Local wisdom in wound treatment practice in Tengger tribe farmers

INTRODUCTION

Farmers have a high risk of injury either due to the use of agricultural tools, or chemicals, or the geographical conditions of the agricultural area. This study aimed to describe the use of local wisdom in the practice of wound treatment among Tengger tribal farmers in Indonesia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This qualitative study used accidental sampling, conducted in the agricultural land of Ngadisari Village, Sukapura District, Probolinggo Regency, East Java for 3 weeks in November 2020. This study involved all farmers who were working on the land at the time of the study (n=30). The questionnaires consist of demographic, wound characteristics and wound treatment processes.

RESULTS

The practice of wound treatment for the Tengger Tribe farmers is divided into two stages, namely the initial wound stage (stopping bleeding) using gums of medical plants and the wound healing stage, which is divided into treatment for the outer body using mashed leaf herbs and for the inner body using herbs that function to increase body stamina.

CONCLUSION

The local wisdom Tengger ethnic-based wound treatment uses whatever is in nature to stop the bleeding and increase the wound healing process.

Impact of π-Expanded Boron-Carbonyl Hybrid Acceptors on TADF Properties: Controlling Local Triplet Excited States and Unusual Emission Tuning

Three donor-acceptor-type thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters (PXZBAO (1), PXZBTO (2), and PXZBPO (3)) comprising a phenoxazine (PXZ) donor and differently π-expanded boron-carbonyl (BCO) hybrid acceptor units are proposed. The emitters exhibit red (1) to orange (3) emissions with an increase in the π-expansion in the BCO acceptors. The control of the strength of local aromaticity for the BCO unit and the corresponding LUMO level is attributed to inducing the unusual emission color shifts. The photoluminescence quantum yield and delayed fluorescence lifetime of the emitters are also adjusted by the π-expansion. Notably, although 1 possesses a ³nπ* state in the acceptor unit as a local triplet excited state (³LE, T₂), the T₂ states of 2 and 3 mainly comprise a ³ππ* state in the acceptor. Consequently, all of the emitters exhibit strong spin-orbit coupling between their T₂ and excited singlet (S₁) states, leading to a fast reverse intersystem crossing with rate constants of ∼10⁶ s^-1. By employing the emitters as dopants, we realize efficient red-to-orange TADF-OLEDs. Maximum external quantum efficiencies of 17.7% for the yellowish-orange (3), 15.5% for the orange (2), and 13.9% for the red (1) devices are achieved, and the values are very close to the theoretical limit predicted from the optical simulation.