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Empathic accuracy and interpersonal coordination: behavior matching can enhance accuracy but interactional synchrony may not. The Journal of Social Psychology 2021; 162:71-88. [PMID: 34651552 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.1983509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The study considered two major facets of interpersonal coordination, namely, behavior matching (posture mirroring) and interactional synchrony, and investigated whether interpersonal coordination enhanced empathic accuracy. Interactional synchrony was further classified into simultaneous movement and interaction rhythms. Participants engaged in an eight-minute conversation with a same-gender unacquainted partner and an empathic accuracy task. Each participant viewed the interaction video and reported their thoughts and feelings at pre-determined points of time. Afterward, they rewatched the video and inferred the thoughts and feelings of their partners. The study employed OpenPose, 2D pose estimation software of human body, to quantify posture and bodily movement, which were used to determine coordination. The results indicated that behavior matching was positively associated with empathic accuracy, whereas rhythmic convergence in synchrony was negatively associated with accuracy in female dyads. The additional analysis explored the temporal relationship between coordination and accuracy, which indicated a cause-effect tendency during interactions.
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Rhythmic Features of Movement Synchrony for Bonding Individuals in Dyadic Interaction. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-019-00315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study examined ways in which rhythmic features of movement contribute to bonding between individuals. Though previous studies have described synchrony as a form of social glue, this research extends those findings to consider the impact of fast versus slow tempo on movement synchrony. This two-part experiment examined dyadic interactions as they occurred between same-sex strangers (Study 1) and friends (Study 2). Participants were video-recorded as they engaged in 5- or 6-min chats, and synchrony was evaluated using wavelet transform via calculations of cross-wavelet coherence. Study 1 employed regression commonality analysis and hierarchical linear modeling and found that among various frequency bands, rapport between individuals was positively associated with synchrony under 0.025 Hz (i.e., slower than once every 40 s) and 0.5–1.5 Hz (i.e., once every 0.67–2 s). On the contrary, Study 2 determined that synchrony of 0.5–1.5 Hz was not impactful among friend dyads and only predictive of the motivation to cultivate a friendly relationship during interactions with strangers. These results indicate the existence of a distinctive rhythm for bonding individuals, and the role of pre-existing friendship as a moderator of the bonding effect of synchrony. However, the role of relative phase (i.e., timing of movement; same versus opposite timing) remains unclear, as the ratio of in- and anti-phase patterning had no significant influence on perceived rapport and motivation to develop relationships. On the basis of the research results, a theoretical contribution is proposed to the study of interpersonal coordination.
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Gender differences in synchrony: Females in sync during unstructured dyadic conversation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
This study explored whether affect could be an antecedent of synchrony (i.e., the
convergence of rhythm and timing) in face-to-face conversations. Although previous studies
have failed to illustrate that affective valence causes synchrony, they did not employ
experimental manipulation of affective state and did not consider the affective contrast
between interacting participants. In this study, two experiments were conducted on dyadic
interactions with a same-sex stranger. Experiment 1 focused on affective valence, and
Experiment 2 investigated the influence of affective contrast on synchrony. Participants
engaged in a 6-min chat. Positive or negative affect was separately induced using a video
(Experiment 1) or an affective picture set (Experiment 2) before conversation to stimulate
each two conditions: positive versus negative affective state (Experiment 1) or low versus
high contrast in affective state (Experiment 2). Synchrony was evaluated using wavelet
transform, via calculation of the cross-wavelet coherence (WTC) and relative phasing
pattern (i.e., in-phase and anti-phase), as well as cross-correlation. Results showed that
cross-WTC and proportion of in-phase patterning were not influenced by affective valence
(Experiments 1 and 2); however, they were higher in the low-contrast condition compared
with the high-contrast condition (Experiment 2). Cross-correlation, on the contrary, could
not find a significant difference in Experiments 1 and 2. These results were discussed
from the perspective of cognitive and motivational processes.
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Patterns and Universals of Adult Romantic Attachment Across 62 Cultural Regions. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022104266105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 62 cultural regions completedthe RelationshipQuestionnaire(RQ), a self-reportmeasure of adult romanticattachment. Correlational analyses within each culture suggested that the Model of Self and the Model of Other scales of the RQ were psychometrically valid within most cultures. Contrary to expectations, the Model of Self and Model of Other dimensions of the RQ did not underlie the four-category model of attachment in the same way across all cultures. Analyses of specific attachment styles revealed that secure romantic attachment was normative in 79% of cultures and that preoccupied romantic attachment was particularly prevalent in East Asian cultures. Finally, the romantic attachment profiles of individual nations were correlated with sociocultural indicators in ways that supported evolutionary theories of romantic attachment and basic human mating strategies.
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Evaluating Interpersonal Synchrony: Wavelet Transform Toward an Unstructured Conversation. Front Psychol 2016; 7:516. [PMID: 27148125 PMCID: PMC4828427 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether interpersonal synchrony could be extracted using spectrum analysis (i.e., wavelet transform) in an unstructured conversation. Sixty-two female undergraduates were randomly paired and they engaged in a 6-min unstructured conversation. Interpersonal synchrony was evaluated by calculating the cross-wavelet coherence of the time-series movement data, extracted using a video-image analysis software. The existence of synchrony was tested using a pseudo-synchrony paradigm. In addition, the frequency at which the synchrony occurred and the distribution of the relative phase was explored. The results showed that the value of cross-wavelet coherence was higher in the experimental participant pairs than in the pseudo pairs. Further, the coherence value was higher in the frequency band under 0.5 Hz. These results support the validity of evaluating interpersonal synchron Behavioral mimicry and interpersonal syyby using wavelet transform even in an unstructured conversation. However, the role of relative phase was not clear; there was no significant difference between each relative-phase region. The theoretical contribution of these findings to the area of interpersonal coordination is discussed.
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Abstract
This study examined how gaze and speech rate affect perceptions of a speaker. Participants viewed a video recording of one of four persuasive messages delivered by a female speaker. Analysis of speech rate, gaze, and listener's sex revealed that when combined with a small amount of gaze, slow speech rate decreased trustworthiness as compared to a fast speech rate. For women, slow speech rate was thought to be indicative of less expertise as compared to a fast speech rate, again when combined with low gaze. There were no significant interactions, but there were main effects of gaze and speech rate on persuasiveness. High levels of gaze and slow speech rate each enhanced perceptions of the speaker's persuasiveness.
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THE STUDY OF EMOTIONAL CONTAGION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND PERSONALITY 2008. [DOI: 10.2224/sbp.2008.36.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Emotional contagion was examined from the perspective of interpersonal relationships. Using a vignette paradigm, 156 Japanese undergraduates (108 females and 48 males) assumed either a friend, acquaintance, senior, or junior as their partner. Their emotional expression and experience
were measured when their assumed partner told them of intensely positive episodes (e.g., the long-sought passing of a certification examination) and intensely negative episodes (e.g., the death of their mother). Emotional responses were significantly stronger in the friend, senior, and junior
conditions than in the acquaintance condition for both positive and negative episodes, suggesting the degree of intimacy in the interpersonal relationship influenced emotional contagion. Emotional responses were also stronger in the junior condition than in the senior condition, suggesting
that social power in interpersonal relationships influenced emotional contagion. Moreover, sad expressions resulting from partners' disclosures did not differ across conditions, reflecting the display rule of negative emotions in Japan. These results indicate that interpersonal relationships
need to be taken into account in the model of emotional contagion.
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Interactional Synchrony in Conversations about Emotional Episodes: A Measurement by “the Between-Participants Pseudosynchrony Experimental Paradigm”. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-006-0011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Patterns and universals of mate poaching across 53 nations: the effects of sex, culture, and personality on romantically attracting another person's partner. J Pers Soc Psychol 2004; 86:560-84. [PMID: 15053706 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.4.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, 16,954 participants from 53 nations were administered an anonymous survey about experiences with romantic attraction. Mate poaching--romantically attracting someone who is already in a relationship--was most common in Southern Europe, South America, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe and was relatively infrequent in Africa, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia. Evolutionary and social-role hypotheses received empirical support. Men were more likely than women to report having made and succumbed to short-term poaching across all regions, but differences between men and women were often smaller in more gender-egalitarian regions. People who try to steal another's mate possess similar personality traits across all regions, as do those who frequently receive and succumb to the poaching attempts by others. The authors conclude that human mate-poaching experiences are universally linked to sex, culture, and the robust influence of personal dispositions.
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Abstract
This research investigated the relationship between the six love styles based on Lee's theory (1973) and several romantic experiences, such as emotional experiences, self-perceptions, and partner's impressions. The subjects were 343 undergraduate students. The main results
were as follows: Eros was positively related to positive feelings and positive self-perceptions. Mania and Agape showed similar patterns of emotional experiences, but Agape was distinguished from Mania in that agapic individuals thought of themselves as kind in romantic relationships. Pragma
and Ludus were positively related to negative feelings in romantic relationships, and, in addition, Ludus was negatively correlated with partner's attractiveness. These results mostly provided support for Lee's theory and the conceptual validity of the six love styles.
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Universal sex differences in the desire for sexual variety: tests from 52 nations, 6 continents, and 13 islands. J Pers Soc Psychol 2003. [PMID: 12872886 DOI: 10.1037/0022–3514.85.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary psychologists have hypothesized that men and women possess both long-term and short-term mating strategies, with men's short-term strategy differentially rooted in the desire for sexual variety. In this article, findings from a cross-cultural survey of 16,288 people across 10 major world regions (including North America, South America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia) demonstrate that sex differences in the desire for sexual variety are culturally universal throughout these world regions. Sex differences were evident regardless of whether mean, median, distributional, or categorical indexes of sexual differentiation were evaluated. Sex differences were evident regardless of the measures used to evaluate them. Among contemporary theories of human mating, pluralistic approaches that hypothesize sex differences in the evolved design of short-term mating provide the most compelling account of these robust empirical findings.
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Universal sex differences in the desire for sexual variety: tests from 52 nations, 6 continents, and 13 islands. J Pers Soc Psychol 2003; 85:85-104. [PMID: 12872886 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary psychologists have hypothesized that men and women possess both long-term and short-term mating strategies, with men's short-term strategy differentially rooted in the desire for sexual variety. In this article, findings from a cross-cultural survey of 16,288 people across 10 major world regions (including North America, South America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South/Southeast Asia, and East Asia) demonstrate that sex differences in the desire for sexual variety are culturally universal throughout these world regions. Sex differences were evident regardless of whether mean, median, distributional, or categorical indexes of sexual differentiation were evaluated. Sex differences were evident regardless of the measures used to evaluate them. Among contemporary theories of human mating, pluralistic approaches that hypothesize sex differences in the evolved design of short-term mating provide the most compelling account of these robust empirical findings.
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Abstract
We conducted this study in order to examine the relationships between early adult attachment styles and social adjustment, such as mental health and self-perception in the context of close relationships. Questionnaires were administered, 460 undergraduates participated in the study, and their data were analyzed. Results showed that secure attachment was positively related to better mental health and positive self-perception in close relationships. In contrast, insecure attachment, especially ambivalent style, was negatively related to social adjustment. As for attachment dimensions, "Anxiety" was significantly associated with negative states in mental health, such as anxiety, insomnia, and sever depression, and lower self-perceived confidence in close relationships, and "Avoidance" with low self-perceived sociability and attractiveness in close relationships. These results were discussed in terms of the theoretical concepts of adult attachment styles.
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