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O'Toole Á, Hill V, Pybus OG, Watts A, Bogoch II, Khan K, Messina JP, Tegally H, Lessells RR, Giandhari J, Pillay S, Tumedi KA, Nyepetsi G, Kebabonye M, Matsheka M, Mine M, Tokajian S, Hassan H, Salloum T, Merhi G, Koweyes J, Geoghegan JL, de Ligt J, Ren X, Storey M, Freed NE, Pattabiraman C, Prasad P, Desai AS, Vasanthapuram R, Schulz TF, Steinbrück L, Stadler T, Parisi A, Bianco A, García de Viedma D, Buenestado-Serrano S, Borges V, Isidro J, Duarte S, Gomes JP, Zuckerman NS, Mandelboim M, Mor O, Seemann T, Arnott A, Draper J, Gall M, Rawlinson W, Deveson I, Schlebusch S, McMahon J, Leong L, Lim CK, Chironna M, Loconsole D, Bal A, Josset L, Holmes E, St. George K, Lasek-Nesselquist E, Sikkema RS, Oude Munnink B, Koopmans M, Brytting M, Sudha rani V, Pavani S, Smura T, Heim A, Kurkela S, Umair M, Salman M, Bartolini B, Rueca M, Drosten C, Wolff T, Silander O, Eggink D, Reusken C, Vennema H, Park A, Carrington C, Sahadeo N, Carr M, Gonzalez G, de Oliveira T, Faria N, Rambaut A, Kraemer MUG. Tracking the international spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineages B.1.1.7 and B.1.351/501Y-V2 with grinch. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:121. [PMID: 34095513 PMCID: PMC8176267 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16661.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Late in 2020, two genetically-distinct clusters of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with mutations of biological concern were reported, one in the United Kingdom and one in South Africa. Using a combination of data from routine surveillance, genomic sequencing and international travel we track the international dispersal of lineages B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 (variant 501Y-V2). We account for potential biases in genomic surveillance efforts by including passenger volumes from location of where the lineage was first reported, London and South Africa respectively. Using the software tool grinch (global report investigating novel coronavirus haplotypes), we track the international spread of lineages of concern with automated daily reports, Further, we have built a custom tracking website (cov-lineages.org/global_report.html) which hosts this daily report and will continue to include novel SARS-CoV-2 lineages of concern as they are detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áine O'Toole
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Verity Hill
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Alexander Watts
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
| | - Issac I. Bogoch
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kamran Khan
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) consortium
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Network for Genomic Surveillance in South Africa (NGS-SA)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Brazil-UK CADDE Genomic Network
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Houriiyah Tegally
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Richard R. Lessells
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Giandhari
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sureshnee Pillay
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Madisa Mine
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Sima Tokajian
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hamad Hassan
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tamara Salloum
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georgi Merhi
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jad Koweyes
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jemma L. Geoghegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Joep de Ligt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Xiaoyun Ren
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Storey
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nikki E. Freed
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chitra Pattabiraman
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pramada Prasad
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Anita S. Desai
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ravi Vasanthapuram
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Steinbrück
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tanja Stadler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Swiss Viollier Sequencing Consortium
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
| | - Angelica Bianco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
| | - Darío García de Viedma
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Buenestado-Serrano
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vítor Borges
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Isidro
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Duarte
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Gomes
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Neta S. Zuckerman
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Orna Mor
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Torsten Seemann
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alicia Arnott
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jenny Draper
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mailie Gall
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - William Rawlinson
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ira Deveson
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sanmarié Schlebusch
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jamie McMahon
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lex Leong
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Maria Chironna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Loconsole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonin Bal
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laurence Josset
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Kirsten St. George
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Reina S. Sikkema
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Oude Munnink
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mia Brytting
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
| | - V. Sudha rani
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S. Pavani
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Teemu Smura
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Heim
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Satu Kurkela
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Massab Umair
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Barbara Bartolini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Rueca
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olin Silander
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dirk Eggink
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Reusken
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Vennema
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aekyung Park
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | | | - Nikita Sahadeo
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Michael Carr
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gabo Gonzalez
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - SEARCH Alliance San Diego
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - National Virus Reference Laboratory
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - SeqCOVID-Spain
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Danish Covid-19 Genome Consortium (DCGC)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Communicable Diseases Genomic Network (CDGN)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dutch National SARS-CoV-2 surveillance program
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases (KDCA)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nuno Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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O'Toole Á, Hill V, Pybus OG, Watts A, Bogoch II, Khan K, Messina JP, Tegally H, Lessells RR, Giandhari J, Pillay S, Tumedi KA, Nyepetsi G, Kebabonye M, Matsheka M, Mine M, Tokajian S, Hassan H, Salloum T, Merhi G, Koweyes J, Geoghegan JL, de Ligt J, Ren X, Storey M, Freed NE, Pattabiraman C, Prasad P, Desai AS, Vasanthapuram R, Schulz TF, Steinbrück L, Stadler T, Parisi A, Bianco A, García de Viedma D, Buenestado-Serrano S, Borges V, Isidro J, Duarte S, Gomes JP, Zuckerman NS, Mandelboim M, Mor O, Seemann T, Arnott A, Draper J, Gall M, Rawlinson W, Deveson I, Schlebusch S, McMahon J, Leong L, Lim CK, Chironna M, Loconsole D, Bal A, Josset L, Holmes E, St. George K, Lasek-Nesselquist E, Sikkema RS, Oude Munnink B, Koopmans M, Brytting M, Sudha rani V, Pavani S, Smura T, Heim A, Kurkela S, Umair M, Salman M, Bartolini B, Rueca M, Drosten C, Wolff T, Silander O, Eggink D, Reusken C, Vennema H, Park A, Carrington C, Sahadeo N, Carr M, Gonzalez G, de Oliveira T, Faria N, Rambaut A, Kraemer MUG. Tracking the international spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineages B.1.1.7 and B.1.351/501Y-V2. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:121. [PMID: 34095513 PMCID: PMC8176267 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16661.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Late in 2020, two genetically-distinct clusters of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with mutations of biological concern were reported, one in the United Kingdom and one in South Africa. Using a combination of data from routine surveillance, genomic sequencing and international travel we track the international dispersal of lineages B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 (variant 501Y-V2). We account for potential biases in genomic surveillance efforts by including passenger volumes from location of where the lineage was first reported, London and South Africa respectively. Using the software tool grinch (global report investigating novel coronavirus haplotypes), we track the international spread of lineages of concern with automated daily reports, Further, we have built a custom tracking website (cov-lineages.org/global_report.html) which hosts this daily report and will continue to include novel SARS-CoV-2 lineages of concern as they are detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áine O'Toole
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Verity Hill
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Alexander Watts
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
| | - Issac I. Bogoch
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kamran Khan
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) consortium
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Network for Genomic Surveillance in South Africa (NGS-SA)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Brazil-UK CADDE Genomic Network
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Houriiyah Tegally
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Richard R. Lessells
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Giandhari
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sureshnee Pillay
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Madisa Mine
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Sima Tokajian
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hamad Hassan
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tamara Salloum
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georgi Merhi
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jad Koweyes
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jemma L. Geoghegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Joep de Ligt
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Xiaoyun Ren
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Storey
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nikki E. Freed
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chitra Pattabiraman
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pramada Prasad
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Anita S. Desai
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ravi Vasanthapuram
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Steinbrück
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tanja Stadler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Swiss Viollier Sequencing Consortium
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
| | - Angelica Bianco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
| | - Darío García de Viedma
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Buenestado-Serrano
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vítor Borges
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Isidro
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Duarte
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Gomes
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Neta S. Zuckerman
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Orna Mor
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Torsten Seemann
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alicia Arnott
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jenny Draper
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mailie Gall
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - William Rawlinson
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ira Deveson
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sanmarié Schlebusch
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jamie McMahon
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lex Leong
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Maria Chironna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Loconsole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonin Bal
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laurence Josset
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Kirsten St. George
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Reina S. Sikkema
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Oude Munnink
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mia Brytting
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
| | - V. Sudha rani
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S. Pavani
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Teemu Smura
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Heim
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Satu Kurkela
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Massab Umair
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Barbara Bartolini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Rueca
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olin Silander
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dirk Eggink
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Reusken
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Vennema
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aekyung Park
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | | | - Nikita Sahadeo
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Michael Carr
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gabo Gonzalez
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - SEARCH Alliance San Diego
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - National Virus Reference Laboratory
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - SeqCOVID-Spain
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Danish Covid-19 Genome Consortium (DCGC)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Communicable Diseases Genomic Network (CDGN)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dutch National SARS-CoV-2 surveillance program
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases (KDCA)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Istituto Zooprofilattico sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Puglia, Italy
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
- Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Innovation and Technology Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
- Central Virology Laboratory, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology - Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology Randwick, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Sydney, Australia
- Queensland Reference Centre for Microbial and Public Health Genomics, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Queensland Health South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- ErasmusMC, Department of Viroscience, WHO collaborating centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever Reference and Research, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Department of Microbiology, Solna, Sweden
- Upgraded Department of Microbiology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
- Institute for Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, , Head, Unit 17, Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Seestr. 10, Berlin, Germany
- WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, Centre for Infectious Disease Control-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
- University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nuno Faria
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | |
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