1
|
Burlacchini G, Sandri A, Papetti A, Frosi I, Boschi F, Lleo MM, Signoretto C. Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Rice Husk Extract against Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogens 2024; 13:80. [PMID: 38251387 PMCID: PMC10820005 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are particularly difficult to treat due to the high rate of antibiotic resistance. S. aureus also forms biofilms that reduce the effects of antibiotics and disinfectants. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are increasingly required. In this scenario, plant waste products represent a source of bioactive molecules. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the rice husk extract (RHE) on S. aureus clinical isolates. In a biofilm inhibition assay, high concentrations of RHE counteracted the formation of biofilm by S. aureus isolates, both methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and -sensitive (MSSA). The observation of the MRSA biofilm by confocal laser scanning microscopy using live/dead cell viability staining confirmed that the bacterial viability in the RHE-treated biofilm was reduced. However, the extract showed no or little biofilm disaggregation ability. An additive effect was observed when treating S. aureus with a combination of RHE and oxacillin/cefoxitin. In Galleria mellonella larvae treated with RHE, the extract showed no toxicity even at high concentrations. Our results support that the rice husk has antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties and could potentially be used in the future in topical solutions or on medical devices to prevent biofilm formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Burlacchini
- Diagnostic and Public Health Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (G.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Angela Sandri
- Diagnostic and Public Health Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (G.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Adele Papetti
- Nutraceutical and Food Chemical-Toxicological Analysis Laboratory, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.P.); (I.F.)
| | - Ilaria Frosi
- Nutraceutical and Food Chemical-Toxicological Analysis Laboratory, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.P.); (I.F.)
| | - Federico Boschi
- Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Maria M. Lleo
- Diagnostic and Public Health Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (G.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Caterina Signoretto
- Diagnostic and Public Health Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (G.B.); (C.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Colombo R, Moretto G, Barberis M, Frosi I, Papetti A. Rice Byproduct Compounds: From Green Extraction to Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:35. [PMID: 38247461 PMCID: PMC10812773 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, rice (Oryza sativa L.) production and consumption is increasing worldwide, and many efforts to decrease the substantial impact of its byproducts are needed. In recent years, the interest in utilizing rice kernels, husk, bran, and germ for the recovery of different molecules, from catalysts (to produce biodiesel) to bioactive compounds, has grown. In fact, rice byproducts are rich in secondary metabolites (phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tocopherols) with different types of bioactivity, mainly antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory, which make them useful as functional ingredients. In this review, we focus our attention on the recovery of antioxidant compounds from rice byproducts by using innovative green techniques that can overcome the limitations of traditional extraction processes, such as their environmental and economic impact. In addition, traditional assays and more innovative methodologies to evaluate the antioxidant activity are discussed. Finally, the possible molecular mechanisms of action of the rice byproduct antioxidant compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, γ-oryzanol, and vitamin E) are discussed as well. In the future, it is expected that rice byproduct antioxidants will be important food ingredients that reduce the risk of the development of several human disorders involving oxidative stress, such as metabolic diseases, inflammatory disorders, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Colombo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.C.); (G.M.); (M.B.); (I.F.)
| | - Giulia Moretto
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.C.); (G.M.); (M.B.); (I.F.)
| | - Marta Barberis
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.C.); (G.M.); (M.B.); (I.F.)
| | - Ilaria Frosi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.C.); (G.M.); (M.B.); (I.F.)
| | - Adele Papetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.C.); (G.M.); (M.B.); (I.F.)
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (C.S.G.I.), Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Frosi I, Balduzzi A, Moretto G, Colombo R, Papetti A. Towards Valorization of Food-Waste-Derived Pectin: Recent Advances on Their Characterization and Application. Molecules 2023; 28:6390. [PMID: 37687219 PMCID: PMC10489144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectin, a natural biopolymer, can be extracted from food waste biomass, adding value to raw materials. Currently, commercial pectin is mostly extracted from citrus peels (85.5%) and apple pomace (14.0%), with a small segment from sugar beet pulp (0.5%). However, driven by high market demand (expected to reach 2.12 billion by 2030), alternative agro-industrial waste is gaining attention as potential pectin sources. This review summarizes the recent advances in characterizing pectin from both conventional and emerging food waste sources. The focus is the chemical properties that affect their applications, such as the degree of esterification, the neutral sugars' composition, the molecular weight, the galacturonic acid content, and technological-functional properties. The review also highlights recent updates in nutraceutical and food applications, considering the potential use of pectin as an encapsulating agent for intestinal targeting, a sustainable biopolymer for food packaging, and a functional and emulsifying agent in low-calorie products. It is clear from the considered literature that further studies are needed concerning the complexity of the pectin structure extracted from emerging food waste raw materials, in order to elucidate their most suitable commercial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Frosi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (I.F.); (G.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Anna Balduzzi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (I.F.); (G.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Giulia Moretto
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (I.F.); (G.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Raffaella Colombo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (I.F.); (G.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Adele Papetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (I.F.); (G.M.); (R.C.)
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (C.S.G.I.), University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Frosi I, Vallelonga D, Colombo R, Milanese C, Papetti A. Valorization of Rice Husk ( Oryza sativa L.) as a Source of In Vitro Antiglycative and Antioxidant Agents. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030529. [PMID: 36766058 PMCID: PMC9914668 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice husk is a good source of polyphenols, but it has not been efficiently utilized in food applications yet. Therefore, the aim of this work is to investigate, by in vitro assays, the polyphenolic extract (RHE) capacity of this waste to counteract the protein glycation at different stages of the reaction, correlating this activity with the antiradical properties. A microwave-assisted extraction using hydro-alcoholic solvents was applied to recover husk polyphenols. Extraction parameters were optimized by the design of the experiment. The extract with the highest polyphenolic recovery was obtained at 500 W and 90 °C, using 1:35 g of dry material/mL solvent, 80% ethanol, and a 5 min extraction time. Results highlight the ability of RHE to inhibit the formation of fructosamine in the early stage of glycation with a dose-dependent activity. Furthermore, in the middle stage of the reaction, the highest RHE tested concentration (2.5 mg/mL) almost completely inhibit the monitored advanced glycation end products (AGEs), as well as showing a good trapping ability against α-dicarbonyl intermediates. A strong positive correlation with antioxidant activity is also found. The obtained results are supported by the presence of ten polyphenols detected by RP-HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn, mainly hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids, already reported in the literature as antiglycative and antioxidant agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Frosi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Colombo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Section, University of Pavia and C.G.S.I., 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Adele Papetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-98-7863
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Colombo R, Paolillo M, Frosi I, Ferron L, Papetti A. Effect of the simulated digestion process on the chlorogenic acid trapping activity against methylglyoxal. Food Funct 2023; 14:541-549. [PMID: 36533636 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02778j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acids are hydroxycinnamic derivatives widespread in food or food by-products, known for their antioxidant effects and ability to interfere with the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are potential glycotoxins involved in age-related disorders, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. The ability of chlorogenic acids to inhibit AGE formation under physiological conditions needs further investigation other than the in vitro assays. Therefore, in this study, the capacity of 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) to effectively trap methylglyoxal (MGO), an AGE precursor compound also present in daily consumed food, was investigated by evaluating 5-CQA and MGO metabolic fate when subjected to digestion. Two different in vitro digestion approaches (static based on the Infogest protocol and dynamic based on a novel millifluidic gastrointestinal model) were set up and the samples collected at different steps of the static and dynamic processes were analyzed by a validated RP-HPLC-DAD method. The obtained results indicated that the gastrointestinal process strongly affected the 5-CQA capacity to trap MGO and its resulting antiglycation activity. Therefore, preliminary investigation using advanced in vitro tests, particularly dynamic approaches, should always be performed to predict the effect of the digestion process on the potential bioactives present in food, food by-products, or plant extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Colombo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mayra Paolillo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Frosi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Lucia Ferron
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Adele Papetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Frosi I, Ferron L, Colombo R, Papetti A. Natural carriers: Recent advances in their use to improve the stability and bioaccessibility of food active compounds. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022:1-19. [PMID: 36533404 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2157371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, the incorporation of bioactive compounds in food supplements aroused the attention of scientists. However, these ingredients often exhibit both low solubility and stability and their poor bioaccessibility within the gastrointestinal tract limits their effectiveness. To overcome these drawbacks, many carriers have been investigated for encapsulating nutraceuticals and enhancing their bioavailability. It is note that several different vegetable wall materials have been applied to build delivery systems. Considering their encapsulation mechanism, lipid and protein-based carriers display specific interaction patterns with bioactives, whereas polysaccharidic-based carriers can entrap them by creating porous highly stable networks. To maximize the encapsulation efficiency, mixed systems are very promising. Following the current goal of using natural and sustainable ingredients, only a limited number of studies about the isolation of new ingredients from agro-food waste are available. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the state of art in the development of innovative natural lipid-, protein- and polysaccharide-based plant carriers is presented, focusing on their application as food active compounds. Different aspects to be considered in the design of delivery systems are discussed, including the carrier structure and chemical features, the interaction between the encapsulating and the core material, and the parameters affecting bioactives entrapment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Frosi
- Drug Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucia Ferron
- Drug Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Adele Papetti
- Drug Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marchetti L, Truzzi E, Frosi I, Papetti A, Cappellozza S, Saviane A, Pellati F, Bertelli D. In vitro bioactivity evaluation of mulberry leaf extracts as nutraceuticals for the management of diabetes mellitus. Food Funct 2022; 13:4344-4359. [PMID: 35297930 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00114d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing need for new options to treat diabetes mellitus at its early stage and natural remedies have been recently reassessed as potential candidates owing to their low-cost and effectiveness. Genus Morus plants contain many active compounds with hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects. Current research on mulberry chemical composition and bioactivity has been generally carried out only on Asian cultivation, where this plant has been traditionally used in the form of leaf infusion for decades. In this work, twelve Italian mulberry cultivars were fully characterised to fill this gap of knowledge, since a strong correlation among composition, genetics and growing area was proven. Antiglycative and hypoglycaemic effects of leaf extracts were evaluated using different in vitro models. The results indicate that the inhibitory effect on carbohydrate digestive enzymes was likely mediated by 1-deoxynojirimycin, kaempferol, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid, acting in a synergistic way. Besides, the combined antiglycative and carbonyl trapping capacities, tested here for the first time, may help in preventing long-term complications related to AGEs in diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Marchetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy. .,Doctorate School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Truzzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Frosi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Adele Papetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Cappellozza
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) - Centro per la Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente, Laboratorio di Gelsibachicoltura, Via Eulero, 6a, 35143 Padova, Italy.
| | - Alessio Saviane
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) - Centro per la Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente, Laboratorio di Gelsibachicoltura, Via Eulero, 6a, 35143 Padova, Italy.
| | - Federica Pellati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Davide Bertelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Colombo R, Ferron L, Frosi I, Papetti A. Advances in static in vitro digestion models after the COST action Infogest consensus protocol. Food Funct 2021; 12:7619-7636. [PMID: 34250533 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In vitro digestion models are essential to predictively evaluate the bioaccessibility and bioactivity of food molecules or natural products. Dynamic models better simulate the gastrointestinal conditions as they reproduce similar physiological environments. Despite this, static methods, also known as biochemical methods, represent a simple and useful approach for the study of different types of molecules, with a broad applicability in the nutritional, pharmaceutical, and toxicological fields. In addition, static models can be validated, avoiding the disadvantage of a difficult reproducibility of dynamic in vitro systems and inter-individual variations of in vivo experiments. A crucial point in the standardization of static models was the COST Action Infogest in 2014, which elaborated an international consensus static digestion method to harmonize experimental conditions and has general guidelines, thus allowing the comparison of studies and data. The aim of our review is to underline the impact of the Infogest consensus method and the development and evolution of in vitro static methods in the following years, with a focus on food applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Colombo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|