak MJ, Horkayne-Szakaly I, Freidlin RZ, Horkay F, Basser PJ. Mapping average axon diameters in porcine spinal cord white matter and rat corpus callosum using d-PFG MRI. Neuroimage 2013; 78:210-6. [PMID: 23583426 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of microstructural features of nerve fascicles, such as their axon diameter, is crucial for understanding normal function in the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as assessing changes due to pathologies. In this study double-pulsed field gradient (d-PFG) filtered MRI was used to map the average axon diameter (AAD) in porcine spinal cord, which was then compared to AADs measured with optical microscopy of the same specimen, as a way to further validate this new MRI method. A novel 3D d-PFG acquisition scheme was used to obtain AADs in each voxel of a coronal slice of rat brain corpus callosum. AAD measurements were also acquired using optical microscopy performed on histological sections and validated using a glass capillary array phantom.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Komlosh
- Section on Tissue Biophysics and Biomimetics, PPITS, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Alexandru D, Satyadev R, So W, Lee SH, Lee YS, Hong YK, Kang CS, Rodgers SD, Marascalchi BJ, Strom RG, Riina H, Samadani U, Frempong-Boadu A, Babu R, Sen C, Zagzag D, Anderson MD, Abel TW, Moots PL, Odia Y, Orr BA, Eberhart CG, Rodriguez F, Sweis RT, Lavingia J, Connelly J, Cochran E, van den Bent M, Hartmann C, Preusser M, Strobel T, Dubbink HJ, Kros JM, von Deimling A, Boisselier B, Sanson M, Halling KC, Diefes KL, Aldape K, Giannini C, Rodriguez FJ, Ligon AH, Horkayne-Szakaly I, Rushing EJ, Ligon KL, Vena N, Garcia DI, Douglas Cameron J, Eberhart CG, Raghunathan A, Wani K, Armstrong TS, Vera-Bolanos E, Fouladi M, Gajjar A, Goldman S, Lehman NL, Metellus P, Mikkelsen T, Necesito-Reyes MJT, Omuro A, Packer RJ, Partap S, Pollack IF, Prados MD, Ian Robbins H, Soffietti R, Wu J, Gilbert MR, Aldape KD, Prosniak M, Harshyne LA, Andrews DW, Craig Hooper D, Kagawa N, Hosen N, Kijima N, Hirayama R, Chiba Y, Yamamoto F, Kinoshita M, Hashimoto N, Fujimoto Y, Yoshimine T, Hu J, Nuno M, Patil C, Rudnick J, Phuphanich S, Bannykh S, Chu R, Yu J, Black K, Choi J, Kim D, Shim KW, Kim SH, Kanno H, Nishihara H, Tanaka S, Nishihara H, Yanagi T, Kanno H, Tanaka S, Buczkowicz P, Khuong-Quang DA, Rakopoulos P, Bouffet E, Morrison A, Bartels U, Pfister SM, Jabado N, Hawkins C, Weinberg BD, Newell KL, Kumar P, Wang F, Venneti S, Madden M, Coyne T, Phillips J, Gorovets D, Huse J, Kofler J, Lu C, Tihan T, Sullivan L, Santi M, Judkins A, Thompson C, Perry A, Iorgulescu JB, Laufer I, Hameed M, Lis E, Boland P, Komotar R, Bilsky M, Amato-Watkins AC, Neal J, Rees AD, Davies JS, Hayhurst C, Lu-Emerson C, Snuderl M, Davidson C, Kirkpatrick ND, Huang Y, Duda DG, Ancukiewicz M, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Batchelor TT, Jain RK, Ellezam B, Theeler BJ, Sadighi ZS, Mehta V, Tran MDT, Adesina AM, Puduvalli VK, Bruner JM. CLIN-PATHOLOGY. Neuro Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- J.G. Smirniotopoulos
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences; Washington, USA
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda; Washington, USA
- Department of Radiologic Pathology; Washington, USA
| | - A.B. Smith
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences; Washington, USA
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda; Washington, USA
| | - E. Rushing
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda; Washington, USA
- Department of Neuropathology and Ophthalmic Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; Washington, USA
| | - F.M. Murphy
- Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda; Washington, USA
| | - I. Horkayne-Szakaly
- Department of Neuropathology and Ophthalmic Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; Washington, USA
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