Diabetes care: Comparison of patients' and healthcare professionals' assessment using the PACIC instrument

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVE

Whereas the Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) instrument measures the extent to which care received by patients is congruent with the Chronic Care Model, the 5As model emphasizes self-management and community resources, 2 key components of the Chronic Care Model. We aimed at comparing evaluation of diabetes care, as reported by patients with diabetes and healthcare professionals (HCPs), using these instruments.

METHODS

Two independent samples, patients with diabetes (n = 395) and HCPs (including primary and secondary care physicians and nurses; n = 287), responded to the 20-item PACIC and the six 5As model questions. The PACIC-5A (questions scored on a 5-point scale, 1 = never to 5 = always) was adapted for HCPs (modified-PACIC-5A). In both samples, means and standard deviations for each question as well as proportions of responses to each response modality were computed, and an overall score was calculated for the 20-item PACIC.

RESULTS

Patients' and HCPs' overall scores were 2.6 (SD 0.9) and 3.6 (SD 0.5), respectively, with HCPs reporting higher scores for all questions except 1. Patients' education and self-management, referral/follow-up and participation in community programs were rated as low by patients and HCPs.

CONCLUSION

Healthcare professionals, particularly diabetes specialists, tended to report better PACIC scores than patients, suggesting that care was not reported similarly when received or provided. Evaluation differences might be reduced by a closer collaboration between patients and HCPs, as well as the implementation of community-based interventions considering more patients' perspectives such as patients' education and self-management.

[Implementation of a diabetes disease management program in Switzerland: patients' and healthcare professionals' point of view]

BACKGROUND

A reorganization of healthcare systems is required to meet the challenge of the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, e.g. diabetes. In North-America and Europe, several countries have thus developed national or regional chronic disease management programs. In Switzerland, such initiatives have only emerged recently. In 2010, the canton of Vaud set up the "Diabetes Cantonal Program", within the framework of which we conducted a study designed to ascertain the opinions of both diabetic patients and healthcare professionals on the elements that could be integrated into this program, the barriers and facilitators to its development, and the incentives that could motivate these actors to participate.

METHODS

We organized eight focus-groups: one with diabetic patients and one with healthcare professionals in the four sanitary areas of the canton of Vaud. The discussions were recorded, transcribed and submitted to a thematic content analysis.

RESULTS

Patients and healthcare professionals were rather in favour of the implementation of a cantonal program, although patients were more cautious concerning its necessity. All participants envisioned a set of elements that could be integrated to this program. They also considered that the program could be developed more easily if it were adapted to patients' and professionals' needs and if it used existing structures and professionals. The difficulty to motivate both patients and professionals to participate was mentioned as a barrier to the development of this program however. Quality or financial incentives could therefore be created to overcome this potential problem.

CONCLUSION

The identification of the elements to consider, barriers, facilitators and incentives to participate to a chronic disease management program, obtained by exploring the opinions of patients and healthcare professionals, should favour its further development and implementation.

Diabetes care: Opinions, needs and proposed solutions of Swiss patients and healthcare professionals: a qualitative study

AIMS

To explore, both among patients with diabetes and healthcare professionals, opinions on current diabetes care and the development of the "Regional Diabetes Program".

METHODS

We employed qualitative methods (focus groups - FG) and used purposive sampling strategy to recruit patients with diabetes and healthcare professionals. We conducted one diabetic and one professional FG in each of the four health regions of the canton of Vaud/Switzerland. The eight FGs were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was then undertaken.

RESULTS

Results showed variability in the perception of the quality of diabetes care, pointed to insufficient information regarding diabetes, and lack of collaboration. Participants also evoked patients' difficulties for self-management, as well as professionals' and patients' financial concerns. Proposed solutions included reinforcing existing structures, developing self-management education, and focusing on comprehensive and coordinated care, communication and teamwork. Patients and professionals were in favour of a "Regional Diabetes Program" tailored to the actors' needs, and viewed it as a means to reinforce existing care delivery.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients and professionals pointed out similar problems and solutions but explored them differently. Combined with coming quantitative data, these results should help to further develop, adapt and implement the "Regional Diabetes Program".

The association between body mass index and patients' experiences with inpatient care

OBJECTIVE

To explore the association between patients' body mass index (BMI) and their experiences with inpatient care.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional. Mail survey.

SETTING

University Hospital of Geneva.

PARTICIPANTS

Questionnaires were mailed to 2385 eligible adult patients, 6 weeks after discharge (response rate = 69%).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Patients' experiences with care were measured using the Picker inpatient survey questionnaire. BMI was calculated using self-reported height and weight. Main dependent variables were the global Picker patient experience (PPE-15) score and nine dimension-specific problem scores, scored from 0 (no reported problems) to 1 (all items coded as problems). We used linear regressions, adjusting for age, gender, education, subjective health, smoking and hospitalization, to assess the association between patients' BMI and their experiences with inpatient care.

RESULTS

Of the patients, 4.8% were underweight, 50.8% had normal weight, 30.3% were overweight and 14.1% were obese. Adjusted analysis shows that compared with normal weight, obesity was significantly associated with fewer problematic items in the surgery-related information domain, and being underweight or overweight was associated with more problematic items in the involvement of family/friends domain. The global PPE-15 score was significantly higher (more problems) for underweight patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Underweight patients, but not obese patients, reported more problems during hospitalization.

Chronic disease prevention and management program for diabetic patients in the canton of Vaud (Switzerland)

Background and problem statement

Diabetes constitutes a major burden for communities in terms of morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. The canton of Vaud plans to implement a prevention and chronic disease management program for diabetes.

Methods

Meetings gathering cantonal and academic specialists in prevention and public health, GPs and specialists in diabetology (private practices and hospitals), representatives of para-medical and hospital professionals, from patients' associations and insurance companies have allowed to define the aims and main action lines of the program.

Results

Four objectives were defined: 1) general population: increase knowledge on diabetes and risk factors, reduce the prevalence of glucose intolerance and undiagnosed diabetes; 2) diabetic patients: promote self-management education, and coordinated, integrated evidence-based care stratified according to disease severity and patients' needs; 3) healthcare professionals: reinforce information and education for better diabetic care; 4) authorities and partners: implement a surveillance system. Working groups determined provisional measures.

Conclusions

This preparatory work will enable the development and implementation of the diabetes program. This project, innovative for Switzerland, represents a tremendous opportunity for all healthcare stakeholders of the canton to work together towards a common goal: improving the state of health and healthcare of diabetic patients.

Appropriateness of colonoscopy in Europe (EPAGE II). Presentation of methodology, general results, and analysis of complications

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

Appropriate use of colonoscopy is a key component of quality management in gastrointestinal endoscopy. In an update of a 1998 publication, the 2008 European Panel on the Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (EPAGE II) defined appropriateness criteria for various colonoscopy indications. This introductory paper therefore deals with methodology, general appropriateness, and a review of colonoscopy complications.

METHODS

The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method was used to evaluate the appropriateness of various diagnostic colonoscopy indications, with 14 multidisciplinary experts using a scale from 1 (extremely inappropriate) to 9 (extremely appropriate). Evidence reported in a comprehensive updated literature review was used for these decisions. Consolidation of the ratings into three appropriateness categories (appropriate, uncertain, inappropriate) was based on the median and the heterogeneity of the votes. The experts then met to discuss areas of disagreement in the light of existing evidence, followed by a second rating round, with a subsequent third voting round on necessity criteria, using much more stringent criteria (i. e. colonoscopy is deemed mandatory).

RESULTS

Overall, 463 indications were rated, with 55 %, 16 % and 29 % of them being judged appropriate, uncertain and inappropriate, respectively. Perforation and hemorrhage rates, as reported in 39 studies, were in general < 0.1 % and < 0.3 %, respectively

CONCLUSIONS

The updated EPAGE II criteria constitute an aid to clinical decision-making but should in no way replace individual judgment. Detailed panel results are freely available on the internet (www.epage.ch) and will thus constitute a reference source of information for clinicians.

Appropriateness of colonoscopy in Europe (EPAGE II). Screening for colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

To summarize the published literature on assessment of appropriateness of colonoscopy for screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) in asymptomatic individuals without personal history of CRC or polyps, and report appropriateness criteria developed by an expert panel, the 2008 European Panel on the Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, EPAGE II.

METHODS

A systematic search of guidelines, systematic reviews, and primary studies regarding colonoscopy for screening for colorectal cancer was performed. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method was applied to develop appropriateness criteria for colonoscopy in these circumstances.

RESULTS

Available evidence for CRC screening comes from small case-controlled studies, with heterogeneous results, and from indirect evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on fecal occult blood test (FOBT) screening and studies on flexible sigmoidoscopy screening. Most guidelines recommend screening colonoscopy every 10 years starting at age 50 in average-risk individuals. In individuals with a higher risk of CRC due to family history, there is a consensus that it is appropriate to offer screening colonoscopy at < 50 years. EPAGE II considered screening colonoscopy appropriate above 50 years in average-risk individuals. Panelists deemed screening colonoscopy appropriate for younger patients, with shorter surveillance intervals, where family or personal risk of colorectal cancer is higher. A positive FOBT or the discovery of adenomas at sigmoidoscopy are considered appropriate indications.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the lack of evidence based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs), colonoscopy is recommended by most published guidelines and EPAGE II criteria available online (http://www.epage.ch), as a screening option for CRC in individuals at average risk of CRC, and undisputedly as the main screening tool for CRC in individuals at moderate and high risk of CRC.

Appropriateness of colonoscopy in Europe (EPAGE II). Chronic diarrhea and known inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

To summarize the published literature on assessment of appropriateness of colonoscopy for investigation of chronic diarrhea, management of patients with known inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and for colorectal cancer (CRC) surveillance in such patients, and to report report appropriateness criteria developed by an expert panel, the 2008 European Panel on the Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, EPAGE II.

METHODS

A systematic search of guidelines, systematic reviews, and primary studies regarding the evaluation of chronic diarrhea, the management of IBD, and colorectal cancer surveillance in IBD was performed. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method was applied to develop appropriateness criteria for colonoscopy for these conditions.

RESULTS

According to the literature, colonoscopic evaluation may be justified for patients aged > 50 years with recent-onset chronic diarrhea or with alarm symptoms. Surveillance colonoscopy for CRC should be offered to all patients with extensive ulcerative colitis or colonic Crohn's disease of 8 years' duration, and to all patients with less extensive disease of 15 years' duration. Intervals for surveillance colonoscopy depend on duration of evolution, initial diagnosis, and histological findings. The EPAGE II criteria also confirmed the appropriateness of diagnostic colonoscopy for diarrhea of > 4 weeks' duration. They also suggest that, in addition to assessing extent of IBD by colonoscopy, further colonoscopic examination is appropriate in the face of persistent or worsening symptoms. Surveillance colonoscopy in IBD patients was generally appropriate after a lapse of 2 years. In the presence of dysplasia at previous colonoscopy, it was not only appropriate but necessary.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite or perhaps because of the limitations of the available published studies, the panel-based EPAGE II (http://www.epage.ch) criteria can help guide appropriate colonoscopy use in the absence of strong evidence from the literature.

Appropriateness of colonoscopy in Europe (EPAGE II). Iron-deficiency anemia and hematochezia

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

To summarize the published literature on assessment of appropriateness of colonoscopy for the investigation of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) and hematochezia, and report appropriateness criteria developed by an expert panel, the 2008 European Panel on the Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, EPAGE II.

METHODS

A systematic search of guidelines, systematic reviews and primary studies regarding the evaluation and management of IDA and hematochezia was performed. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method was applied to develop appropriateness criteria for colonoscopy for these conditions.

RESULTS

IDA occurs in 2 %-5 % of adult men and postmenopausal women. Examination of both the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract is recommended in patients with iron deficiency. Colonoscopy for IDA yields one colorectal cancer (CRC) in every 9-13 colonoscopies. Hematochezia is a well-recognized alarm symptom and such patients are likely to be referred for colonoscopy. Colonoscopy is unanimously recommended in patients aged > or = 50. Diverticulosis, vascular ectasias, and ischemic colitis are common causes of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB); CRC is found in 0.2 %-11 % of the colonoscopies performed for LGIB. Most patients with scant hematochezia have an anorectal or a distal source of bleeding. The expert panel considered most clinical indications for colonoscopy as appropriate in the presence of IDA (58 %) or hematochezia (83 %).

CONCLUSION

Despite the limitations of the published studies, guidelines unanimously recommend colonoscopy for the investigation of IDA and hematochezia in patients aged > or = 50 years. These indications were also considered appropriate by EPAGE II, as were indications in patients at low risk for CRC with no obvious cause of bleeding found during adequate previous investigations.

Appropriateness of colonoscopy in Europe (EPAGE II). Functional bowel disorders: pain, constipation and bloating

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

To summarize the published literature on assessment of appropriateness of colonoscopy for the investigation of functional bowel symptoms, and report appropriateness criteria developed by an expert panel, the 2008 European Panel on the Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, EPAGE II.

METHODS

A systematic search of guidelines, systematic reviews and primary studies regarding the evaluation and management of functional bowel symptoms was performed. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method was applied to develop appropriateness criteria for colonoscopy for these conditions.

RESULTS

Much of the evidence for use of colonoscopy in evaluation of chronic abdominal pain, and/or constipation and/or abdominal bloating is modest. Major limitations include small numbers of patients and lack of adequate characterization of these patients. Large community-based follow-up studies are needed to enable better definition of the natural history of patients with functional bowel disorders. Guidelines stress that alarm features ("red flags"), such as rectal bleeding, anemia, weight loss, nocturnal symptoms, family history of colon cancer, age of onset > 50 years, and recent onset of symptoms should all lead to careful evaluation before a diagnosis of functional bowel disorder is made. EPAGE II assessed these symptoms by means of 12 clinical scenarios, rating colonoscopy as appropriate, uncertain and inappropriate in 42 % (5/12), 25 % (3/12), and 33 % (4/12) of these, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Evidence to support the use of colonoscopy in the evaluation of patients with functional bowel disorders and no alarm features is lacking. These patients have no increased risk of colon cancer and thus advice on screening for this is not different from that for the general population. EPAGE II criteria, available online (http://www.epage.ch), consider colonoscopy appropriate in patients of > 50 years with chronic or new-onset bowel disturbances, but not in patients with isolated chronic abdominal pain.

Appropriateness of colonoscopy in Europe (EPAGE II). Surveillance after polypectomy and after resection of colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

To summarize the published literature on assessment of appropriateness of colonoscopy for surveillance after polypectomy and after curative-intent resection of colorectal cancer (CRC), and report appropriateness criteria developed by an expert panel, the 2008 European Panel on the Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, EPAGE II.

METHODS

A systematic search of guidelines, systematic reviews and primary studies regarding the evaluation and management of surveillance colonoscopy after polypectomy and after resection of CRC was performed. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method was applied to develop appropriateness criteria for colonoscopy for these conditions.

RESULTS

Most CRCs arise from adenomatous polyps. The characteristics of removed polyps, especially the distinction between low-risk adenomas (1 or 2, small [< 1 cm], tubular, no high-grade dysplasia) vs. high-risk adenomas (large [> or = 1 cm], multiple [> 3], high-grade dysplasia or villous features), have an impact on advanced adenoma recurrence. Most guidelines recommend a 3-year follow-up colonoscopy for high-risk adenomas and a 5-year colonoscopy for low-risk adenomas. Despite the lack of evidence to support or refute any survival benefit for follow-up colonoscopy after curative-intent CRC resection, surveillance colonoscopy is recommended by most guidelines. The timing of the first surveillance colonoscopy differs. The expert panel considered that 56 % of the clinical indications for colonoscopy for surveillance after polypectomy were appropriate. For surveillance after CRC resection, it considered colonoscopy appropriate 1 year after resection.

CONCLUSIONS

Colonoscopy is recommended as a first-choice procedure for surveillance after polypectomy by all published guidelines and by the EPAGE II criteria. Despite the limitations of the published studies, colonoscopy is also recommended by most of the guidelines and by EPAGE II criteria for surveillance after curative-intent CRC resection.

Healthcare and preventive services utilization of elderly Europeans with depressive symptoms

BACKGROUND

Depressive symptoms are associated with increased healthcare utilization. However, it is unclear whether depressed individuals experience more or less frequent access to preventive services. Our goal was to investigate the association between depressive symptoms and both utilization of healthcare and preventive services.

METHODS

Baseline self-reported data (2004) from non-institutionalized individuals aged > or =50 years participating in the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) were used. Of the 18,560 respondents to the baseline questionnaire, 13,580 answered the supplementary questionnaire, which included measures of preventive services. Healthcare utilization during the previous 12 months, including outpatient visits, medication, hospitalization, surgery, and home healthcare were assessed. Preventive service measures assessed the participation in influenza immunization and colorectal and breast cancer screening. Depression status was assessed with the EURO-D, a validated instrument for which a score >3 defines clinically significant depressive symptoms. Logistic regressions were performed adjusting for age, gender, socioeconomic status, behavioral risk, chronic disease, disability, and country of residence.

RESULTS

The estimated prevalence of depressive symptoms was 28.2%. Depressive symptoms were associated with significantly greater use of all healthcare domains but not preventive services, with the exception of colorectal cancer screening. Similar trends were found for each country of residence and for both genders.

LIMITATIONS

It was not known whether medical tests were used for screening or diagnostic purposes.

CONCLUSIONS

SHARE data suggest that patients with depressive symptoms are frequent users of healthcare but not preventive services. Low screening rates may reflect missed screening opportunities rather than a lack of screening opportunities.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in rural and urban settings of 10 European countries

OBJECTIVES

First to explore differences in prevalence of overweight and obesity between rural and urban areas of 10 European countries, then to determine whether body mass index varies with the countries' gross domestic product.

METHODS

We used baseline data (2004) from countries participating in the Study of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, which included 16,695 non-institutionalized individuals aged 50-79 years with body mass index > or =18.5 kg/m(2). Height and weight were self-reported and body mass index categorized as normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)), overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m(2)) and obesity (> or =30 kg/m(2)). Weighted prevalences of overweight and obesity in rural and urban areas were estimated, and logistic regressions performed to investigate the association between rural residence and body mass index, adjusting for age, sex, household income and education. Spearman's correlation examined the relationship between body mass index and gross domestic product.

RESULTS

We found no differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity between rural and urban areas. Separate analysis by gender, age, education or income level did not reveal additional rural-urban variations. Body mass index was slightly higher when gross domestic product was lower.

CONCLUSIONS

Programs aimed at preventing or managing overweight and obesity in the 50-79 years age range should be addressed to residents of both rural and urban areas, but tailored to their specific characteristics.

[The PROVE IT-TIMI-22 study or the biter being bit]

The importance of statins in secondary prevention is well established since the 4S, CARE and LIPID studies, their indications being now applied to even normocholesterolemic patients. To date, it is still unclear which statin to choose, and at what dose. A recent study entitled "PROVE IT-TIMI-22" has compared 80 mg of atorvastatin/day to 40 mg of pravastatin/day in early secondary prevention. It appears that the intensive treatment with atorvastatin has been more effective on the LDL-cholesterol levels and has had a more favourable effect on the clinical evolution based on a composite score. We herein propose a critical review of this study and recommend a somewhat cautious attitude before giving high doses of atorvastatin in the secondary prevention of all the patients with coronary heart disease.