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Gutierrez-Prat N, Zuberer HL, Mangano L, Karimaddini Z, Wolf L, Tyanova S, Wellinger LC, Marbach D, Griesser V, Pettazzoni P, Bischoff JR, Rohle D, Palladino C, Vivanco I. DUSP4 protects BRAF- and NRAS-mutant melanoma from oncogene overdose through modulation of MITF. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/9/e202101235. [PMID: 35580987 PMCID: PMC9113946 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MAPK inhibitors (MAPKi) remain an important component of the standard of care for metastatic melanoma. However, acquired resistance to these drugs limits their therapeutic benefit. Tumor cells can become refractory to MAPKi by reactivation of ERK. When this happens, tumors often become sensitive to drug withdrawal. This drug addiction phenotype results from the hyperactivation of the oncogenic pathway, a phenomenon commonly referred to as oncogene overdose. Several feedback mechanisms are involved in regulating ERK signaling. However, the genes that serve as gatekeepers of oncogene overdose in mutant melanoma remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that depletion of the ERK phosphatase, DUSP4, leads to toxic levels of MAPK activation in both drug-naive and drug-resistant mutant melanoma cells. Importantly, ERK hyperactivation is associated with down-regulation of lineage-defining genes including MITF Our results offer an alternative therapeutic strategy to treat mutant melanoma patients with acquired MAPKi resistance and those unable to tolerate MAPKi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Gutierrez-Prat
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hedwig L Zuberer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luca Mangano
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zahra Karimaddini
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Informatics, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luise Wolf
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Informatics, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefka Tyanova
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Informatics, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Marbach
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vera Griesser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Piergiorgio Pettazzoni
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - James R Bischoff
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Chiara Palladino
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Igor Vivanco
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
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Coleman N, Harbery A, Heuss S, Vivanco I, Popat S. Targeting un-MET needs in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2021; 164:56-68. [PMID: 35033939 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer classification has been radically transformed in recent years as genomic profiling has identified multiple novel therapeutic targets including MET exon 14 (METex14) alterations and MET amplification. Utilizing targeted therapies in patients with molecularly-defined NSCLC leads to remarkable objective response rates and improved progression-free survival. However, acquired resistance is inevitable. Several recent phase II trials have confirmed that METex14 NSCLC can be treated effectively with MET kinase inhibitors, such as crizotinib, capmatinib, tepotinib, and savolitinib. However, response rates for many MET TKIs are modest relative to the activity of targeted therapy in other oncogene-driven lung cancers, where ORRs are more consistently greater than 60%. In spite of significant gains in the field of MET inhibition in NSCLC, challenges remain: the landscape of resistance mechanisms to MET TKIs is not yet well characterized, and there may be intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms that require further characterization to enable increased MET TKI activity. In this review, we overview MET pathway dysregulation in lung cancer, methods of detection in the clinic, recent clinical trial data, and discuss current mechanisms of TKI resistance, exploring emerging strategies to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Coleman
- Lung Unit. The Royal Marsden Hospital, 203 Fulham Rd, Chelsea, London SW3 6JJ, UK; Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas, USA.
| | - Alice Harbery
- Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Sara Heuss
- Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Igor Vivanco
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sanjay Popat
- Lung Unit. The Royal Marsden Hospital, 203 Fulham Rd, Chelsea, London SW3 6JJ, UK; Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK
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3
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Coleman N, Moyers JT, Harbery A, Vivanco I, Yap TA. Clinical Development of AKT Inhibitors and Associated Predictive Biomarkers to Guide Patient Treatment in Cancer Medicine. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2021; 14:1517-1535. [PMID: 34858045 PMCID: PMC8630372 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s305068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase AKT is a critical effector of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling cascade and has a pivotal role in cell growth, proliferation, survival, and metabolism. AKT is one of the most commonly activated pathways in human cancer and dysregulation of AKT-dependent pathways is associated with the development and maintenance of a range of solid tumors. There are multiple small-molecule inhibitors targeting different components of the PI3K/AKT pathway currently at various stages of clinical development, in addition to new combination strategies aiming to boost the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs. Correlative and translational studies have been undertaken in the context of clinical trials investigating AKT inhibitors, however the identification of predictive biomarkers of response and resistance to AKT inhibition remains an unmet need. In this review, we discuss the biological function and activation of AKT, discuss its contribution to tumor development and progression, and review the efficacy and toxicity data from clinical trials, including both AKT inhibitor monotherapy and combination strategies with other agents. We also discuss the promise and challenges associated with the development of AKT inhibitors and associated predictive biomarkers of response and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Coleman
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Justin T Moyers
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Alice Harbery
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Igor Vivanco
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Khalifa Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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4
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Tiu C, Welsh L, Jones T, Zachariou A, Prout T, Turner A, Daly R, Tunariu N, Riisnaes R, Gurel B, Crespo M, Carreira S, Vivanco I, Jenkins B, Yap C, Minchom A, Banerji U, deBono J, Lopez J. Preliminary evidence of antitumour activity of Ipatasertib (Ipat) and Atezolizumab (ATZ) in glioblastoma patients (pts) with PTEN loss from the Phase 1 Ice-CAP trial (NCT03673787). Neuro Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab195.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
Despite improved understanding of effector T-cell trafficking into the central nervous system, initial trials with anti-PD1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have failed to meet their primary endpoints. PTEN loss of function is frequent in GBM and has been correlated with not only poor overall prognosis, but also impaired antitumour responses, including reduced T cell infiltration into tumour and reduced efficacy of ICIs.
Ipatasertib is a novel, potent, selective, small-molecule inhibitor of Akt. We have shown that Ipatasertib efficiently depletes FOXP3+ regulatory T cells from the tumour microenvironment (TME) resulting in increased infiltration of effector T cells in solid tumours (Lopez 2020, AACR).
We hypothesize that the use of AKT inhibition in PTEN glioblastomas may deplete the TME of suppressive immune cells, and render malignant brain tumours more responsive to ICIs. We present updated data for the combination of Ipat+ATZ in patients with glioblastoma.
Method
Patients with relapsed WHO grade IV GBM with stable neurological symptoms ≥5 days prior to enrolment, requiring <3mg Dexamethasone were recruited into two cohorts of this early phase, open-label, single-centre trial studying the combination of Ipatasertib (Ipat) and Atezolizumab (ATZ): a dose finding cohort (A2; n=9) and an expansion cohort (B3; n=7, recruitment ongoing).
The Ice-CAP A2 cohort assessed safety, pharmacodynamic, and preliminary clinical activity of Ipat (200mg or 400mg OD) + ATZ (1200mg Q3W) in pts with potentially resectable relapsed WHO Grade IV GBM. Pts had a 14-21-day run-in phase of Ipat then surgical tumour resection. Combination Ipat+ATZ commenced post surgery. Patients who declined surgery or who were deemed high risk for surgery proceeded directly to combination.
Patients in the expansion cohort B3 commenced directly on Ipat+ATZ at the RP2D of 400mg Ipat with ATZ.
Results
16 evaluable recurrent GBM pts were enrolled across two cohorts. Median age 56 yrs (25-71 yrs). Median ECOG PS 1. Median lines of prior therapy 1 (range 1-4). 10 pts had PTEN loss by IHC (H<30) and/or PTEN mutations on next generation sequencing.
No DLTs, treatment-related (TR) serious adverse events (AEs), or immune-related AEs were observed. Most common TR AEs were G1 diarrhoea (44%), mucositis (17%), rash (28%).
Clinical benefit rate (CR, PR and SD> 6 cycles) at clinical cutoff date (23/02/21) in patients with PTEN aberration was 30% (3/10). A 58-year-old man with PTEN loss had MRI at Cycle 5 showing worsening enhancement suggestive of disease progression. Resection of the lesion showed intense lymphocyte infiltration and pathological CR. He is currently on Cycle 22 with no evidence of disease. Two other patients with PTEN loss with radiological stable disease per RANO criteria remain well on study for >6 cycles.
Conclusion
Combination Ipat+ATZ appears safe and tolerable in GBM pts, with 400mg Ipatasertib OD + 1200mg ATZ Q3W declared as RP2D. Early efficacy signals were detected with PTEN loss being a promising predictive biomarker for response to combination. An expansion cohort enriched with pts with PTEN loss is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crescens Tiu
- Royal Marsden Hospital
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital
| | | | - Timothy Jones
- St George’s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | - Toby Prout
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital
| | - Alison Turner
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital
| | - Rob Daly
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital
| | - Nina Tunariu
- Royal Marsden Hospital
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital
| | - Ruth Riisnaes
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital
| | - Bora Gurel
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital
| | - Mateus Crespo
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital
| | | | - Igor Vivanco
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital
| | - Ben Jenkins
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital
| | - Christina Yap
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital
| | - Anna Minchom
- Royal Marsden Hospital
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital
| | - Udai Banerji
- Royal Marsden Hospital
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital
| | - Johann deBono
- Royal Marsden Hospital
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital
| | - Juanita Lopez
- Royal Marsden Hospital
- Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital
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Smyth EC, Vlachogiannis G, Hedayat S, Harbery A, Hulkki-Wilson S, Salati M, Kouvelakis K, Fernandez-Mateos J, Cresswell GD, Fontana E, Seidlitz T, Peckitt C, Hahne JC, Lampis A, Begum R, Watkins D, Rao S, Starling N, Waddell T, Okines A, Crosby T, Mansoor W, Wadsley J, Middleton G, Fassan M, Wotherspoon A, Braconi C, Chau I, Vivanco I, Sottoriva A, Stange DE, Cunningham D, Valeri N. EGFR amplification and outcome in a randomised phase III trial of chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy plus panitumumab for advanced gastro-oesophageal cancers. Gut 2021; 70:1632-1641. [PMID: 33199443 PMCID: PMC8355876 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition may be effective in biomarker-selected populations of advanced gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma (aGEA) patients. Here, we tested the association between outcome and EGFR copy number (CN) in pretreatment tissue and plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of patients enrolled in a randomised first-line phase III clinical trial of chemotherapy or chemotherapy plus the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody panitumumab in aGEA (NCT00824785). DESIGN EGFR CN by either fluorescence in situ hybridisation (n=114) or digital-droplet PCR in tissues (n=250) and plasma cfDNAs (n=354) was available for 474 (86%) patients in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population. Tissue and plasma low-pass whole-genome sequencing was used to screen for coamplifications in receptor tyrosine kinases. Interaction between chemotherapy and EGFR inhibitors was modelled in patient-derived organoids (PDOs) from aGEA patients. RESULTS EGFR amplification in cfDNA correlated with poor survival in the ITT population and similar trends were observed when the analysis was conducted in tissue and plasma by treatment arm. EGFR inhibition in combination with chemotherapy did not correlate with improved survival, even in patients with significant EGFR CN gains. Addition of anti-EGFR inhibitors to the chemotherapy agent epirubicin in PDOs, resulted in a paradoxical increase in viability and accelerated progression through the cell cycle, associated with p21 and cyclin B1 downregulation and cyclin E1 upregulation, selectively in organoids from EGFR-amplified aGEA. CONCLUSION EGFR CN can be accurately measured in tissue and liquid biopsies and may be used for the selection of aGEA patients. EGFR inhibitors may antagonise the antitumour effect of anthracyclines with important implications for the design of future combinatorial trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Smyth
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Georgios Vlachogiannis
- Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Somaieh Hedayat
- Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Alice Harbery
- Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | | | - Massimiliano Salati
- Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Kyriakos Kouvelakis
- Clinical Research & Development, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - George D Cresswell
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Elisa Fontana
- Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Therese Seidlitz
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Clare Peckitt
- Clinical Research & Development, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jens C Hahne
- Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Andrea Lampis
- Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Ruwaida Begum
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - David Watkins
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Sheela Rao
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Naureen Starling
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Tom Waddell
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Alicia Okines
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Tom Crosby
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, UK
| | - Was Mansoor
- Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan Wadsley
- Cancer Clinical Trials Centre, Weston Park Cancer Centre, Sheffield, UK
| | - Gary Middleton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Braconi
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
- Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ian Chau
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Igor Vivanco
- Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Andrea Sottoriva
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Daniel E Stange
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Partner Site Dresden, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Cunningham
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Nicola Valeri
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
- Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
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6
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Tiu C, Biondo A, Welsh LC, Jones TL, Zachariou A, Prout T, Turner AJ, Daly R, Vivanco I, Yap C, Jenkins B, Crespo M, Riisnaes R, Carreira S, Gurel B, Tunariu N, Minchom A, Banerji U, de Bono JS, Lopez JS. Abstract CT120: Results of the glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cohort of phase 1 trial Ice-CAP (NCT03673787): Preliminary evidence of antitumour activity of Ipatasertib (Ipa) and Atezolizumab (A) in patients (pts) with PTEN loss. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-ct120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Hyperactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway correlates with impaired antitumour response, including reduced T cell infiltration into tumour and reduced efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). PTEN loss of function, often observed in GBM, may contribute to refractoriness of ICIs in this disease. Methods: The Ice-CAP A2 cohort assessed safety, pharmacodynamic, and preliminary clinical activity of Ipa (200mg or 400mg OD) + A (1200mg Q3W) in pts with potentially resectable relapsed WHO Grade IV GBM. Key inclusion criteria were stable neurological symptoms ≥5 days prior to enrolment, steroid requirement <3mg Dexamethasone. Pts had a 14-21-day run-in phase of Ipa then surgical tumour resection. Combination Ipa+A commenced post surgery. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) period included run-in phase to Cycle 1 completion (≤11 wks). Results: 10 evaluable pts were enrolled (3 had Ipa at 200mg, 7 at 400mg); median age 58 (range 25-70y), ECOG score 1; median duration of treatment 8 wks. 2 remain on treatment. No DLTs, treatment-related (TR) serious adverse events (AEs), or immune-related AEs were observed. Most common TR AEs were G1 diarrhoea (60%), mucositis (30%), rash (20%). 7 pts had PTEN loss and/or PTEN mutations. Clinical benefit rate in pts with PTEN aberration was 2/7 (29%): 1 pCR and 1 SD >12wks, both on 400mg Ipa. A 58-year-old man with PTEN loss had MRI at Cycle 5 showing worsening enhancement suggestive of disease progression. Resection of the lesion showed intense lymphocyte infiltration and pathological CR. He is currently on Cycle 18 with no evidence of disease.
Conclusion: Combination Ipa+A appears safe and tolerable in GBM pts, with 400mg Ipa OD + 1200mg A Q3W declared as RP2D. PTEN loss may be a promising predictive biomarker for response to combination. An expansion cohort enriched with pts with PTEN loss is ongoing. Cytokine and FACS data will be presented at AACR
Table 1.Clinical Benefit Rate of glioblastoma patients stratified according to PTEN aberrationsPTEN statusnBest responseClinical Benefit RatePTEN loss on IHC (H<30)51 pCRa2/7 (29%)1 SD >12 wks, ongoingb3 PDPTEN aberration on NGS but PTEN protein expression pending11 PDcPTEN loss of heterozygozity on PCR11 PDWild type PTEN on NGS or IHC (H≥30)33 PDLegend: IHC = immunohistochemistry; NGS = next generation sequencing; PCR = polymerase chain reaction;pCR = pathologic complete response; SD = stable disease; PD = progressive diseaseaExceptional responder with PTEN H=5 on IHC and splice site 75_79+2delGACCTGT on NGSb PTENY68*; c PTENQ298*
Citation Format: Crescens Tiu, Andrea Biondo, Liam C. Welsh, Timothy L. Jones, Anna Zachariou, Toby Prout, Alison J. Turner, Robert Daly, Igor Vivanco, Christina Yap, Ben Jenkins, Mateus Crespo, Ruth Riisnaes, Suzanne Carreira, Bora Gurel, Nina Tunariu, Anna Minchom, Udai Banerji, Johann S. de Bono, Juanita S. Lopez. Results of the glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cohort of phase 1 trial Ice-CAP (NCT03673787): Preliminary evidence of antitumour activity of Ipatasertib (Ipa) and Atezolizumab (A) in patients (pts) with PTEN loss [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr CT120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crescens Tiu
- 1Royal Marsden NHS Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Biondo
- 1Royal Marsden NHS Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Liam C. Welsh
- 2Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Toby Prout
- 4Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert Daly
- 4Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Vivanco
- 4Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Yap
- 4Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jenkins
- 4Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Mateus Crespo
- 4Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Riisnaes
- 4Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bora Gurel
- 4Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Tunariu
- 1Royal Marsden NHS Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Minchom
- 1Royal Marsden NHS Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Udai Banerji
- 1Royal Marsden NHS Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Johann S. de Bono
- 5Royal Marsden NHS Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juanita S. Lopez
- 1Royal Marsden NHS Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
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7
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Skowronska M, Tiu CD, Tzankov A, König F, Lewis J, Vivanco I, Kleinschmidt M, Beebe K, Anderson S, Bachmann F, Engelhardt M, Lane HA, Kaindl T, Stan AC, Plummer ER, Evans TJ, Zlobec I, Lopez JS. Expression of end-binding protein 1 (EB1), a potential response-predictive biomarker for lisavanbulin, in glioblastoma and various other solid tumor types. J Clin Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.3118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3118 Background: EB1, a protein located on the plus-ends of microtubules is involved in microtubule function and has been associated with glioblastoma (GBM) stem-cell-ness and more aggressive disease. Lisavanbulin (BAL101553) is a prodrug of the lipophilic small molecule BAL27862, that promotes tumor cell death by modulating the spindle assembly checkpoint and has been shown in rodents to efficiently penetrate the brain. Data from GBM mouse models and recent phase 1 clinical data (Lopez et al. ESMO 2020) suggest that EB1 is a response-predictive marker for lisavanbulin in GBM. A phase 2 study is ongoing to confirm this hypothesis (NCT02490800). A proof-of-concept in GBM would support an expansion of EB1-directed lisavanbulin clinical development in non-GBM tumors, which requires prevalence estimates of EB1-positivity in non-GBM tumor types. Methods: Tissue samples from GBM and other tumor types were stained for EB1 using a CE-marked immunohistochemistry Clinical Trial Assay (Targos Molecular Pathology GmbH, Kassel Germany). EB1-positivity was assessed by a board-certified pathologist based on the percentage of tumor cells showing moderate or strong staining for EB1, using thresholds of ≥50%, ≥60% and ≥70% of tumor cells with EB1 positivity. Whole transcriptome sequencing (WTS) using RNAseq was performed in a subset of tissue samples to develop a potential RNA-based predictive response signature for lisavanbulin. Results: 73 GBM tissue samples and 333 tissue samples from 13 other cancer types were stained for EB1. The strongest overall signal for EB1-positivity was obtained for medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma and GBM. In addition, moderate or strong EB1-staining in ≥50% of tumor cells was observed in samples from colorectal cancer (CRC), non small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), metastatic melanoma, small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). An expanded staining campaign is ongoing in these cancer types. Initial results from the ongoing WTS analyses show marked differences in gene expression profiles between EB1-positive and -negative cases. Conclusions: Strong EB1-positivity is infrequent but occurs in a variety of tumor types, with the strongest signals in medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma and GBM. A phase 2 study is ongoing to assess prospectively whether EB1 is a response-predictive biomarker for lisavanbulin in GBM.[Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fatima König
- Targos Molecular Pathology GmbH, Kassel, Germany
| | - Joanne Lewis
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Vivanco
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kirk Beebe
- GeneCentric Therapeutics Inc., Durham, NC
| | | | - Felix Bachmann
- Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd., Basel, NJ, Switzerland
| | - Marc Engelhardt
- Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd., Basel, NJ, Switzerland
| | - Heidi A Lane
- Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd., Basel, NJ, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kaindl
- Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandru C Stan
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology, The Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, The Royal Hospital for Children, NHS GGC, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - T.R. Jeffry Evans
- University of Glasgow, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Center, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Juanita Suzanne Lopez
- Drug Development Unit -The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
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Poon E, Liang T, Jamin Y, Walz S, Kwok C, Hakkert A, Barker K, Urban Z, Thway K, Zeid R, Hallsworth A, Box G, Ebus ME, Licciardello MP, Sbirkov Y, Lazaro G, Calton E, Costa BM, Valenti M, De Haven Brandon A, Webber H, Tardif N, Almeida GS, Christova R, Boysen G, Richards MW, Barone G, Ford A, Bayliss R, Clarke PA, De Bono J, Gray NS, Blagg J, Robinson SP, Eccles SA, Zheleva D, Bradner JE, Molenaar J, Vivanco I, Eilers M, Workman P, Lin CY, Chesler L. Orally bioavailable CDK9/2 inhibitor shows mechanism-based therapeutic potential in MYCN-driven neuroblastoma. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:5875-5892. [PMID: 33016930 PMCID: PMC7598076 DOI: 10.1172/jci134132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The undruggable nature of oncogenic Myc transcription factors poses a therapeutic challenge in neuroblastoma, a pediatric cancer in which MYCN amplification is strongly associated with unfavorable outcome. Here, we show that CYC065 (fadraciclib), a clinical inhibitor of CDK9 and CDK2, selectively targeted MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma via multiple mechanisms. CDK9 - a component of the transcription elongation complex P-TEFb - bound to the MYCN-amplicon superenhancer, and its inhibition resulted in selective loss of nascent MYCN transcription. MYCN loss led to growth arrest, sensitizing cells for apoptosis following CDK2 inhibition. In MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma, MYCN invaded active enhancers, driving a transcriptionally encoded adrenergic gene expression program that was selectively reversed by CYC065. MYCN overexpression in mesenchymal neuroblastoma was sufficient to induce adrenergic identity and sensitize cells to CYC065. CYC065, used together with temozolomide, a reference therapy for relapsed neuroblastoma, caused long-term suppression of neuroblastoma growth in vivo, highlighting the clinical potential of CDK9/2 inhibition in the treatment of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evon Poon
- Division of Clinical Studies and
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Tong Liang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yann Jamin
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, ICR, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Walz
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken and Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Colin Kwok
- Division of Clinical Studies and
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Hakkert
- Division of Clinical Studies and
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Barker
- Division of Clinical Studies and
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Zuzanna Urban
- Division of Clinical Studies and
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Khin Thway
- Division of Molecular Pathology, ICR, London, and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Rhamy Zeid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Albert Hallsworth
- Division of Clinical Studies and
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Box
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, ICR, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marli E. Ebus
- Prinses Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marco P. Licciardello
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, ICR, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yordan Sbirkov
- Division of Clinical Studies and
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Glori Lazaro
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Calton
- Division of Clinical Studies and
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara M. Costa
- Division of Clinical Studies and
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Valenti
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, ICR, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis De Haven Brandon
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, ICR, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Webber
- Division of Clinical Studies and
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Tardif
- Division of Clinical Studies and
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Gilberto S. Almeida
- Division of Clinical Studies and
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, ICR, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mark W. Richards
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Barone
- Division of Clinical Studies and
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Ford
- Division of Molecular Pathology, ICR, London, and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Bayliss
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Clarke
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, ICR, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julian Blagg
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, ICR, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Suzanne A. Eccles
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, ICR, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - James E. Bradner
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jan Molenaar
- Prinses Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Igor Vivanco
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Eilers
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken and Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Paul Workman
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, ICR, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Y. Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Louis Chesler
- Division of Clinical Studies and
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
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Tiu C, Tzankov A, Plummer R, Rulach R, Vivanco I, Mulholland P, Gurel B, Figueiredo I, Haris NM, Anderson S, Bachmann F, Engelhardt M, Kaindl T, Lane H, Litherland K, Pognan C, Berezowska S, Evans J, Kristeleit R, Lopez J. 382P The potential utility of end-binding protein 1 (EB1) as response-predictive biomarker for lisavanbulin: Final results from a phase I study of lisavanbulin (BAL101553) in adult patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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10
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Lopez JS, Biondo A, Tiu C, Scaranti M, Ameratunga M, Zachariou A, Turner A, Tunariu N, Prout T, Parmar M, Badham H, Swales K, Yuan W, Morilla R, Crespo M, Daly R, Figueiredo I, Gurel B, Pereira R, Riisnaes R, Vivanco I, Minchom A, Jenkins B, Yap C, Banerji U, De Bono J. Abstract CT140: Proof-of-concept evidence of immune modulation by blockade of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signaling pathway in the phase I dose escalation study of Ipatasertib (Ipa) in combination with atezolizumab (A) in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors (Ice-CAP). Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-ct140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Hyperactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway correlates with impaired anti-tumor responses, including reduced T cell infiltration into tumor, and reduced efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Blockade of this pathway synergizes with PD-L1/PD-1 axis blockade preclinically.
Methods: This Phase I clinical trial (NCT03673787) assessed the safety, pharmacodynamic, and preliminary clinical activity of Ipa (200mg or 400mg OD) given in combination with A 1200mg q3 wk in refractory pts. Serial paired blood and tumor samples were analysed to interrogate the effect of Ipa on the tumor micro-environment and host immune system prior to the addition of the immune check point inhibitor, A.
Results: 18 adult pts were treated in dose escalation. Median age 49 yrs. All pts had ECOG PS 0-1 and median 7 prior therapies. Most common TRAEs (>15%) were mild Gr1-2 diarrhea (56%), rash (50%), fatigue (33%), nausea (33%), raised ALT/AST (33%), headache (28%) and arthralgia (22%). 1 pt had G2 systemic immune activation; 2 pts had G3 rash, both rapidly reversible. 1 DLT of G3 raised ALT seen at 200mg (1 DLT/9 evaluable pts) but none at 400mg (0 DLT/6). Of 14 RECIST evaluable patients, there were 2 confirmed PRs, and 5 SD (clinical benefit rate 50%). Reductions of CD4+FOXP3+ Tregs in tumor microenvironment were seen after 2wks of single agent Ipa, regardless of PIK3/AKT somatic mutation status (Table 1). Responding pts had a >400% median increase in intra-tumoral CD8+ Teff cell infiltration, effectively switching from a desert phenotype to an inflamed phenotype. Paired changes in FACS, transcriptome and cytokine will also be presented.Conclusions: The RP2D of Ipa 400mg OD combination with A was well tolerated with early efficacy signals. Further biomarker work is ongoing and will be evaluated in expansion cohorts.
Table 1:Changes in immune cell populations as assessed by multicolour Immunofluorescence in paired biopsies of breast/gynae patients, % change in cell number/mm2 from baseline (median [min,max$])&Post 2 weeks single agent Ipatasertib(n=9)Post 1 cycle of combination Ipatasertib and Atezolizumab(n=7)CD4+FOXP3+Tregs cellsCD 8+ Teff cellsCD4+FOXP3+Tregs cellsCD 8+ Teff cellsIntra-tumourstromaIntra-tumourstromaIntra-tumourstromaIntra-tumourstromaAll patients-23.9*[-89.7, BL0]-30.0*[-91.6, BL0]-37.7*[-84.4, -24.5]-28.4[-92.4, 259.8]335.9[-44.0,BL0]45.4[-51.0, BL0]59.6[-60.6,493.3]64.7[-51.7,293.3]Stratified by somatic PI3K/AKT/PTEN mutational statusPathogenic mutations (mt)11.1[-82.2, BL0]#-10.7[-91.6, BL0]Φnsnsnsns-30.5[-60.6,-0.5]11.3[-51.7,50.0]Wildtype (wt)-63.1[-89.7,19.0]#-47.5[-77.0,11.1]Φnsnsnsns426.5[59.6,493.3]126.7[79.4,293.3]Stratified by responseResponders (PR + SD>4 cycles). 1 ER+ HER2+ breast cancer (wt), 1 ER+ HER2- breast cancer (wt)459.9[426.5,493.3]@103.1[79.4,126.7]Non-responders (PD at 4 cycles) 1 cervical cancer, 4 ER+ breast cancer-0.5[-60.6, 59.6]@30.6[-51.7,293.3]*significant change (p≤0.05; Wilcoxon sign-rank test) from baseline, $maximum values denoted by BL0indicate that the baseline value was zero, and so percentage change from baseline is not defined. For the analysis, the baseline value has been replaced by a nominal value of 0.1 so that a large percentage increase is associated with these cases. Note that these large percentage increases do not affect the non-parametric statistical tests used.#no significant difference in distribution of reduction in intra-tumoural CD4+ FOXP3+Tregsbetween pts with pathogenic mutations in PI3K/AKT and those without (p=0.30; Wilcoxon rank-sum test)Φno significant difference in distribution of reduction in stromal CD4+FOXP3+Tregsbetween pts with pathogenic mutations in PI3K/AKT and those without (p=0.44; Wilcoxon rank-sum test) @ difference between responders and non-responders p=0.083; Wilcoxon rank-sum test)mt pathogenic mutations in PI3K/AKT and PTEN as per COSMIC database present in tumour or PTEN loss by IHC. wt no pathogenic mutations in PI3K/AKT and PTEN as per COSMIC database detected in tumour and intact PTEN expression by IHC. &exploratory analyses with no adjustment for multiple testing
Citation Format: Juanita S. Lopez, Andrea Biondo, Crescens Tiu, Mariana Scaranti, Malaka Ameratunga, Anna Zachariou, Alison Turner, Nina Tunariu, Toby Prout, Mona Parmar, Hannah Badham, Karen Swales, Wei Yuan, Ricardo Morilla, Mateus Crespo, Rob Daly, Ines Figueiredo, Bora Gurel, Rita Pereira, Ruth Riisnaes, Igor Vivanco, Anna Minchom, Ben Jenkins, Christina Yap, Udai Banerji, Johann De Bono. Proof-of-concept evidence of immune modulation by blockade of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signaling pathway in the phase I dose escalation study of Ipatasertib (Ipa) in combination with atezolizumab (A) in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors (Ice-CAP) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr CT140.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita S. Lopez
- 1The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Biondo
- 1The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Crescens Tiu
- 1The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Scaranti
- 1The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malaka Ameratunga
- 1The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Zachariou
- 2The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Turner
- 2The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Tunariu
- 1The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Prout
- 2The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mona Parmar
- 2The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Badham
- 1The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Swales
- 2The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Yuan
- 2The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Morilla
- 1The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mateus Crespo
- 2The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Daly
- 1The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bora Gurel
- 2The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Pereira
- 2The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Riisnaes
- 2The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Vivanco
- 1The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Minchom
- 1The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jenkins
- 2The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Yap
- 2The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Udai Banerji
- 1The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johann De Bono
- 1The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Hospital and the Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Kostaras E, Kaserer T, Lazaro G, Heuss SF, Hussain A, Casado P, Hayes A, Yandim C, Palaskas N, Yu Y, Schwartz B, Raynaud F, Chung YL, Cutillas PR, Vivanco I. A systematic molecular and pharmacologic evaluation of AKT inhibitors reveals new insight into their biological activity. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:542-555. [PMID: 32439931 PMCID: PMC7435276 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AKT, a critical effector of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling cascade, is an intensely pursued therapeutic target in oncology. Two distinct classes of AKT inhibitors have been in clinical development, ATP-competitive and allosteric. Class-specific differences in drug activity are likely the result of differential structural and conformational requirements governing efficient target binding, which ultimately determine isoform-specific potency, selectivity profiles and activity against clinically relevant AKT mutant variants. METHODS We have carried out a systematic evaluation of clinical AKT inhibitors using in vitro pharmacology, molecular profiling and biochemical assays together with structural modelling to better understand the context of drug-specific and drug-class-specific cell-killing activity. RESULTS Our data demonstrate clear differences between ATP-competitive and allosteric AKT inhibitors, including differential effects on non-catalytic activity as measured by a novel functional readout. Surprisingly, we found that some mutations can cause drug resistance in an isoform-selective manner despite high structural conservation across AKT isoforms. Finally, we have derived drug-class-specific phosphoproteomic signatures and used them to identify effective drug combinations. CONCLUSIONS These findings illustrate the utility of individual AKT inhibitors, both as drugs and as chemical probes, and the benefit of AKT inhibitor pharmacological diversity in providing a repertoire of context-specific therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Kostaras
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, SM2 5NG, London, UK
| | - Teresa Kaserer
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
| | - Glorianne Lazaro
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, SM2 5NG, London, UK
| | - Sara Farrah Heuss
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, SM2 5NG, London, UK
| | - Aasia Hussain
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, SM2 5NG, London, UK
| | - Pedro Casado
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Angela Hayes
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Cihangir Yandim
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, SM2 5NG, London, UK
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir University of Economics, 35330, Balçova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nicolaos Palaskas
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yi Yu
- ArQule, Inc. (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA), Burlington, MA, 01803, USA
| | - Brian Schwartz
- ArQule, Inc. (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA), Burlington, MA, 01803, USA
| | - Florence Raynaud
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Yuen-Li Chung
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research London and Royal Marsden Hospital, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Pedro R Cutillas
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Igor Vivanco
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, SM2 5NG, London, UK.
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Abstract
Aberrant activation of the PI3K pathway is one of the commonest oncogenic events in human cancer. AKT is a key mediator of PI3K oncogenic function, and thus has been intensely pursued as a therapeutic target. Multiple AKT inhibitors, broadly classified as either ATP-competitive or allosteric, are currently in various stages of clinical development. Herein, we review the evidence for AKT dependence in human tumours and focus on its therapeutic targeting by the two drug classes. We highlight the future prospects for the development and implementation of more effective context-specific AKT inhibitors aided by our increasing knowledge of both its regulation and some previously unrecognised non-canonical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glorianne Lazaro
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd., SM2 5NG London, U.K
| | - Eleftherios Kostaras
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd., SM2 5NG London, U.K
| | - Igor Vivanco
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Rd., SM2 5NG London, U.K
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Watts C, Apps J, Ansorg O, Savage J, Fox R, Chalmers A, Short SC, Thompson G, Waldman A, Capper D, Hargrave D, Brennan P, Smith S, Ashkan K, Wykes V, Kurian K, Jamal-Hanjani M, Swanton C, Buckle P, Bulbeck H, Stead LF, Vivanco I, Bowden S. RBTT-06. TESSA JOWELL BRAIN MATRIX STUDY: A BRITISH FEASIBILITY STUDY OF MOLECULAR STRATIFICATION AND TARGETED THERAPY TO OPTIMIZE THE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH GLIOMA. Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz175.918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In 2016 there were 5250 brain cancer deaths in the UK. Standard treatment is surgical resection followed by chemo-radiotherapy. In most cases of diffuse glioma, complete tumour resection is not feasible. Many chemotherapy drugs have untested penetration through the blood brain barrier, potentially leading to sub-therapeutic concentrations in the tumour. There is need to refine current treatment strategies in relation to the understanding of tumour biology, and rapidly introduce and evaluate novel therapeutic approaches and agents through delivering rigorous clinical trials. The TESSA JOWELL BRAIN MATRIX Study will evaluate the feasibility of delivering precision medicine for brain cancer patients within the NHS. A multicentre, platform feasibility study of 1200 patients with diffuse glioma will build on the 100,000 genome project to develop and evaluate an infrastructure to collect and integrate: 1) real time comprehensive integrated molecular analysis, including whole genome sequencing and epigenetic classification; 2) serial sampling and annotation of tumours; 3) collection of matched clinical data; 4) assessment of patient quality of life; 5) centralised radiological review and response assessment as per RANO criteria. Once developed this will allow rapid introduction of therapeutic trials to specific patient groups. Secondary objectives include: understanding the association between extent of resection and molecular stratification to refine the role of surgery; optimisation and harmonisation of protocols to best collect, manage and store tissue, clinical data, and radiological images in order to provide a resource for researchers, both within and outside of the study. Improve patient recruitment by identifying and removing recruitment barriers and improve the information and consent processes for patients. Promote the development of a national network with expertise in brain cancer. Enrolment of the first patient is expected in late 2019. For further information, please contact the Brain Matrix Trial Office BrainMatrix@trials.bham.ac.uk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Watts
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - John Apps
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Olaf Ansorg
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Josh Savage
- Birmingham Cancer CTU, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Fox
- Birmingham Cancer CTU, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Susan C Short
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam Waldman
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Paul Brennan
- University of Birmingham, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Smith
- Nottingham University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Helen Bulbeck
- Braintrust, Cowes, Isles of Wight, England, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy F Stead
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Vivanco
- Insitute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Bowden
- Birmingham Cancer CTU, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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14
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Rahman R, Campbell E, Brem H, Pearl M, Green J, Janowski M, Walczak P, Tyler B, Warren K, Singleton W, Mullen A, Boyd M, Veal G, Hargrave D, van Vuurden D, Powell S, Battaglia G, Vivanco I, Al-Jamal K, Walker D. SCIDOT-08. CHILDREN’S BRAIN TUMOUR DRUG DELIVERY CONSORTIUM (CBTDDC). Neuro Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz175.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
The brain tumour community has seen significant progress in the discovery of new therapeutic targets and anticancer drugs. Unfortunately, advances in how to deliver drugs to the brain lag behind. The blood-brain barrier restricts the entry of many small-molecule drugs and nearly all large molecule drugs that have been developed to treat brain disorders.
METHODS
Following an international CNS drug delivery workshop in 2016, we were awarded funding from Children with Cancer UK to launch the Children’s Brain Tumour Drug Delivery Consortium (CBTDDC; www.cbtddc.org; @cbtddc).
RESULTS
The CBTDDC launched in 2017 (in Europe and the US) to raise awareness of the challenge of drug delivery in childhood brain tumours, and to initiate and strengthen research collaborations to accelerate the development of drug delivery systems. We ran a Workshop on Drug Delivery to the Brain, attracting 52 delegates from the UK, Belgium, Spain and Portugal. We liaised with UK-based funders over the drug delivery agenda, and with UK policy makers. In the US, we jointly organised the SIGN2019 meeting and we are currently liaising with the leads of Project ‘All In’ DIPG about how we can lend our support to this project. As of June 2019, 150 individuals have registered with the consortium, representing researchers, clinicians, charities, patient groups and industry. These stakeholders represent 70 research institutions, covering 15 countries (France, UK, Italy, Sweden, The Netherlands, USA, Greece, Germany, Belgium, Cuba, Denmark, Spain, Portugal, Israel and Egypt). We host a freely accessible online collaborative research database, containing the details of over 70 researchers.
CONCLUSION
We believe that collaboration between clinicians and multi-disciplinary researchers is vital to solving the brain tumour drug delivery challenge. We hope to raise awareness of the CBTDDC, and to extend our invitation for collaborators to join the consortium, through SCIDOT’s unrivalled drug delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruman Rahman
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Campbell
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Brem
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Betty Tyler
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katherine Warren
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute / Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Marie Boyd
- University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Veal
- Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Hargrave
- University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Igor Vivanco
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - David Walker
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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15
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Januszewski A, Zhang Y, Chang WC, Laggner U, Bowman A, Adefila-Ideozu T, Vivanco I, Moffatt M, Cookson W, Gupta N, Nicholson A, Bowcock A, Popat S. Impact of MET variants on PD-L1 expression in pleomorphic lung carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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16
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Hsieh WY, Oldrini B, Erdjument-Bromage H, Codega P, Carro MS, Vivanco I, Rohle D, Campos C, Bielski C, Taylor B, Tempst P, Squatrito M, Mellinghoff IK. Abstract 1032: Identification of Ran binding protein 6 as a novel negative regulator of EGFR and candidate tumor suppressor in glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Amplification and overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are common in glioblastoma (GBM) and frequently associated with silencing of the phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) tumor suppressor. PTEN silencing has been associated with clinical resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, in part by raising EGFR levels. Here, we investigated the effect of PTEN on the EGFR signaling complex by EGFR affinity immunopurification and mass spectrometry with and without PTEN knockdown. We identified Ran binding protein 6 (RanBP6), a 125-kDa protein of previously unknown functions, as EGFR interacting protein in PTEN expressing, but not PTEN knockdown cells. Further studies of the effect of RanBP6 on EGFR revealed that RanBP6 depletion by shRNA or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene silencing resulted in increased EGFR mRNA levels and upregulation of EGFR promoter activity. Consistent with a model of a negative EGFR regulation by RanBP6, we observed an inverse correlation between RanBP6 and EGFR mRNA levels in PTEN wildtype but not PTEN altered cancer cells in a large panel of human cancer cell lines (Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia). To further understand the mechanism of how RanBP6 negatively regulates EGFR mRNA level, we found that RanBP6 interacted with nuclear Ran-GTPase and repressed EGFR transcription by promoting nuclear import of Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Lastly, RanBP6 appeared to be frequently deleted on chromosome 9p in GBM. We showed that RanBP6 silencing raised EGFR levels and signal output and accelerated in-vivo glioma growth. Our results establish a novel function of RanBP6 as a link between EGFR signaling and the Ran-mediated nuclear import pathway, and identify RanBP6 as candidate tumor suppressor on chromosome 9p.
Citation Format: Wan-Ying Hsieh, Barbara Oldrini, Hediye Erdjument-Bromage, Paolo Codega, Maria S. Carro, Igor Vivanco, Dan Rohle, Carl Campos, Craig Bielski, Barry Taylor, Paul Tempst, Massimo Squatrito, Ingo K. Mellinghoff. Identification of Ran binding protein 6 as a novel negative regulator of EGFR and candidate tumor suppressor in glioblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1032. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1032
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paolo Codega
- 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Maria S. Carro
- 4Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Igor Vivanco
- 5The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Rohle
- 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Carl Campos
- 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Craig Bielski
- 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Barry Taylor
- 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Paul Tempst
- 1Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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17
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Tanos BE, Perez Bay AE, Salvarezza S, Vivanco I, Mellinghoff I, Osman M, Sacks DB, Rodriguez-Boulan E. IQGAP1 controls tight junction formation through differential regulation of claudin recruitment. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:853-62. [PMID: 25588839 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.118703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IQGAP1 is a scaffolding protein previously implicated in adherens junction formation. However, its role in the establishment or maintenance of tight junctions (TJs) has not been explored. We hypothesized that IQGAP1 could regulate TJ formation by modulating the expression and/or localization of junctional proteins, and we systematically tested this hypothesis in the model Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. We find that IQGAP1 silencing enhances a transient increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) observed during the early stages of TJ formation (Cereijido et al., 1978). Quantitative microscopy and biochemical experiments suggest that this effect of IQGAP1 on TJ assembly is accounted for by reduced expression and TJ recruitment of claudin 2, and increased TJ recruitment of claudin 4. Furthermore, we show that IQGAP1 also regulates TJ formation through its interactor CDC42, because IQGAP1 knockdown increases the activity of the CDC42 effector JNK and dominant-negative CDC42 prevents the increase in TER caused by IQGAP1 silencing. Hence, we provide evidence that IQGAP1 modulates TJ formation by a twofold mechanism: (1) controlling the expression and recruitment of claudin 2 and recruitment of claudin 4 to the TJ, and (2) transient inhibition of the CDC42-JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Tanos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andres E Perez Bay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Susana Salvarezza
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Igor Vivanco
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ingo Mellinghoff
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mahasin Osman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - David B Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Enrique Rodriguez-Boulan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Margaret Dyson Vision Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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18
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Vivanco I, Chen ZC, Tanos B, Oldrini B, Hsieh WY, Yannuzzi N, Campos C, Mellinghoff IK. A kinase-independent function of AKT promotes cancer cell survival. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25551293 PMCID: PMC4337624 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine–threonine kinase AKT regulates proliferation and survival by phosphorylating a network of protein substrates. In this study, we describe a kinase-independent function of AKT. In cancer cells harboring gain-of-function alterations in MET, HER2, or Phosphatidyl-Inositol-3-Kinase (PI3K), catalytically inactive AKT (K179M) protected from drug induced cell death in a PH-domain dependent manner. An AKT kinase domain mutant found in human melanoma (G161V) lacked enzymatic activity in vitro and in AKT1/AKT2 double knockout cells, but promoted growth factor independent survival of primary human melanocytes. ATP-competitive AKT inhibitors failed to block the kinase-independent function of AKT, a liability that limits their effectiveness compared to allosteric AKT inhibitors. Our results broaden the current view of AKT function and have important implications for the development of AKT inhibitors for cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03751.001 To maintain a healthy body, the ability of our cells to survive and divide is normally strictly controlled. If any cells manage to escape these restrictions, they may rapidly divide and form tumors, which can lead to cancer. A protein called AKT can encourage cells to survive and divide, and in healthy cells it is only allowed to be active at specific times. However, in many cancer cells, the genes that make and control AKT activity can be altered by mutations, which can result in AKT being active at the wrong times. Part of the AKT protein acts as an enzyme called a kinase and adds chemical groups called phosphates to other proteins. The phosphate groups can activate or deactivate these proteins to control cell survival and cell division. However, there are other sections to the AKT protein and it is not clear how they are involved in this protein's activity. In this study, Vivanco et al. show that AKT has another role in cell survival that does not depend on its kinase. The experiments show that even when the kinase part of the protein is missing, AKT can help cancer cells to survive drug treatments and external conditions that would normally kill them. This role requires another section of the protein called the PH-domain. There are several chemicals—called inhibitors—that can stop AKT from working properly, and they have the potential to be used to treat some types of cancer. These inhibitors work in different ways: some were able to block the activity of the kinase, but others inhibited AKT by binding to other parts of the protein. Therefore, to develop AKT inhibitors into effective drugs, it will be important to know precisely what role the protein plays in different types of cancers. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03751.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Vivanco
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Zhi C Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Barbara Tanos
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Barbara Oldrini
- Seve Ballesteros Foundation Brain Tumor Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wan-Ying Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, United States
| | - Nicolas Yannuzzi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Carl Campos
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
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19
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Meng S, Arbit T, Veeriah S, Mellinghoff IK, Fang F, Vivanco I, Rohle D, Chan TA. 14-3-3σ and p21 synergize to determine DNA damage response following Chk2 inhibition. Cell Cycle 2014; 8:2238-46. [DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.14.8998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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20
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Graham NA, Tahmasian M, Kohli B, Komisopoulou E, Zhu M, Vivanco I, Teitell MA, Wu H, Ribas A, Lo RS, Mellinghoff IK, Mischel PS, Graeber TG. Glucose deprivation activates a metabolic and signaling amplification loop leading to cell death. Mol Syst Biol 2012; 8:589. [PMID: 22735335 PMCID: PMC3397414 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2012.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The altered metabolism of cancer can render cells dependent on the availability of metabolic substrates for viability. Investigating the signaling mechanisms underlying cell death in cells dependent upon glucose for survival, we demonstrate that glucose withdrawal rapidly induces supra-physiological levels of phospho-tyrosine signaling, even in cells expressing constitutively active tyrosine kinases. Using unbiased mass spectrometry-based phospho-proteomics, we show that glucose withdrawal initiates a unique signature of phospho-tyrosine activation that is associated with focal adhesions. Building upon this observation, we demonstrate that glucose withdrawal activates a positive feedback loop involving generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase and mitochondria, inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases by oxidation, and increased tyrosine kinase signaling. In cells dependent on glucose for survival, glucose withdrawal-induced ROS generation and tyrosine kinase signaling synergize to amplify ROS levels, ultimately resulting in ROS-mediated cell death. Taken together, these findings illustrate the systems-level cross-talk between metabolism and signaling in the maintenance of cancer cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Graham
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martik Tahmasian
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bitika Kohli
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Evangelia Komisopoulou
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maggie Zhu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Igor Vivanco
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roger S Lo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Graeber
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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21
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Vivanco I, Robins HI, Rohle D, Campos C, Grommes C, Nghiemphu PL, Kubek S, Oldrini B, Chheda MG, Yannuzzi N, Tao H, Zhu S, Iwanami A, Kuga D, Dang J, Pedraza A, Brennan CW, Heguy A, Liau LM, Lieberman F, Yung WA, Gilbert MR, Reardon DA, Drappatz J, Wen PY, Lamborn KR, Chang SM, Prados MD, Fine HA, Horvath S, Wu N, Lassman AB, DeAngelis LM, Yong WH, Kuhn JG, Mischel PS, Mehta MP, Cloughesy TF, Mellinghoff IK. Differential sensitivity of glioma- versus lung cancer-specific EGFR mutations to EGFR kinase inhibitors. Cancer Discov 2012; 2:458-71. [PMID: 22588883 PMCID: PMC3354723 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-11-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in glioblastoma (GBM) occurs through mutations or deletions in the extracellular (EC) domain. Unlike lung cancers with EGFR kinase domain (KD) mutations, GBMs respond poorly to the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib. Using RNAi, we show that GBM cells carrying EGFR EC mutations display EGFR addiction. In contrast to KD mutants found in lung cancer, glioma-specific EGFR EC mutants are poorly inhibited by EGFR inhibitors that target the active kinase conformation (e.g., erlotinib). Inhibitors that bind to the inactive EGFR conformation, however, potently inhibit EGFR EC mutants and induce cell death in EGFR-mutant GBM cells. Our results provide first evidence for single kinase addiction in GBM and suggest that the disappointing clinical activity of first-generation EGFR inhibitors in GBM versus lung cancer may be attributed to the different conformational requirements of mutant EGFR in these 2 cancer types. SIGNIFICANCE Approximately 40% of human glioblastomas harbor oncogenic EGFR alterations, but attempts to therapeutically target EGFR with first-generation EGFR kinase inhibitors have failed. Here, we demonstrate selective sensitivity of glioma-specific EGFR mutants to ATP-site competitive EGFR kinase inhibitors that target the inactive conformation of the catalytic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Vivanco
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - H. Ian Robins
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Daniel Rohle
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carl Campos
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Phioanh Leia Nghiemphu
- Departments of Neurology, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sara Kubek
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Barbara Oldrini
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Milan G. Chheda
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Nicolas Yannuzzi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Hui Tao
- Analytical Pharmacology Core, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Shaojun Zhu
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Akio Iwanami
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daisuke Kuga
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julie Dang
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alicia Pedraza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Cameron W. Brennan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Linda M. Liau
- Neurosurgery, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - W.K. Alfred Yung
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mark R. Gilbert
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | - Jan Drappatz
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Susan M. Chang
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael D. Prados
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Howard A. Fine
- NeuroOncology Branch; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steve Horvath
- Human Genetics and Biostatistics, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nian Wu
- Analytical Pharmacology Core, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | - William H. Yong
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - John G. Kuhn
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Paul S. Mischel
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Timothy F. Cloughesy
- Departments of Neurology, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ingo K. Mellinghoff
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Neurology, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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22
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Veeriah S, Taylor BS, Meng S, Fang F, Yilmaz E, Vivanco I, Janakiraman M, Schultz N, Hanrahan AJ, Pao W, Ladanyi M, Sander C, Heguy A, Holland EC, Paty PB, Mischel PS, Liau L, Cloughesy TF, Mellinghoff IK, Solit DB, Chan TA. Somatic mutations of the Parkinson's disease-associated gene PARK2 in glioblastoma and other human malignancies. Nat Genet 2009; 42:77-82. [PMID: 19946270 DOI: 10.1038/ng.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of the gene PARK2, which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is the most common cause of early-onset Parkinson's disease. In a search for multisite tumor suppressors, we identified PARK2 as a frequently targeted gene on chromosome 6q25.2-q27 in cancer. Here we describe inactivating somatic mutations and frequent intragenic deletions of PARK2 in human malignancies. The PARK2 mutations in cancer occur in the same domains, and sometimes at the same residues, as the germline mutations causing familial Parkinson's disease. Cancer-specific mutations abrogate the growth-suppressive effects of the PARK2 protein. PARK2 mutations in cancer decrease PARK2's E3 ligase activity, compromising its ability to ubiquitinate cyclin E and resulting in mitotic instability. These data strongly point to PARK2 as a tumor suppressor on 6q25.2-q27. Thus, PARK2, a gene that causes neuronal dysfunction when mutated in the germline, may instead contribute to oncogenesis when altered in non-neuronal somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraju Veeriah
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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23
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Peng L, Wu TT, Tchieu JH, Feng J, Brown HJ, Feng J, Li X, Qi J, Deng H, Vivanco I, Mellinghoff IK, Jamieson C, Sun R. Inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway enhances gamma-2 herpesvirus lytic replication and facilitates reactivation from latency. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:463-9. [PMID: 19864499 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.015073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular signalling pathways are critical in regulating the balance between latency and lytic replication of herpesviruses. Here, we investigated the effect of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway on replication of two gamma-2 herpesviruses, murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68) and human herpesvirus-8/Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8/KSHV). We found that de novo infection of MHV-68 induced PI3K-dependent Akt activation and the lytic replication of MHV-68 was enhanced by inhibiting the PI3K-Akt pathway with both chemical inhibitors and RNA interference technology. Inhibiting the activity of Akt using Akt inhibitor VIII also facilitated the reactivation of KSHV from latency. Both lytic replication and latency depend on the activity of viral transactivator RTA and we further show that the activity of RTA is increased by reducing Akt1 expression. The data suggest that the PI3K-Akt pathway suppresses the activity of RTA and thereby contributes to the maintenance of viral latency and promotes tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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24
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Regales L, Gong Y, Shen R, de Stanchina E, Vivanco I, Goel A, Koutcher JA, Spassova M, Ouerfelli O, Mellinghoff IK, Zakowski MF, Politi KA, Pao W. Dual targeting of EGFR can overcome a major drug resistance mutation in mouse models of EGFR mutant lung cancer. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:3000-10. [PMID: 19759520 DOI: 10.1172/jci38746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
EGFR is a major anticancer drug target in human epithelial tumors. One effective class of agents is the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as gefitinib and erlotinib. These drugs induce dramatic responses in individuals with lung adenocarcinomas characterized by mutations in exons encoding the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain, but disease progression invariably occurs. A major reason for such acquired resistance is the outgrowth of tumor cells with additional TKI-resistant EGFR mutations. Here we used relevant transgenic mouse lung tumor models to evaluate strategies to overcome the most common EGFR TKI resistance mutation, T790M. We treated mice bearing tumors harboring EGFR mutations with a variety of anticancer agents, including a new irreversible EGFR TKI that is under development (BIBW-2992) and the EGFR-specific antibody cetuximab. Surprisingly, we found that only the combination of both agents together induced dramatic shrinkage of erlotinib-resistant tumors harboring the T790M mutation, because together they efficiently depleted both phosphorylated and total EGFR. We suggest that these studies have immediate therapeutic implications for lung cancer patients, as dual targeting with cetuximab and a second-generation EGFR TKI may be an effective strategy to overcome T790M-mediated drug resistance. Moreover, this approach could serve as an important model for targeting other receptor tyrosine kinases activated in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Regales
- Pao Laboratory, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Beroukhim R, Getz G, Nghiemphu L, Barretina J, Hsueh T, Linhart D, Vivanco I, Lee JC, Huang JH, Alexander S, Du J, Kau T, Thomas RK, Shah K, Soto H, Perner S, Prensner J, Debiasi RM, Demichelis F, Hatton C, Rubin MA, Garraway LA, Nelson SF, Liau L, Mischel PS, Cloughesy TF, Meyerson M, Golub TA, Lander ES, Mellinghoff IK, Sellers WR. Assessing the significance of chromosomal aberrations in cancer: methodology and application to glioma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:20007-12. [PMID: 18077431 PMCID: PMC2148413 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710052104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 800] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive knowledge of the genomic alterations that underlie cancer is a critical foundation for diagnostics, prognostics, and targeted therapeutics. Systematic efforts to analyze cancer genomes are underway, but the analysis is hampered by the lack of a statistical framework to distinguish meaningful events from random background aberrations. Here we describe a systematic method, called Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in Cancer (GISTIC), designed for analyzing chromosomal aberrations in cancer. We use it to study chromosomal aberrations in 141 gliomas and compare the results with two prior studies. Traditional methods highlight hundreds of altered regions with little concordance between studies. The new approach reveals a highly concordant picture involving approximately 35 significant events, including 16-18 broad events near chromosome-arm size and 16-21 focal events. Approximately half of these events correspond to known cancer-related genes, only some of which have been previously tied to glioma. We also show that superimposed broad and focal events may have different biological consequences. Specifically, gliomas with broad amplification of chromosome 7 have properties different from those with overlapping focalEGFR amplification: the broad events act in part through effects on MET and its ligand HGF and correlate with MET dependence in vitro. Our results support the feasibility and utility of systematic characterization of the cancer genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameen Beroukhim
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Pediatric Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gad Getz
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Leia Nghiemphu
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Neurology, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jordi Barretina
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Pediatric Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Teli Hsueh
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Neurology, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - David Linhart
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Pediatric Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Igor Vivanco
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Neurology, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jeffrey C. Lee
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Pediatric Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Julie H. Huang
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Neurology, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Sethu Alexander
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Pediatric Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jinyan Du
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Pediatric Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tweeny Kau
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Neurology, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Roman K. Thomas
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Pediatric Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research and Klaus-Joachim Zülch Laboratories, Max Planck Society and Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology and Department I for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kinjal Shah
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Pediatric Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Horacio Soto
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Neurology, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Sven Perner
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulm, D-89070 Ulm, Germany
| | - John Prensner
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Pediatric Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ralph M. Debiasi
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Pediatric Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Charlie Hatton
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Pediatric Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Levi A. Garraway
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Pediatric Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Stan F. Nelson
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Neurology, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Linda Liau
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Neurology, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Paul S. Mischel
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Neurology, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Tim F. Cloughesy
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Neurology, Pathology, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Pediatric Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Todd A. Golub
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Pediatric Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Eric S. Lander
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Ingo K. Mellinghoff
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - William R. Sellers
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Pediatric Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
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26
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Wang MY, Lu KV, Zhu S, Dia EQ, Vivanco I, Shackleford GM, Cavenee WK, Mellinghoff IK, Cloughesy TF, Sawyers CL, Mischel PS. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition promotes response to epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibitors in PTEN-deficient and PTEN-intact glioblastoma cells. Cancer Res 2007; 66:7864-9. [PMID: 16912159 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is commonly amplified, overexpressed, and mutated in glioblastoma, making it a compelling molecular target for therapy. We have recently shown that coexpression of EGFRvIII and PTEN protein by glioblastoma cells is strongly associated with clinical response to EGFR kinase inhibitor therapy. PTEN loss, by dissociating inhibition of the EGFR from downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway inhibition, seems to act as a resistance factor. Because 40% to 50% of glioblastomas are PTEN deficient, a critical challenge is to identify strategies that promote responsiveness to EGFR kinase inhibitors in patients whose tumors lack PTEN. Here, we show that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin enhances the sensitivity of PTEN-deficient tumor cells to the EGFR kinase inhibitor erlotinib. In two isogenic model systems (U87MG glioblastoma cells expressing EGFR, EGFRvIII, and PTEN in relevant combinations, and SF295 glioblastoma cells in which PTEN protein expression has been stably restored), we show that combined EGFR/mTOR kinase inhibition inhibits tumor cell growth and has an additive effect on inhibiting downstream PI3K pathway signaling. We also show that combination therapy provides added benefit in promoting cell death in PTEN-deficient tumor cells. These studies provide strong rationale for combined mTOR/EGFR kinase inhibitor therapy in glioblastoma patients, particularly those with PTEN-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Y Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Henry E. Singleton Brain Tumor Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
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27
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Jiao J, Wang S, Qiao R, Vivanco I, Watson PA, Sawyers CL, Wu H. Murine cell lines derived from Pten null prostate cancer show the critical role of PTEN in hormone refractory prostate cancer development. Cancer Res 2007; 67:6083-91. [PMID: 17616663 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PTEN mutations are among the most frequent genetic alterations found in human prostate cancers. Our previous works suggest that although precancerous lesions were found in Pten heterozygous mice, cancer progression and metastasis only happened when both alleles of Pten were deleted. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of PTEN in prostate cancer control, we generated two pairs of isogenic, androgen receptor (AR)-positive prostate epithelial lines from intact conditional Pten knock-out mice that are either heterozygous (PTEN-P2 and -P8) or homozygous (PTEN-CaP2 and PTEN-CaP8) for Pten deletion. Further characterization of these cells showed that loss of the second allele of Pten leads to increased anchorage-independent growth in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo without obvious structural or numerical chromosome changes based on SKY karyotyping analysis. Despite no prior exposure to hormone ablation therapy, Pten null cells are tumorigenic in both male and female severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Furthermore, knocking down PTEN can convert the androgen-dependent Myc-CaP cell into androgen independence, suggesting that PTEN intrinsically controls androgen responsiveness, a critical step in the development of hormone refractory prostate cancer. Importantly, knocking down AR by shRNA in Pten null cells reverses androgen-independent growth in vitro and partially inhibited tumorigenesis in vivo, indicating that PTEN-controlled prostate tumorigenesis is AR dependent. These cell lines will serve as useful tools for understanding signaling pathways controlled by PTEN and elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in hormone refractory prostate cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiao
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1735, USA
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28
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Vivanco I, Palaskas N, Tran C, Finn SP, Getz G, Kennedy NJ, Jiao J, Rose J, Xie W, Loda M, Golub T, Mellinghoff IK, Davis RJ, Wu H, Sawyers CL. Identification of the JNK signaling pathway as a functional target of the tumor suppressor PTEN. Cancer Cell 2007; 11:555-69. [PMID: 17560336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although most oncogenic phenotypes of PTEN loss are attributed to AKT activation, AKT alone is not sufficient to induce all of the biological activities associated with PTEN inactivation. We searched for additional PTEN-regulated pathways through gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and identified genes associated with JNK activation. PTEN null cells exhibit higher JNK activity, and genetic studies demonstrate that JNK functions parallel to and independently of AKT. Furthermore, PTEN deficiency sensitizes cells to JNK inhibition and negative feedback regulation of PI3K was impaired in PTEN null cells. Akt and JNK activation are highly correlated in human prostate cancer. These findings implicate JNK in PI3K-driven cancers and demonstrate the utility of GSEA to identify functional pathways using genetically defined systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Vivanco
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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29
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Lee JC, Vivanco I, Beroukhim R, Huang JHY, Feng WL, DeBiasi RM, Yoshimoto K, King JC, Nghiemphu P, Yuza Y, Xu Q, Greulich H, Thomas RK, Paez JG, Peck TC, Linhart DJ, Glatt KA, Getz G, Onofrio R, Ziaugra L, Levine RL, Gabriel S, Kawaguchi T, O'Neill K, Khan H, Liau LM, Nelson SF, Rao PN, Mischel P, Pieper RO, Cloughesy T, Leahy DJ, Sellers WR, Sawyers CL, Meyerson M, Mellinghoff IK. Epidermal growth factor receptor activation in glioblastoma through novel missense mutations in the extracellular domain. PLoS Med 2006; 3:e485. [PMID: 17177598 PMCID: PMC1702556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein tyrosine kinases are important regulators of cellular homeostasis with tightly controlled catalytic activity. Mutations in kinase-encoding genes can relieve the autoinhibitory constraints on kinase activity, can promote malignant transformation, and appear to be a major determinant of response to kinase inhibitor therapy. Missense mutations in the EGFR kinase domain, for example, have recently been identified in patients who showed clinical responses to EGFR kinase inhibitor therapy. METHODS AND FINDINGS Encouraged by the promising clinical activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors in treating glioblastoma in humans, we have sequenced the complete EGFR coding sequence in glioma tumor samples and cell lines. We identified novel missense mutations in the extracellular domain of EGFR in 13.6% (18/132) of glioblastomas and 12.5% (1/8) of glioblastoma cell lines. These EGFR mutations were associated with increased EGFR gene dosage and conferred anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenicity to NIH-3T3 cells. Cells transformed by expression of these EGFR mutants were sensitive to small-molecule EGFR kinase inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest extracellular missense mutations as a novel mechanism for oncogenic EGFR activation and may help identify patients who can benefit from EGFR kinase inhibitors for treatment of glioblastoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Binding Sites/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- ErbB Receptors/chemistry
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Erlotinib Hydrochloride
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Glioblastoma/genetics
- Glioblastoma/pathology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation, Missense
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Quinazolines/chemistry
- Quinazolines/metabolism
- Quinazolines/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Igor Vivanco
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julie H. Y Huang
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Whei L Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ralph M DeBiasi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Koji Yoshimoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer C King
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Phioanh Nghiemphu
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yuki Yuza
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Heidi Greulich
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roman K Thomas
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - J. Guillermo Paez
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy C Peck
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David J Linhart
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karen A Glatt
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gad Getz
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert Onofrio
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Liuda Ziaugra
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ross L Levine
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tomohiro Kawaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Keith O'Neill
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Haumith Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Linda M Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stanley F Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - P. Nagesh Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Mischel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Russell O Pieper
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tim Cloughesy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J Leahy
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William R Sellers
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles L Sawyers
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (MM); (IKM)
| | - Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (MM); (IKM)
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30
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Mellinghoff IK, Wang MY, Vivanco I, Haas-Kogan DA, Zhu S, Dia EQ, Lu KV, Yoshimoto K, Huang JHY, Chute DJ, Riggs BL, Horvath S, Liau LM, Cavenee WK, Rao PN, Beroukhim R, Peck TC, Lee JC, Sellers WR, Stokoe D, Prados M, Cloughesy TF, Sawyers CL, Mischel PS. Molecular determinants of the response of glioblastomas to EGFR kinase inhibitors. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2012-24. [PMID: 16282176 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa051918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1020] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently amplified, overexpressed, or mutated in glioblastomas, but only 10 to 20 percent of patients have a response to EGFR kinase inhibitors. The mechanism of responsiveness of glioblastomas to these inhibitors is unknown. METHODS We sequenced kinase domains in the EGFR and human EGFR type 2 (Her2/neu) genes and analyzed the expression of EGFR, EGFR deletion mutant variant III (EGFRvIII), and the tumor-suppressor protein PTEN in recurrent malignant gliomas from patients who had received EGFR kinase inhibitors. We determined the molecular correlates of clinical response, validated them in an independent data set, and identified effects of the molecular abnormalities in vitro. RESULTS Of 49 patients with recurrent malignant glioma who were treated with EGFR kinase inhibitors, 9 had tumor shrinkage of at least 25 percent. Pretreatment tissue was available for molecular analysis from 26 patients, 7 of whom had had a response and 19 of whom had rapid progression during therapy. No mutations in EGFR or Her2/neu kinase domains were detected in the tumors. Coexpression of EGFRvIII and PTEN was significantly associated with a clinical response (P<0.001; odds ratio, 51; 95 percent confidence interval, 4 to 669). These findings were validated in 33 patients who received similar treatment for glioblastoma at a different institution (P=0.001; odds ratio, 40; 95 percent confidence interval, 3 to 468). In vitro, coexpression of EGFRvIII and PTEN sensitized glioblastoma cells to erlotinib. CONCLUSIONS Coexpression of EGFRvIII and PTEN by glioblastoma cells is associated with responsiveness to EGFR kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles 90095-1732, USA
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Mellinghoff IK, Vivanco I, Kwon A, Tran C, Wongvipat J, Sawyers CL. HER2/neu kinase-dependent modulation of androgen receptor function through effects on DNA binding and stability. Cancer Cell 2004; 6:517-27. [PMID: 15542435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Revised: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the role of the EGFR/HER2 family of tyrosine kinases in breast cancer, we dissected the molecular basis of EGFR/HER2 kinase signaling in prostate cancer. Using the small molecule dual EGFR/HER2 inhibitor PKI-166, we show that the biologic effects of EGFR/HER-2 pathway inhibition are caused by reduced AR transcriptional activity. Additional genetic and pharmacologic experiments show that this modulation of AR function is mediated by the HER2/ERBB3 pathway, not by EGFR. This HER2/ERBB3 signal stabilizes AR protein levels and optimizes binding of AR to promoter/enhancer regions of androgen-regulated genes. Surprisingly, the downstream signaling pathway responsible for these effects appears to involve kinases other than Akt. These data suggest that the HER2/ERBB3 pathway is a critical target in hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Jain A, Lam A, Vivanco I, Carey MF, Reiter RE. Identification of an androgen-dependent enhancer within the prostate stem cell antigen gene. Mol Endocrinol 2002; 16:2323-37. [PMID: 12351697 DOI: 10.1210/me.2002-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is emerging as an important diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Previous studies indicated that PSCA was directly regulated by androgens, but the mechanism has not been elucidated. Here we describe the identification of a compact cell-specific and androgen-responsive enhancer between 2.7 and 3 kb upstream of the transcription start site. The enhancer functions autonomously when positioned immediately adjacent to a minimal promoter. Deoxyribonuclease I footprinting analysis with recombinant androgen receptor (AR) reveals that the enhancer contains two AR binding sites at one end. Mutational analysis of the AR binding sites revealed the importance of the higher affinity one. The dissociation constant of the high affinity binding site (androgen response element I) was determined to be approximately 87 nM. The remainder of the enhancer contains elements that function synergistically with the AR. We discuss the structural organization of the PSCA enhancer and compare it with that found in other AR-regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Jain
- Department of Urology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Vivanco
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, 11-935 Factor Building, 10833 LeConte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Afar DE, Vivanco I, Hubert RS, Kuo J, Chen E, Saffran DC, Raitano AB, Jakobovits A. Catalytic cleavage of the androgen-regulated TMPRSS2 protease results in its secretion by prostate and prostate cancer epithelia. Cancer Res 2001; 61:1686-92. [PMID: 11245484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
We identified TMPRSS2 as a gene that is down-regulated in androgen-independent prostate cancer xenograft tissue derived from a bone metastasis. Using specific monoclonal antibodies, we show that the TMPRSS2-encoded serine protease is expressed as a Mr 70,000 full-length form and a cleaved Mr 32,000 protease domain. Mutation of Ser-441 in the catalytic triad shows that the proteolytic cleavage is dependent on catalytic activity, suggesting that it occurs as a result of autocleavage. Mutational analysis reveals the cleavage site to be at Arg-255. A consequence of autocatalytic cleavage is the secretion of the protease domain into the media by TMPRSS2-expressing prostate cancer cells and into the sera of prostate tumor-bearing mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of clinical specimens demonstrates the highest expression of TMPRSS2 at the apical side of prostate and prostate cancer secretory epithelia and within the lumen of the glands. Similar luminal staining was detected in colon cancer samples. Expression was also seen in colon and pancreas, with little to no expression detected in seven additional normal tissues. These data demonstrate that TMPRSS2 is a secreted protease that is highly expressed in prostate and prostate cancer, making it a potential target for cancer therapy and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Afar
- UroGenesys Inc., Santa Monica, California 90404, USA
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Hubert RS, Vivanco I, Chen E, Rastegar S, Leong K, Mitchell SC, Madraswala R, Zhou Y, Kuo J, Raitano AB, Jakobovits A, Saffran DC, Afar DE. STEAP: a prostate-specific cell-surface antigen highly expressed in human prostate tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:14523-8. [PMID: 10588738 PMCID: PMC24469 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.25.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In search of novel genes expressed in metastatic prostate cancer, we subtracted cDNA isolated from benign prostatic hypertrophic tissue from cDNA isolated from a prostate cancer xenograft model that mimics advanced disease. One novel gene that is highly expressed in advanced prostate cancer encodes a 339-amino acid protein with six potential membrane-spanning regions flanked by hydrophilic amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains. This structure suggests a potential function as a channel or transporter protein. This gene, named STEAP for six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate, is expressed predominantly in human prostate tissue and is up-regulated in multiple cancer cell lines, including prostate, bladder, colon, ovarian, and Ewing sarcoma. Immunohistochemical analysis of clinical specimens demonstrates significant STEAP expression at the cell-cell junctions of the secretory epithelium of prostate and prostate cancer cells. Little to no staining was detected at the plasma membranes of normal, nonprostate human tissues, except for bladder tissue, which expressed low levels of STEAP at the cell membrane. Protein analysis located STEAP at the cell surface of prostate-cancer cell lines. Our results support STEAP as a cell-surface tumor-antigen target for prostate cancer therapy and diagnostic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Hubert
- UroGenesys Inc., 1701 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
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