Propolis-Based Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for α-Mangostin Delivery: Formulation, Characterization, and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Evaluation

α-Mangostin (a xanthone derivative found in the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L.) and propolis extract (which is rich in flavonoids and phenols) are known for their antioxidant properties, making them potential supplements for the treatment of oxidative stress-related conditions. However, these two potential substances have the same primary drawback, which is low solubility in water. The low water solubility of α-mangostin and propolis can be overcome by utilizing nanotechnology approaches. In this study, a propolis-based nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) system was formulated to enhance the delivery of α-mangostin. The aim of this study was to characterize the formulation and investigate its influence on the antioxidant activity of α-mangostin. The results showed that both unloaded propolis-based NLC (NLC-P) and α-mangostin-loaded propolis-based NLC (NLC-P-α-M) had nanoscale particle sizes (72.7 ± 1.082 nm and 80.3 ± 1.015 nm, respectively), neutral surface zeta potential (ranging between +10 mV and -10 mV), and good particle size distribution (indicated by a polydispersity index of <0.3). The NLC-P-α-M exhibited good entrapment efficiency of 87.972 ± 0.246%. Dissolution testing indicated a ~13-fold increase in the solubility of α-mangostin compared to α-mangostin powder alone. The incorporation into the propolis-based NLC system correlated well with the enhanced antioxidant activity of α-mangostin (p < 0.01) compared to NLC-P and α-mangostin alone. Therefore, the modification of the delivery system by incorporating α-mangostin into the propolis-based NLC overcomes the physicochemical challenges of α-mangostin while enhancing its antioxidant effectiveness.

A Review of Coformer Utilization in Multicomponent Crystal Formation

Most recently discovered active pharmaceutical molecules and market-approved medicines are poorly soluble in water, resulting in limited drug bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. The application of coformers in a multicomponent crystal method is one possible strategy to modulate a drug's solubility. A multicomponent crystal is a solid phase formed when several molecules of different substances crystallize in a crystal lattice with a certain stoichiometric ratio. The goal of this review paper is to comprehensively describe the application of coformers in the formation of multicomponent crystals as solutions for pharmaceutically active ingredients with limited solubility. Owing to their benefits including improved physicochemical profile of pharmaceutically active ingredients, multicomponent crystal methods are predicted to become increasingly prevalent in the development of active drug ingredients in the future.

Evolution of Drug Delivery Systems for Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a disease marked by painful oral lesions on the buccal and labial mucosa or tongue. Drug delivery systems (DDS) for RAS include topical forms that manage wound healing, cover the ulcer, and relieve the associated pain. DDS targeting the oral mucosa face a major challenge, especially the short residence times in the mouth due to the effect of “saliva wash-out”, which continually removes the drug. The objective of this review is to study the development of preparation forms and delivery systems of various types and preparations that have been used for RAS management from 1965 until February 2020. There are 20 types of DDS for RAS which were discussed in 62 articles. The preparations were classified into 4 preparation forms: liquid, semi-solid, solid, and miscellaneous. In addition, the ultimate DDS for RAS preparations is the semi-solid forms (41.94%), which include 5 types of DDS are gel, paste, patch, cream, and ointment. This preparation was developed into new preparation form (11.29%), such as adhesive alginates, dentifrice, OraDisc, membranes, bioresorbable plates, pellicles, and gelosomes. Generally, the mucosal drug delivery system is the method of choice in RAS treatment because the ulcer is commonly located in the oral mucosa. In conclusion, these preparations are designed to improve drug delivery and drug activity for the treatment of RAS ulcers. Moreover, almost all of these DDS are topical preparations that use various types of mucoadhesive polymers to increase both residence time in the oral mucosa and pain relief in RAS treatment.

α-Mangostin/γ-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex: Formation and Thermodynamic Study

α-Mangostin (α-M) has various biological activities, such as anti-cancer, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-tyrosin, anti-tuberculosis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. However, it has very low solubility in water. The formulation of this compound requires high amounts of solubilizers, which limits its clinical application. In addition, its low solubility in water is a barrier to the distribution of this drug, thus affecting its potency. Cyclodextrin (CD) is widely used as a solubility enhancer of poorly soluble drugs. This study aimed to increase the solubility of α-M in water through complex formation with CD. The complex of α-Mangostin and γ-Cyclodextrin (α-M/γ-CD CX) was prepared by the solubilization method, resulting in a solubility improvement of α-M in water. Characterization of α-M/γ-CD CX by using FTIR-Spectrometry, XRD, H-, C-, and HMBC-NMR showed that α-M was able to form an inclusion complex with γ-CD. The complex yielded an entrapment efficiency of 84.25 and the thermodynamic study showed that the α-M/γ-CD CX was formed spontaneously, based on the negative values of Gibbs energy and ΔH. Interestingly, the solubility of α-M/γ-CD CX significantly increased by 31.74-fold compared with α-M. These results suggest that α-M/γ-CD CX has the potential in the formulation of water-based preparation for clinical applications.

EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN KOMBINASI OBAT DIGOKSIN DAN FUROSEMID

Gagal jantung merupakan kondisi ketika otot jantung sangat lemah sehingga tidak bisa memompa cukup darah keseluruh tubuh dengan tekanan yang tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ketepatan penggunaan kombinasi digoksin dan furosemid berdasarkan aspek klinis serta pengeluaran kalium dalam tubuh. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode retrospektif  yaitu menggunakan data yang telah lalu yang diperoleh dari bagian rekam medik. Data yang diambil adalah  resep penggunaan obat kombinasi digoksin dan furosemid yang ada di poli klinik jantung pada periode Oktober – Desember 2014. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa  39 resep kombinasi digoksin dan furosemid yang menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 100 % obat berinteraksi, 100 % durasi pemberian obat sesuai dengan literatur, serta 100% penggunaan dosis sesuai dengan literatur. Hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium kadar elektrolit natrium dalam serum adalah 136 – 145 mEq/l, kadar kalium dalam serum adalah 4,4 – 4,5 mEq/l, serta kadar klorida dalam serum adalah 100 – 110 mEq/l yang menunjukkan hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium kadar elektrolit dalam tubuh keadaan normal.Kata kunci : gagal jantung, skrining, digoksin, furosemid  ABSTRACTHeart failure is a condition when the heart muscle becomes so weak that it can’t pump enough blood throughout the body at the right pressure. The aim of this research to determine the right of combination of digoksin and furosemide seen from clinical aspects as well as the expenditure of potassium in the body. This research is descriptive method. Data  collected used retrospective method used the data in the medical record. Prescription drug use a combination of digoxin and furosemide from October to December 2014. The results are 39 recipes combination of digoxin and furosemide which indicate that the drug interacts are 100%, 100% of the right duration of drug delivery, and 100%  are the right dose. Results of electrolyte level in serum sodium is 136-145 mEq / L, potassium is 4.4 to 4.5 mEq / l and chloride is 100-110 mEq / l which shows the electrolytes level in the body at the normal state.Keywords: Heart failure, screening, digoxin, furosemide          

PROFIL PENGGUNAAN OBAT ANTIDIABETIK ORAL PADA PASIEN RAWAT JALAN PENDERITA DIABETES MELLITUS TIPE II

Peningkatan kasus serta tingkat kematian pada pasien Diabetes Mellitus disebabkan oleh perkembangan teknologi yang mempengaruhi pola hidup masyarakat. Pola hidup ini dapat memberikan dampak negatif berupa meningkatnya prevalensi berbagai penyakit degeneratif salah satunya Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus Tipe II merupakan salah satu penyakit dengan angka kejadian yang cukup tinggi di RSUD 45 Kuningan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif, data diambil dengan metode retrospektif dengan melihat rekam medis pasien rawat jalan yang berobat pada periode bulan Juli-Desember 2013 di RSUD 45 Kuningan. Sampel yang diambil menggunakan metode random sebanyak 60 sampel dari 130 pasien rawat jalan penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe II di RSUD 45 Kuningan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 60 pasien, 45% menggunakan obat antidiabetik oral tunggal yaitu metformin dan sisanya merupakan kombinasi dengan obat lain. Penggunaan kombinasi yang paling banyak adalah metformin+glikuidon sebanyak 15%. Berdasarkan jenis kelamin, penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe II didominasi oleh perempuan sebanyak 53%,sedangkan berdasarkan usia paling banyak 46-65 tahun sebanyak 82%. Berdasarkan kadar gula darah sewaktu, penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe II yang paling banyak dengan nilai ≥ 200 mg/dl adalah 65%. Penyakit penyerta yang menyertai Diabetes Mellitus Tipe II yang paling banyak adalah penyakit dispepsia sebanyak 13,33%, hipertensi 10%, dan rheumatoid arthtritis 6,66%. Obat penyerta yang paling banyak diberikan kepada pasien Diabetes Mellitus yaitu Amlodipin/Amdixal sebanyak 43%.Kata Kunci : Diabetes Mellitus, antidiabetik oral. ABSTRACTThe increased of case and mortality of Mellitus Diabetes patient because of the growth of technology expanding very fast recently, can influence pattern live society. Pattern live this also can give negative impact to increase of various degenerativedisease like MellitusDiabetes. Mellitus Diabetes Type II represent as one of the disease which high amount case in RSUD 45 Kuningan.This research represent descriptive research, data taken with retrosfectivemethod and studying medical record of some patient which medicinize at period of July until December 2013. Sampel taken use method of random counted 60 sample from 130 outpatient patient of Diabetes Mellitus Type of II.Result of this research showd that from 60 patient, 45% usedsingle oral antidiabeticwas metformin. Usage of combination which at most is metformin+glikuidon counted 15%. According to the gender, patient of Diabetes Mellitus Type of II predominated by woman was 53%. While to age faction that is among/between 46-65 year counted 82%. Azzording to blood sugar concentrated, patient of Mellitus Diabetes Type of II which at most with value ≥ 200 mg / dl counted 65%. Disease in combination with Diabetes Mellitus Type II aredyspepsia counted 13,33%, hypertension 10%, and rheumatoid arthtritis 6,66%. The most drug incombination was Amlodipin / Amdixal counted 43%.Keywords : Diabetes Mellitus, oral antidiabetik drug.