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Kirsanov R, Khailova LS, Rokitskaya TI, Lyamzaev KG, Panteleeva AA, Nazarov PA, Firsov AM, Iaubasarova IR, Korshunova GA, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Synthesis of Triphenylphosphonium-Linked Derivative of 3,5-Di tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylidene-malononitrile (SF6847) via Knoevenagel Reaction Yields an Effective Mitochondria-Targeted Protonophoric Uncoupler. ACS Omega 2024; 9:11551-11561. [PMID: 38496966 PMCID: PMC10938414 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncouplers are actively sought as potential therapeutics. Here, we report the first successful synthesis of mitochondria-targeted derivatives of the highly potent uncoupler 3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylidene-malononitrile (SF6847), bearing a cationic alkyl(triphenyl)phosphonium (TPP) group. As a key step of the synthesis, we used condensation of a ketophenol with malononitrile via the Knoevenagel reaction. SF-C5-TPP with a pentamethylene linker between SF6847 and TPP, stimulating respiration and collapsing membrane potential of rat liver mitochondria at submicromolar concentrations, proved to be the most effective uncoupler of the series. SF-C5-TPP showed pronounced protonophoric activity on a model planar bilayer lipid membrane. Importantly, SF-C5-TPP exhibited rather low toxicity in fibroblast cell culture, causing mitochondrial depolarization in cells at concentrations that only slightly affected cell viability. SF-C5-TPP was more effective in decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential in the cell culture than SF6847, in contrast to the case of isolated mitochondria. Like other zwitterionic uncouplers, SF-C5-TPP inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis in the micromolar concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman
S. Kirsanov
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ljudmila S. Khailova
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana I. Rokitskaya
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin G. Lyamzaev
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- The
“Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology” of
the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa A. Panteleeva
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Nazarov
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Firsov
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Iliuza R. Iaubasarova
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina A. Korshunova
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A. Kotova
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri N. Antonenko
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Kirsanov RS, Khailova LS, Rokitskaya TI, Iaubasarova IR, Nazarov PA, Panteleeva AA, Lyamzaev KG, Popova LB, Korshunova GA, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Ester-stabilized phosphorus ylides as protonophores on bilayer lipid membranes, mitochondria and chloroplasts. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 150:108369. [PMID: 36638678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Triphenylphosphonium ylides are commonly used as key intermediates in the Wittig reaction. Based on the known acidities of stabilized ylide precursors, we proposed that a methylene group adjacent to phosphorus in these compounds can ensure proton shuttling across lipid membranes. Here, we synthesized (decyloxycarbonylmethyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide (CMTPP-C10) by reaction of triphenylphosphine with decyl bromoacetate. This phosphonium salt precursor of the ester-stabilized phosphorus ylide along with its octyl (CMTPP-C8) and dodecyl (CMTPP-C12) analogues was found to be a carrier of protons in mitochondrial, chloroplast and artificial lipid membranes, suggesting that it can reversibly release hydrogen ions and diffuse through the membranes in both zwitterionic (ylide) and cationic forms. The CMTPP-C10-mediated electrical current across planar bilayer lipid membranes exhibited pronounced proton selectivity. Similar to conventional protonophores, known to uncouple electron transport and ATP synthesis, CMTPP-Cn (n = 8, 10, 12) stimulated mitochondrial respiration, while decreasing membrane potential, at micromolar concentrations, thereby showing the classical uncoupling activity in mitochondria. CMTPP-C12 also caused dissipation of transmembrane pH gradient on chloroplast membranes. Importantly, CMTPP-C10 exhibited substantially lower toxicity in cell culture, than C12TPP. Thus, we report the finding of a new class of ylide-type protonophores, which is of substantial interest due to promising therapeutic properties of uncouplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman S Kirsanov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ljudmila S Khailova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana I Rokitskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iliuza R Iaubasarova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel A Nazarov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa A Panteleeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin G Lyamzaev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; The "Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyudmila B Popova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina A Korshunova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri N Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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Iaubasarova IR, Khailova LS, Nazarov PA, Rokitskaya TI, Silachev DN, Danilina TI, Plotnikov EY, Denisov SS, Kirsanov RS, Korshunova GA, Kotova EA, Zorov DB, Antonenko YN. Linking 7-Nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD) to Triphenylphosphonium Yields Mitochondria-Targeted Protonophore and Antibacterial Agent. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2021; 85:1578-1590. [PMID: 33705296 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792012010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Appending lipophilic cations to small molecules has been widely used to produce mitochondria-targeted compounds with specific activities. In this work, we obtained a series of derivatives of the well-known fluorescent dye 7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD). According to the previous data [Denisov et al. (2014) Bioelectrochemistry, 98, 30-38], alkyl derivatives of NBD can uncouple isolated mitochondria at concentration of tens of micromoles despite a high pKa value (~11) of the dissociating group. Here, a number of triphenylphosphonium (TPP) derivatives linked to NBD via hydrocarbon spacers of varying length (C5, C8, C10, and C12) were synthesized (mitoNBD analogues), which accumulated in the mitochondria in an energy-dependent manner. NBD-C10-TPP (C10-mitoNBD) acted as a protonophore in artificial lipid membranes (liposomes) and uncoupled isolated mitochondria at micromolar concentrations, while the derivative with a shorter linker (NBD-C5-TPP, or C5-mitoNBD) exhibited no such activities. In accordance with this data, C10-mitoNBD was significantly more efficient than C5-mitoNBD in suppressing the growth of Bacillus subtilis. C10-mitoNBD and C12-mitoNBD demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity among the investigated analogues. C10-mitoNBD also exhibited the neuroprotective effect in the rat model of traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Iaubasarova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - L S Khailova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - P A Nazarov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - T I Rokitskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - D N Silachev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - T I Danilina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - E Y Plotnikov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - S S Denisov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Maastricht, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - R S Kirsanov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - G A Korshunova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - E A Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - D B Zorov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Y N Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Iaubasarova IR, Khailova LS, Firsov AM, Grivennikova VG, Kirsanov RS, Korshunova GA, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. The mitochondria-targeted derivative of the classical uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone is an effective mitochondrial recoupler. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244499. [PMID: 33378414 PMCID: PMC7773232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of a mitochondria-targeted derivative of the classical mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) by alkoxy substitution of CCCP with n-decyl(triphenyl)phosphonium cation yielded mitoCCCP, which was able to inhibit the uncoupling action of CCCP, tyrphostin A9 and niclosamide on rat liver mitochondria, but not that of 2,4-dinitrophenol, at a concentration of 1–2 μM. MitoCCCP did not uncouple mitochondria by itself at these concentrations, although it exhibited uncoupling action at tens of micromolar concentrations. Thus, mitoCCCP appeared to be a more effective mitochondrial recoupler than 6-ketocholestanol. Both mitoCCCP and 6-ketocholestanol did not inhibit the protonophoric activity of CCCP in artificial bilayer lipid membranes, which might compromise the simple proton-shuttling mechanism of the uncoupling activity on mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliuza R. Iaubasarova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ljudmila S. Khailova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Firsov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Roman S. Kirsanov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina A. Korshunova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A. Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri N. Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
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