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Burmester T, Wawrowski A, Diepenbruck I, Schrick K, Seiwert N, Ripp F, Prothmann A, Hankeln T. Divergent roles of the Drosophila melanogaster globins. J Insect Physiol 2018; 106:224-231. [PMID: 28606854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to long-held assumptions, the gene repertoire of most insects includes hemoglobins. Analyses of the genome of the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster identified three distinct hemoglobin genes (glob1, glob2, and glob3). While glob1 is predominantly associated with the tracheal system and fat body, glob2 and glob3 are almost exclusively expressed in the testis. The physiological role of globins in Drosophila is uncertain. Here, we studied the functions of the three globins in a cell culture system. Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells were stably transfected with each of the three globins and the empty vector as control. Under hypoxia (1% atmospheric O2), only glob1 overexpression enhanced the activity of mitochondrial oxidases and the ATP content. However, the positive effect of glob1 expression disappeared after 24h hypoxia, suggesting metabolic adaptations of the S2 cells. glob2 and glob3 had no positive effect on hypoxia-survival. After application of oxidative stress by H2O2, glob2 dramatically enhanced the viability of S2 cells. Evaluation of the intracellular localization of the globins using specific antibodies and green fluorescent protein-fusion constructs suggested that glob1 and glob2 most likely reside in the cytoplasm, while glob3 is associated with structures that may represent parts of the intracellular transport machinery. In silico analyses of public RNA-Seq data from different developmental stages provided that glob1 is co-expressed with genes of the aerobic energy metabolism, while glob2 and glob3 expression can be related to spermatogenesis and reproduction. Together, the results indicate divergent functions of the Drosophila globins: glob1 may play a role in the O2-dependent metabolism while glob2 may protect spermatogenesis from reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnes Wawrowski
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ines Diepenbruck
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Schrick
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Molecular Genetics and Genome Analysis, University of Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nina Seiwert
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Molecular Genetics and Genome Analysis, University of Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Ripp
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Molecular Genetics and Genome Analysis, University of Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Prothmann
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Molecular Genetics and Genome Analysis, University of Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Hankeln
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Molecular Genetics and Genome Analysis, University of Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Gieras A, Gehbauer C, Perna-Barrull D, Engler JB, Diepenbruck I, Glau L, Joosse SA, Kersten N, Klinge S, Mittrücker HW, Friese MA, Vives-Pi M, Tolosa E. Prenatal Administration of Betamethasone Causes Changes in the T Cell Receptor Repertoire Influencing Development of Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1505. [PMID: 29181000 PMCID: PMC5693859 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal glucocorticoids are routinely administered to pregnant women at risk of preterm delivery in order to improve survival of the newborn. However, in half of the cases, birth occurs outside the beneficial period for lung development. Glucocorticoids are potent immune modulators and cause apoptotic death of immature T cells, and we have previously shown that prenatal betamethasone treatment at doses eliciting lung maturation induce profound thymocyte apoptosis in the offspring. Here, we asked if there are long-term consequences on the offspring’s immunity after this treatment. In the non-obese diabetic mouse model, prenatal betamethasone clearly decreased the frequency of pathogenic T cells and the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D). In contrast, in the lupus-prone MRL/lpr strain, prenatal glucocorticoids induced changes in the T cell repertoire that resulted in more autoreactive cells. Even though glucocorticoids transiently enhanced regulatory T cell (Treg) development, these cells did not have a protective effect in a model for multiple sclerosis which relies on a limited repertoire of pathogenic T cells for disease induction that were not affected by prenatal betamethasone. We conclude that prenatal steroid treatment, by inducing changes in the T cell receptor repertoire, has unforeseeable consequences on development of autoimmune disease. Our data should encourage further research to fully understand the consequences of this widely used treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gieras
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Gehbauer
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Perna-Barrull
- Immunology Division, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute and Hospital, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Jan Broder Engler
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ines Diepenbruck
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Glau
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon A Joosse
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nora Kersten
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Klinge
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Immunology Division, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute and Hospital, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Tolosa E, Gehbauer C, Gieras A, Diepenbruck I. Prenatal glucocorticoids: Consequences for the offspring's immunity. Toxicol Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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