Factors Predictive for Immunomodulatory Therapy Response and Survival in Patients with Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis-Retrospective Cohort Analysis

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is one of the interstitial lung diseases with clearly established diagnostic criteria. Nevertheless, pharmacologic treatment recommendations are still lacking. Most specialists use steroids as first-line drugs, sometimes combined with an immunosuppressive agent. Aim: The aim of the present retrospective study was to establish predictive factors for treatment success and survival advantage in HP patients. Methods: We analyzed the short-term treatment outcome and overall survival in consecutive HP patients treated with prednisone alone or combined with azathioprine. Results: The study group consisted of 93 HP patients, 54 (58%) with fibrotic HP and 39 (42%) with non-fibrotic HP. Mean (± SD) VCmax % pred. and TL,co % pred. before treatment initiation were 81.5 (±20.8)% and 48.3 (±15.7)%, respectively. Mean relative VCmax and TL,co change after 3−6 months of therapy were 9.5 (±18.8)% and 21.4 (±35.2)%, respectively. The short-term treatment outcomes were improvement in 49 (53%) patients, stabilization in 16 (17%) patients, and progression in 28 (30%) patients. Among those with fibrotic HP, improvement was noted in 19 (35%) cases. Significant positive treatment outcome predictors were fever after antigen exposure, lymphocyte count in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) exceeding 54%, RV/TLC > 120% pred., and ill-defined centrilobular nodules in high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). An increased eosinophil count in BALF and fibrosis in HRCT were significant negative treatment outcome predictors. The presence of fibrosis in HRCT remained significant in a multivariate analysis. A positive response to treatment, as well as preserved baseline VCmax (% pred.) and TLC (% pred.), predicted longer survival, while fibrosis in HRCT was related to a worse prognosis. Conclusion: Immunomodulatory treatment may be effective in a significant proportion of patients with HP, including those with fibrotic changes in HRCT. Therefore, future trials are urgently needed to establish the role of immunosuppressive treatment in fibrotic HP.

Tuberculosis diagnosed by thoracic surgeons

INTRODUCTION

Tuberculosis is frequently omitted in the diagnostic workup and may be identified accidentally following thoracic surgeries, mostly those targeting lung cancer.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to assess the clinical characteristics of patients who underwent thoracic surgery that resulted in the diagnosis of tuberculosis and to review lesions initially found on chest imaging in the context of the potential presence of tuberculosis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We analyzed medical records of all patients hospitalized at the Department of Thoracic Surgery of the National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland, between the years 2014 and 2018 (n = 57) in whom tuberculosis was diagnosed. Two radiologists who knew the diagnosis retrospectively analyzed preprocedural chest computed tomography scans of the study patients.

RESULTS

Tuberculosis was diagnosed by culture of specimens obtained during video‑ assisted thoracoscopy (21 patients), thoracotomy (24 patients), mediastinoscopy (6 patients), transthoracic fine‑ needle biopsy (3 patients), and transbronchial biopsy (1 patient). In the remaining 2 individuals, the diagnosis was established based on the microbiological examination of drained pleural fluid. In 42 patients (73.7%), the diagnosis of tuberculosis was unexpected to thoracic surgeons. Radiological findings suggestive of tuberculosis were present in 38 patients (66.7%). The radiologists who retrospectively analyzed the imaging records suggested tuberculosis in 31 persons (54.3%), whereas those who carried out the initial preprocedural evaluation, in 11 (19.3%).

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of the study patients presented with radiological findings encountered in tuberculosis, which should have led to a less invasive diagnostic workup. This highlights the role of radiologists in the identification of the disease.

Guidelines of the Polish Respiratory Society for diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

INTRODUCTION

This document presents the guidelines of the Polish Respiratory Society (PTChP, Polskie Towarzystwo Chorób Płuc) for diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), developed by agroup of Polish experts.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The recommendations were developed in the form of answers to previously formulated questions concer-ning everyday diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. They were developed based on acurrent literature review using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology.

RESULTS

We formulated 28 recommendations for diagnosis (8), pharmacological treatment (12) as well as non-pharma-cological and palliative therapy (8). The experts suggest that surgical lung biopsy (SLB) not be performed in patients with the probable usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern, with an appropriate clinical context and unanimous opinion of a multidisciplinary team. The experts recommend using antifibrotic agents in IPF patients and suggest their use irrespective of the degree of functional impairment. As regards non-pharmacological and palliative treatment, strong re-commendations were formulated regarding pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy (in patients with chronic respiratory failure), preventive vaccinations as well as referring IPF patients to transplant centres. Table 1 presents an aggregate list of recommendations.

CONCLUSIONS

The Polish Respiratory Society Working Group developed guidelines for IPF diagnosis and treatment.

CT imaging features of thin-walled cavitary squamous cell lung cancer

Primary lung cancer manifesting as a thin-walled solitary cavity, occurs relatively infrequently. The most common histologic type presenting such a pattern is squamous cell cancer, followed by adenocarcinoma, and finally - large cell cancer. Cavitation is typically not seen in small cell lung cancer. Entities indicating malignancy of such lesions include irregular cystic wall, wall nodule formation, nodular septa or increased standard uptake on positron emission tomography (PET). We are presenting a case of a squamous cell lung cancer manifesting on chest CT as a thin-walled septated cavity with irregular margins mimicking a cyst. The lesion was reported unchanged in a follow-up computed tomography after 3 months. A follow-up scan obtained 2 years after initial examination showed thickening of a cyst wall, solid structures within its lumen and thoracic lymph nodes enlargement.

Solitary pulmonary nodule - the role of imaging in the diagnostic process

A solitary pulmonary nodule is a round opacity less than 30 mm in diameter surrounded by normally aerated lung tissue. Determination of the character of the lesion following its detection (particularly when the identification was incidental) may require a complex diagnostic process. In most cases, nodules are benign in character; however, the probability of malignancy increases significantly for part-solid lesions. The main features that describe the solitary pulmonary nodule in computed tomography scans include their size, shape, density, presence of calcification and rate of growth. PET-CT examination provides additional information on the metabolic activity of the lesions, and MRI is helpful in assessment of local invasion of surrounding structures. Due to limited availability and highly specialized character, these examinations are not routinely used. Therefore, despite development of other imaging modalities, computed tomography remains the most important and crucial diagnostic tool. Clinical risk factors such as age or smoking status are very important for evaluation of the likelihood of malignancy of a nodular lesion. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of data required for complex assessment of a solitary nodular lesion, management routines are needed in the diagnostic process such as those proposed by the Fleischner Society.

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia-Results of treatment with clarithromycin versus corticosteroids-Observational study

Background

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) is a clinicopathological syndrome of unknown origin. Corticosteroids are the standard treatment, but clarithromycin (CAM) is also effective. The aim of this observational retrospective study was to compare the results of CAM versus prednisone (PRE) treatment in patients with biopsy-proven OP without respiratory insufficiency.

Material and methods

In a 15-year period, 40 patients were treated with CAM (500 mg twice daily orally for 3 months) and 22 with PRE (mean initial dose of 0.67 ± 0.24 mg/kg/d for a mean of 8.59 ± 3.05 months).

Results

The clinical presentation, laboratory, and radiological findings did not differ markedly between patients treated with CAM and PRE, with the exception of a higher frequency of sweats (55% vs. 23%; p < 0.015), ground glass opacities (95% vs. 50%; p <0.0001) and nodular lesions (45% vs. 18%; p = 0.036) in the CAM group. A complete response was achieved in 35(88%) patients treated with CAM and in all treated with PRE. Patients treated with PRE relapsed more frequently than those treated with CAM (54.5% vs. 10%; p < 0.0001). Corticosteroid-related adverse events were noticed in 8(6.5%) patients (with one death), but CAM caused only one (2.5%) allergic reaction. A FVC >80% identified patients who might be successfully treated with CAM with a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 88.57% (AUC 0.869; 95% CI 0.684–1; p = 0.008); the figures for the FEV1 were >70%, a sensitivity of 60%, and a specificity of 91.43% (AUC 0.809; 95%CI 0.609–1; p = 0.027).

Conclusions

CAM can be used to treat COP patients in whom the pulmonary function parameters are within normal limits. Such therapy is shorter, better tolerated, and associated with fewer adverse events and relapses than is PRE. However, the therapy is ineffective in some patients.

[Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Diagnostic criteria, treatment, prognosis and prevention]

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is caused by inhalation of environmental antigens. Farmers and bird keepers are most frequently affected by this desease. The HP diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms (cough, dyspnea) in a person exposed to environmental antigens, and the presence of characteristic changes in high resolution chest computed tomography (HRCT) (bilateral, mosaic, ground glass opacities in the middle and lower lung zones, ill-defined centrilobular nodules and the sign of air-trapping on expiration). This type of HRCT pattern is most frequently found in the patients with subacute HP. Bronchioloalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) examination is helpful in establishing the HP diagnosis, when the increased total number of cells, with the predominance of T lymphocytes (> 50%), and the increased number of neutrophils (> 3%) and mastocytes (> 1%) are found. The presence of specific serum precipitins increases the likelihood of HP. In case of atypical clinical presentation, lung biopsy is recommended. The diagnostic criterion of HP is the presence of ill-defined non-necrotising granulomas, after excluding other granulomatous lung diseases. The prevention and treatment of HP is based on the elimination of the antigen from the environment. Corticosteroids may contribute to the improvement in the acute and sub-acute form of the disease but their long term effectiveness is uncertain. The prognosis of HP patients is generally perceived as good, especially in those patients in whom antigen avoidance is possible. Nevertheless, in some patients progressive pulmonary fibrosis and development of severe respiratory insufficiency is observed. Med Pr 2016;67(4):517-527.

Methotrexate as a single agent for treating pulmonary sarcoidosis: a single centre real-life prospective study

INTRODUCTION

The first-line therapy in chronic sarcoidosis, according to WASOG/ATS/ERS recommendations, is GCS. This therapy is associated with significant adverse effects and finally does not alter the natural history of the disease. The objective of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of monotherapy with MTX, as an alternative to GCS, in progressive pulmonary sarcoidosis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

An open prospective real-life, single-centre trial was performed on 50 patients with biopsy proven sarcoidosis, 28M and 22F, mean age 45.55 ± 8.9 years. The average duration of disease before MTX therapy was 12.34 ± 20.49 years, GCS therapy in the past was applied in 41 patients. All patients received MTX (10 mg or 15 mg weekly) between 2004 and 2013 because of chronic progressive pulmonary sarcoidosis. Therapy was planned for 24 months. Patients underwent regular clinical evaluation, pulmonary function assessment, exercise ability testing (6MWT), and chest radiography for therapy effectiveness every six months and side effects monitoring every 4-6 weeks. Forty-nine patients were included for statistical analysis of treatment efficacy. They were retrospectively allocated to "MTX responder" group if an improvement of 10% of FEV1, FVC, TLC, or 15% of DLCO from the initial value was documented for at least one parameter or "non-responders" if the patient did not meet the above-mentioned criteria.

RESULTS

Duration of treatment ranged from 6 to 24 months, mean time 60.75 ± 34.1 weeks. For the whole cohort significant improvement after MTX therapy was observed for minimal SaO2 (%) (p = 0.043) and for decrease of DSaO2 (%) (p = 0.048) in six-minute walk test. The results were significantly better for patients treated with 15 mg than for those treated with 10 mg weekly and for those who obtained a greater total amount of MTX during therapy. Significant difference of DLCO%pred was observed after six months of MTX therapy between groups treated 15 mg vs 10 mg weekly (73.27 ± 12.7% vs. 63.15 ± 16.4%, p = 0.03). Twenty-five patients (55%) met the criteria of "MTX responders" group. Patients who responded well to treatment had significantly lower TLC and FVC initial values comparing to "MTX non-responders". After treatment the only significant difference in PFT between groups was noted for DLCO%pred. Eleven patients (22%) stopped the treatment due to adverse events of MTX, mild hepatic abnormalities were observed in ten patients (20%), and concomitant infection was found in four patients. There were no patients with a fatal outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

MTX as a single agent in the treatment of sarcoidosis has proved to be a safe and effective steroid alternative. Selected patients with chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis experience definite PFT improvements after MTX treatment. There is need to search for predictors of MTX treatment effectiveness.

Guzki środkowej części zrazika w tomografii komputerowej płuc o wysokiej rozdzielczości u chorych na IPAH—Wstępne korelacje kliniczno-radiologiczne

Wstęp: Zmiany miąższowe w tomografii komputerowej płuc o wysokiej rozdzielczości (TKWR) obserwowane są u niektórych chorych na idiopatyczne tętnicze nadciśnienie płucne (IPAH), pomimo że nie mają oni śródmiąższowej choroby płuc. Najczęściej opisuje się: słabo odgraniczone guzki środkowej części zrazika (CN, centrilobular nodules) albo ogniskowe zacienienia typu matowej szyby (FGGO, focal ground glass opacities). Nie wiadomo czy obecność tych zmian wskazuje na odmienny typ IPAH czy też na zarostową chorobę żył płucnych (PVOD, pulmonary venoocclusive disease). Celem pracy była ocena częstości występowania i znaczenia klinicznego zmian miąższowych w płucach stwierdzanych w TKWR u chorych na IPAH. Materiał i metody: Do badania zakwalifikowano 52 chorych na IPAH (38 kobiet, 14 mężczyzn, średni wiek 41 ± 15 lat). Wszystkie dostępne badania TKWR zostały poddane retrospektywnej analizie doświadczonego radiologa, nieposiadającego wiedzy na temat danych klinicznych. Wyniki: U 10 chorych (19%) stwierdzono CN, u 12(23%) FGGO. U badanych chorych nie występowały cechy PVOD, takie jak powiększenie węzłów chłonnych czy też pogrubienie przegród międzyzrazikowych. Wykazano, że chorzy z CN w porównaniu z pozostałymi byli istotnie młodsi (średnie wieku wynosiły 31 lat oraz 43.5 roku, p = 0.02), nie posiadali drożnego otworu owalnego (0% oraz 43%, p = 0.03), mieli istotnie wyższe średnie ciśnienie w prawym przedsionku (12.5 mm Hg oraz 7.94 mm Hg, p = 0.01). Nie wykazano jednak istotnych różnic dotyczących rokowania. Wnioski: Chorzy na IPAH, u których stwierdzono w TKWR guzki środkowej części zrazika, charakteryzowali się nieobecnością PFO, młodszym wiekiem i wyższym ciśnieniem w prawym przedsionku w porównaniu z pozostałymi chorymi.

Prognostic value of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and cytokeratin 19 fragments (Cyfra 21-1) but not carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in surgically treated patients with non-small cell lung cancer

INTRODUCTION

The aim of the study was to assess the prognostic value of cytokeratin 19 fragments (Cyfra 21-1), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in surgically treated NSCLC patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

50 NSCLC patients (25 adenocarcinoma, 21 squamous cell and 4 adenosquamous), clinical stages I and II, age 42-89 years, entered the study. CEA, Cyfra 21-1 and CRP concentrations were measured in serum taken before surgery, CEA and Cyfra 21-1 in 50 patients, CRP - in 46 patients. The survival was calculated from the date of surgical treatment until death or until the end of the observation time. The results were expressed as medians (95%CI).

RESULTS

Cyfra 21-1 concentration was 2.1 (0.7-14.5) ng/mL. Survival time in the patients with Cyfra 21-1 ≤ 2 ng/mL, and > 2 ng/ /mL was 79 (14.85-88.2) and 29 (5.7-87.6) months, (p < 0.026). CEA concentration was 2.68 (0.87-72.7) ng/mL, significantly higher in adenocarcinoma than in squamous cell lung cancer - 4.38 ng/mL (1.67-41.35) vs. 2.2 ng/mL (1.0-6.1), p = 0.002. CRP concentration was 5.45 (0-122.6) mg/L. Significant dependence was found between CRP and pathological tumour size (pT). Median CRP values in pT1, pT2 and pT3+4 tumours were: 2.8 mg/L, 6.9 mg/L and 23.5 mg/L, respectively. Survival time of the patients with CRP ≤ 10 mg/L and CRP > 10 mg/L was 79 (14.85-88.2) and 29.5 (5.7-87.6) months, respectively (p = 0.045). CRP > 10 mg/L and Cyfra 21-1 > 2 ng/mL were the only significant preoperative prognostic indicators (HR 2.08 and 2.04, respectively). Among the postoperative parameters, pathological stage of disease (p-stage) and pT were the significant prognostic indicators (HR 2.1 and 2.42, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

In the present study, concerning surgically treated NSCLC patients, preoperative CRP > 10 mg/L and Cyfra 21-1 > 2 ng/mL were the only negative prognostic indicators, while pT and p-stage were significant postoperative prognostic indicators.

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis during a 30-year observation. Diagnosis and treatment

INTRODUCTION

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disease characterised by the abnormal accumulation of surfactant-like material in macrophages within the alveolar spaces and distal bronchioles. The course of the disease is variable and the prognosis is often good. However, progressive disease in some patients can cause respiratory dysfunction and can be life threatening. In this situation, the only effective treatment is whole lung lavage. The objective of the study was to present the characteristics and the course of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in our own material, the diagnostic methods used, the indications for treatment and the treatment efficacy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Retrospective analysis included 17 patients: 6 women and 11 men, aged from 32 to 56 years, who were observed in the Third Lung Department of Pneumonology at the National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases between 1984 and 2013. In all patients chest X-ray, pulmonary function test and blood gases were performed. In 15 patients, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) was obtained. Bronchoscopy was performed in all of the patients, and in 7/17, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was carried out. Fourteen patients underwent open lung biopsy. The indications for whole lung lavage (WLL) were progression of dyspnoea with restriction of daily activity and/or hypoxaemia.

RESULTS

In most of the patients (13/17) the diagnosis was established outside our institute. Patients were referred to our department to establish further procedures. The criteria of diagnosis of PAP in most patients (16/17) was the histological examination of lung tissue, obtained by open lung biopsy (14 cases) and transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) (2 cases). Only in one patient the diagnosis was established on the basis of BAL. HRCT imaging was characteristic of proteinosis in 11/15 patients, and BAL examination in 6/7 patients, in whom BAL was performed. In four patients, who had been exposed to injurious factors for many years, secondary proteinosis was recognised; in other patients, no exposure or no other disease was found, and primary alveolar proteinosis was diagnosed. In one patient granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor autoantibody was detected. The majority of patients (10/17) had clinical symptoms at the diagnosis. The most commonly reported was dyspnoea, followed by respiratory tract infections. The most common abnormality (12/17) in pulmonary lung test was a decrease of diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO). Respiratory distress at rest was found in two patients. Patients were observed for the period of 6 months to 19 years. Spontaneous partial remission was observed in 10 out of 13 untreated patients, including one complete remission; in 3 cases stabilisation was found in radiological examinations; and in other 4 patients, whole lung lavagewas used, resulting in clinical improvement with partial resolution of lesions in radiological examinations in 3 patients. In one patient, despite WLL being repeated three times, improvement was not achieved.

CONCLUSIONS

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a rare interstitial disease with a mild course in most cases. In 13/17 patients diagnosis was based on histological examination of samples from open lung biopsy. The presented patients were observed in the years 1984-2004, and at that time histologic examination was the main diagnostic method. The most common abnormality in pulmonary function tests was decrease of DLCO. In most cases, spontaneous remission of the disease was observed. In four patients with severe course of PAP, WLL was performed with subjective, functional and radiological improvement in 3 of them.

Accuracy of FDG PET/CT in the evaluation of solitary pulmonary lesions - own experience

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, positron emission tomography (PET) has been increasingly applied in the diagnosis of neoplastic lung diseases. In contrast to conventional imaging studies, PET-CT enables the visualisation of not only the morphology of the suspicious lesion, but also its metabolism. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of PET-CT in the initial assessment of patients with indeterminate solitary pulmonary lesions.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study was conducted on a group of 82 patients with indeterminate lung nodule diagnosed at the National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases in the period from January 2008 to May 2011. CT and PET-CT were performed in all of the patients. Histological or cytological examination of the biopsy specimens obtained from bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy and intraoperatively were the reference tests.

RESULTS

Malignancy was documented in 40 patients (48.8%). Histopathological analysis of all tumours revealed 12 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 18 cases of adenocarcinoma and 1 case of carcinoid, whereas in 9 patients the diagnosis of "non-small cell cancer not otherwise specified" was made. All lesions except one were of solid character on chest CT. SUV(max) values exceeding 2.5 were found in 38 cancer patients (true positives, TP). The mean value of SUV(max) was 9.1 (1-26.8). Forty-two lesions were documented as benign (51.2%). SUV(max) values equal to or less than 2.5 were found in 37 patients (true negatives, TN). The mean value of SUV(max) in this group was 1.9 (0.5-8.6). The diagnostic value of PET-CT SUV(max) exceeding 2.5 in the prediction of neoplastic origin of solitary pulmonary lesions was: sensitivity - 95% (95% CI 84-99%), specificity - 88% (95% CI 75-95%) and accuracy - 91.5% (95% CI 83-96%). Positive predictive value (PPV) was 88.4% (95% CI 76-95%), and negative predictive value (NPV) was 94.8% (95% CI 83-99%). False negative results concerned two patients, with final diagnosis of carcinoid and adenocarcinoma; false positive results were obtained in 5 patients with various inflammatory lesions.

CONCLUSIONS

In the present study, PET-CT appeared to have high sensitivity (95%), but lower specificity (88%) for predicting the malignant character of solitary pulmonary lesions. Overall diagnostic value of PET-CT SUV(max) > 2.5 was high - PPV was 88.4%, NPV was 94.8%. In the authors' opinion, the PET-CT value may increase when clinical data as well as other radiological documentation (with retrospective assessment) are taken into consideration.

Pulmonary pathology in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with mesalazine--a challenging and complex diagnostic problem. Case series and literature review

Pulmonary involvement in the course of inflammatory bowel disease has been a subject of interest to clinicians for long time, but despite this, its epidemiology and potential pathomechanisms remain obscured. Equally unclear is the role of medications used for bowel disease treatment in lung disease development. We present three patients with ulcerative colitis, all treated with mesalazine, in whom unexplained lung disease developed. Due to different clinical and radiological presentation, different conditions were initially placed on the top of the differential list in each of them. The outcome was favourable in all patients despite differences in management. We compared our patients with similar cases from literature. We show the level of difficulty and complexity in the issue of lung disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Fatal Clinical Outcome in a Patient with Sarcoidosis-Lymphoma Syndrome

U 62-letniej kobiety, z klinicznym podejrzeniem choroby rozrostowej układu krwiotwórczego, wykonano splenektomię. W badaniu histopatologicznym stwierdzono obecność licznych nieserowaciejących ziarniniaków. Badania obrazowe klatki piersiowej pozwoliły na rozpoznanie sarkoidozy płuc w stadium II, którą potwierdzono badaniem histopatologicznym materiału uzyskanego drogą przezoskrzelowej biopsji płuca. Chora początkowo nie wymagała leczenia systemowego, ponieważ w trakcie obserwacji stwierdzono samoistną częściową regresję zmian rozsianych w płucach. W toku obserwacji, z uwagi na progresję zmian rozsianych w płucach, których morfologia mogła odpowiadać zmianom o charakterze przerzutów oraz z uwagi na powiększenie węzłów obwodowych zweryfikowano rozpoznanie sarkoidozy pobierając wycinki z płuc podczas otwartej biopsji płuca oraz biopsję węzła chłonnego pachowego prawego. Nie znaleziono komórek nowotworowych. Ze względu na pogorszenie parametrów wentylacyjnych płuc oraz progresję sarkoidozy płucnej i układowej w toku dalszej obserwacji pacjentkę zakwalifikowano do leczenia steroidami systemowymi. Obserwowano poprawę kliniczną, radiologiczną i czynnościową. Po 8 miesiącach leczenia stwierdzono nagłe pogorszenie stanu ogólnego, niedokrwistość, leukocytozę, hipoksemię, znaczną hepatomegalię oraz nawrót uogólnionej limfadenopatii i zmian rozsianych w płucach. Chora zmarła przed ustaleniem ostatecznego rozpoznania. Na podstawie badania autopsyjnego rozpoznano uogólnionego chłoniaka strefy brzeżnej z komórek B, monocytoidalnego. Komórki chłoniaka stwierdzono w węzłach chłonnych szyjnych, śródpiersia, rozwidlenia tchawicy, krzywizny większej żołądka, krezki jelita i zaotrzewnowych oraz stwierdzono naciekanie narządów wewnętrznych: płuc, opłucnej płucnej, wątroby, tarczycy i trzustki. W badaniu autopsyjnym nie stwierdzono obecności ziarniniaków sarkoidalnych w badanych narządach.

The Application of MDCT in the Diagnosis of Chest Trauma

Wstęp: Urazy stanowią główną przyczynę zgonów pacjentów do 40. rż., trzecią pod względem częstości występowania na świecie, po chorobach układu krążenia i nowotworach. Współczesna diagnostyka obrazowa urazów klatki piersiowej wykorzystuje klasyczne zdjęcia rentgenowskie (RTG), wielorzędową tomografię komputerową (WTK), badanie USG przez ścianę klatki piersiowej, USG przezprzełykową, angiografię RTG i rezonans magnetyczny. Celem pracy była ocena wskazań do wielorzędowej tomografii komputerowej (WTK) u chorych po urazie klatki piersiowej oraz ocena przydatności tej metody w ocenie uszkodzeń urazowych. Materiał i Metody: 60 chorych z urazem klatki piersiowej diagnozowanych w Zakładzie Radiologii IGiChP w Warszawie w okresie od maja 2004 roku października 2007 roku miało wykonane WTK klatki piersiowej. Wyodrębniono dwie grupy zależne od typu urazu — tępego albo drążącego, analizowano uszkodzenia urazowe w grupach oraz zbadano zależność poszczególnych obrażeń od rodzaju urazu. U 30 pacjentów porównano wykrywalność 20 wybranych typów obrażeń w RTG i WTK. Przeanalizowano zgodność wyników WTK z rozpoznaniem śródoperacyjnym i bronchoskopią oraz wpływ wyniku WTK na leczenie. Wyniki: Uraz tępy w wywiadzie stwierdzono u 51 chorych (grupa 1), uraz drążący u 9 (grupa 2). U chorych z grupy 1 stwierdzono istotnie częściej stłuczenie płuca i złamania żeber, w grupie 2 — krwiak osierdzia. Przyjmując wynik WTK jako punkt odniesienia czułość i swoistość RTG w badanej grupie chorych wynosiła odpowiednio 66.7% i 58%. Zmianę postępowania leczniczego na podstawie wyników WTK wykazano u 83.3% pacjentów. Czułość i swoistość badania WTK w ocenie uszkodzenia dróg oddechowych, w odniesieniu do bronchoskopii wynosiła: 72.7% i 100%. Zgodność wyników WTK z oceną śródoperacyjną wyniosła 43%, a wiodącą przyczyną niezgodności był brak rozpoznania uszkodzenia przepony w badaniu WTK. Wnioski: WTK jest cenną metodą obrazową w diagnostyce urazów klatki piersiowej, o wysokiej czułości i swoistości w wykrywaniu zagrażających życiu obrażeń, także w ocenie uszkodzeń tchawicy i oskrzeli. Wartość diagnostyczna RTG była niska. Wykazano zgodność WTK z oceną śródoperacyjną, za wyjątkiem przypadków uszkodzeń przepony i rozerwania płuca. W przedstawianym materiale WTK zmieniła postępowanie lecznicze u 83% badanych pacjentów.

Assessment of Recurrence of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer after Therapy Using CT and Integrated PET/CT

Introduction: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has become the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Poland. Follow-up of patients with NSCLC is aimed at early detection of local recurrence, metastatic process, treatment-related complications or second primary lung cancer. We investigated the diagnostic accuracy of FDG-PET-CT in the detection of recurrence of NSCLC after treatment. Material and methods: Seventy-two NSCLC patients (19 females, 56 males), stage I to IV, who had undergone surgery and/ /or radiation therapy, occasionally associated with chemotherapy, were retrospectively included in our study. Chest radiographs and thoracic computed tomography (CT) were performed to localize the abnormality prior to PET-CT. All the patients underwent CT and PET-CT in the period from January 2008 until January 2012. All PET images were interpreted in conjunction with thoracic CT. PET-CT and CT diagnoses were correlated with pathological diagnoses. Results: Forty-five patients had recurrent tumour. Tumour recurrence was observed more often in men than in women and also in case of neoplastic cell emboli in lymphatic or blood vessels. In three patients second primary lung cancer was diagnosed. False positive diagnosis of relapse based on PET-CT was obtained in 4 patients, mainly due to inflammatory lesions. The accuracy of PET-CT for diagnosis of recurrence was 94.4% (95% CI 91; 100). Conclusions: FDG PET-CT was the best method to differentiate recurrent bronchogenic carcinoma from inflammatory lesions, especially at post-therapeutic sites. It has been shown that PET-CT is more accurate method than CT in recurrent NSCLC. PET-CT results had a further impact on the clinical management and treatment planning.

[Staging of non-small cell lung cancer using CT and integrated PET-CT]

INTRODUCTION

Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer in developed countries. Radiological imaging methods are the basic methods in early diagnosis of this disease. TNM classification is a very important tool for optimal treatment in non-small lung cancer (NSCLC). Conventional radiological techniques allow the evaluation of the stage on the basis of anatomical changes only, while PET-CT provides information about the biochemical processes that may precede anatomical changes. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy and sensitivity of CT and PET-CT in the staging of NSCLC.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study was conducted on a group of 99 patients with NSCLC diagnosed at the Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases in the period from January 2008 to May 2010. CT and PET-CT were performed in all patients. Histological or cytological examination of the material obtained from biopsy, bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, and intraoperatively was the reference test. TNM classification was performed independently after CT and PET-CT.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

It has been shown that PET-CT is a more accurate and sensitive method than CT in the staging process in NSCLC. PET-CT allowed the correct classification of the T, N, M, and total TNM in, respectively, 97%, 95%, 99%, and 89% of cases, while for CT it was, respectively, 95%, 84%, 84%, and 68% (p = 0.0002).

The application of MDCT in the diagnosis of chest trauma

INTRODUCTION

Traumas are the third most common cause of death worldwide, after cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, and the main cause of death of patients under 40 years of age. Contemporary image diagnosis of chest trauma uses chest X-ray (CXR), multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), transthoracic and transoesophageal ultrasound (USG), X-ray angiography and magnetic resonance. The aim of the present study was to evaluate MDCT results in the examination of posttraumatic chest injuries and to compare the results of CXR and MDCT in chosen chest traumatic injuries.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The sixty patients with chest trauma included in the study were diagnosed at the Department of Radiology of the Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases between May 2004 and October 2007. MDCT was performed in all patients. Two groups with different types of injury (blunt or penetrating chest trauma) were distinguished. The analysis of injuries in both groups was conducted depending on the mechanism of trauma. The detection of 20 selected injuries at CXR and MDCT was compared. Moreover, the compatibility of MDCT with the results of intraoperative assessment and bronchoscopy was analysed. The influence of MDCT on the treatment modality was also assessed.

RESULTS

History of blunt chest trauma was found in 51 patients (group 1) and of penetrating trauma in 9 patients (group 2). The most frequent injuries among group 1 were lung contusion and rib fractures, and among group 2 it was pericardial hematoma. Compared to MDCT, the sensitivity and specificity of CXR were 66.7 and 58%, respectively. Change of treatment modality was observed after MDCT in 83% of patients. The sensitivity and specificity of MDCT in diagnosing tracheobronchial injury, compared to bronchoscopy, were 72.7% and 100%, respectively. Compatibility of MDCT results and intraoperative assessment was observed in 43% of patients, and the main reason for discrepancy was underdiagnosis of diaphragm injury in MDCT.

CONCLUSIONS

MDCT was a valuable diagnostic method in recognition of chest trauma, characterized by high sensitivity and specificity in the assessment of life-threatening injures and for depicting tracheal and bronchial injuries. The diagnostic value of CXR was low. The compatibility of MCTD and intraoperative assessment was confirmed, with the exception of diaphragm injures and lung laceration. Change of treatment modality was certified after MDCT in 83% of patients.

Assessment of recurrence of non-small cell lung cancer after therapy using CT and Integrated PET/CT

INTRODUCTION

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has become the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Poland. Follow-up of patients with NSCLC is aimed at early detection of local recurrence, metastatic process, treatment-related complications or second primary lung cancer. We investigated the diagnostic accuracy of FDG-PET-CT in the detection of recurrence of NSCLC after treatment.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Seventy-two NSCLC patients (19 females, 56 males), stage I to IV, who had undergone surgery and/ /or radiation therapy, occasionally associated with chemotherapy, were retrospectively included in our study. Chest radiographs and thoracic computed tomography (CT) were performed to localize the abnormality prior to PET-CT. All the patients underwent CT and PET-CT in the period from January 2008 until January 2012. All PET images were interpreted in conjunction with thoracic CT. PET-CT and CT diagnoses were correlated with pathological diagnoses.

RESULTS

Forty-five patients had recurrent tumour. Tumour recurrence was observed more often in men than in women and also in case of neoplastic cell emboli in lymphatic or blood vessels. In three patients second primary lung cancer was diagnosed. False positive diagnosis of relapse based on PET-CT was obtained in 4 patients, mainly due to inflammatory lesions. The accuracy of PET-CT for diagnosis of recurrence was 94.4% (95% CI 91; 100).

CONCLUSIONS

FDG PET-CT was the best method to differentiate recurrent bronchogenic carcinoma from inflammatory lesions, especially at post-therapeutic sites. It has been shown that PET-CT is more accurate method than CT in recurrent NSCLC. PET-CT results had a further impact on the clinical management and treatment planning.

Fatal clinical outcome in a patient with sarcoidosis-lymphoma syndrome

A 62-year-old female suspected of malignant disease underwent a splenectomy that revealed noncaseating granulomas in the histological specimen. Chest X-ray (CXR) and lung CT scans suggested sarcoidosis stage II. TBLB showed noncaseating granulomas. A diagnosis of sarcoidosis was made. Initially no treatment was needed as partial remission on CXR and normal lung function were observed. During the follow up she underwent open lung biopsy and axillary lymph node biopsy because of radiological progression with presence of CXR opacities imitating metastases and recurrent lymphadenopathy. No malignant cells were found. Spontaneous partial resolution of disseminated changes on the CXR was observed. Because of progressive deterioration in lung function and the clinical course of the disease strongly suggesting the progression of systemic sarcoidosis, the patient was given steroid treatment, which initially resulted in partial remission of pulmonary disseminated changes, peripheral lymphadenopathy and improvement in lung function test. Eight months later severe deterioration in general condition, anaemia, leukocytosis, hypoxemia, massive hepatomegaly and recurrence of general lymphadenopathy along with progression of disseminated changes were found. She died before the final diagnosis was established. Post-mortem examination showed a nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma with monocytoid B-cells, according to WHO classification. The malignant cells were found in the jugular, mediastinal, paratracheal, paragastric, paraintestinal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes and they infiltrated the lungs, pleura, liver, thyroid gland and pancreas. No sarcoid granulomas were found in the autopsy.

Postępy w Pneumonologii w 2012 Roku

Przewlekła obturacyjna choroba płuc (POChP) jest trzecią lub czwartą przyczyną zgonu na świecie po nowotworach, chorobach serca i naczyń oraz (w niektórych krajach) śmierci z przyczyn gwałtownych. Wszelkie aspekty choroby od jej patogenezy do paliatywnej opieki pod koniec życia są przedmiotem badań bardzo licznych zespołów naukowców [...]

Staging of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Using CT and Integrated PET-CT

Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer in developed countries. Radiological imaging methods are the basic methods in early diagnosis of this disease. TNM classification is a very important tool for optimal treatment in non-small lung cancer (NSCLC). Conventional radiological techniques allow the evaluation of the stage on the basis of anatomical changes only, while PET-CT provides information about the biochemical processes that may precede anatomical changes. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy and sensitivity of CT and PET-CT in the staging of NSCLC. Material and methods: The study was conducted on a group of 99 patients with NSCLC diagnosed at the National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute in the period from January 2008 to May 2010. CT and PET-CT were performed in all patients. Histological or cytological examination of the material obtained from biopsy, bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, and intraoperatively was the reference test. TNM classification was performed independently after CT and PET-CT. Results and conclusions: It has been shown that PET-CT is a more accurate and sensitive method than CT in the staging process in NSCLC. PET-CT allowed the correct classification of the T, N, M, and total TNM in, respectively, 97%, 95%, 99%, and 89% of cases, while for CT it was, respectively, 95%, 84%, 84%, and 68% (p = 0.0002).

Asymptomatic appearance of splenic infarction in Wegener's granulomatosis

Splenic involvements in Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) are rarely diagnosed ante-mortem, while an autopsy is able to reveal a high rate of spleen lesions (78-100%). To date, there have been a few reported cases of splenic abnormalities in WG, including: splenomegaly, capsular adhesion, dysfunction and infarction. We reported a case of biopsy-verified WG with radiological evidence of diffuse spleen infarction despite the lack of any clinical symptoms. We concluded that due to a potential risk of severe hemorrhagic complications when anticoagulant therapy is necessary, radiological assessment of spleen should be performed regularly in this group of patients, particularly because spleen involvement can be asymptomatic.

Badania Obrazowe w Zapaleniach Płuc u Dorosłych

Zapalenie płuc definiowane jest jako naciekzapalny obejmujący pęcherzyki płucne i/lub śród-miąższ, wywoływany różnymi czynnikami patogen-nymi [...]

In search of markers of treatment failure and poor prognosis in IPAH – the value of mosaic lung attenuation pattern on thin-section CT scans

Despite the development of specific therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) some patients fail to respond to such treatment. One of the potential reasons for the unresponsiveness to targeted therapies may be the presence of fibrous occlusion of small pulmonary veins that accompanies pre-capillary arteriopathy. This type of pathologic change is called pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD). Underdiagnosed PVOD occurs probably in 5-10% of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension (IPAH) and in a substantial proportion of PAH related to connective tissue diseases (mainly in scleroderma). A definite diagnosis of PVOD requires histologi- cal examination of lung sample, but surgical lung biopsy in pulmonary hypertension is combined with high risk of bleeding. Thus major interest is focused on a non-invasive diagnostic approach enabling early recognition of PVOD and referral for lung transplantation. The present review is focused on the radiological features suggestive of PVOD-like vasculopathy in PAH.

Pleural Sarcoidosis—In Three Patients

Three patients with pleural sarcoidosis are reported. Pleural effusion in two patients and a massive pleural thickening that mimicked a tumour were observed. Histological examination of pleural biopsies revealed sarcoidosis. None of the patients received treatment. No recurrence of the pleural effusion was observed after a year of follow-up and the massive pleural thickening remained stable.

[Pleural sarcoidosis - a report of three cases]

Three patients with pleural sarcoidosis are reported. Pleural effusion in two patients and a massive pleural thickening that mimicked a tumour were observed. Histological examination of pleural biopsies revealed sarcoidosis. None of the patients received treatment. No recurrence of the pleural effusion was observed after a year of follow-up and the massive pleural thickening remained stable.

Udar niedokrwienny mózgu w przebiegu ziarniniakowatości Wegenera

Ziarniniakowatość Wegnera jest chorobą układową o nieznanej etiologii charakteryzującą się zapaleniem naczyń z tworzeniem martwiczych ziarniniaków, które zajmują głównie górne i dolne drogi oddechowe oraz nerki. Przedstawiony przypadek dotyczy 44-letniej kobiety, u której wystąpiły nietypowe zaburzenia neurologiczne. U pacjentki z mnogimi cieniami okrągłymi i powiększonymi węzłami chłonnymi wnęki w RTG klatki piersiowej wystąpił nagły epizod niedowładu połowiczego. Tomografia komputerowa ujawniła ognisko niedokrwienne w mózgu. Rozpoznanie ziarniniakowatości Wegenera potwierdzono za pomocą badania histologicznego wycinków pobranych w trakcie biopsji otwartej płuca. Podczas pełnego kursu chemioterapii prednisolonem i cyklofosfamidem uzyskano zmniejszenie zaburzeń neurologicznych i znaczącą poprawę stanu klinicznego chorej.

[Chronic granulomatous disease recognised in 42-years-old patient]

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases that are caused by defect in the superoxide-producing NADPH oxidase of neutrophils. This defect impairs the intracellular killing of microorganisms. Typical manifestations are recurrent bacterial or mycotic infections affecting the lungs, skin, lymph nodes and gastrointestinal tract (liver). Chronic granulomatous disease could be diagnosed on the basis of the anamnesis, clinical picture and results of granulocyte function tests showing impaired phagocytic activity (NBT tests, RDH test and a deficit of superoxide production). Typically symptoms of disease occur in the first years of live, leading often to death in the 2. or 3. decade. Below we present a patient, in whom diagnosis of the CGD was established at the age of 42.

[Organizing pneumonia--clarithromycin treatment]

INTRODUCTION

Organizing pneumonia (OP) is a rare syndrome that has been associated with a variety of underlying factors including infections, collagen vascular diseases, toxic fumes, cancer, drugs and radiotherapy. A cryptogenic form is also observed. OP is a curable disease in the most cases. Steroids are the standard therapy, but other treatment regimens have been used as well.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In the period from 1999 to 2005, 9 women and 3 men (age range 44-71 years) with OP were selected for the study. There were 9 non-smokers, 2 smokers and 1 ex-smoker. Open lung biopsy was performed in 5 patients, and in 7 patients diagnosis was established on the basis of transbronchial lung biopsy.

RESULTS

Dyspnoea (100%), cough (100%), weakness (100%), fever (83%), loss of weight (83%), sweats (33%) and chest pain (8%) were the most frequently noticed symptoms. Radiographically, all patients had bilateral consolidations with areas of ground glass attenuations. A migratory pattern of these lesions was observed in 9 (75%) patients. In all patients clarithromycin (CLA) in a dose 0.5 g b.i.d was administered. Nine (75%) patients were successfully treated. Complete clinical and radiological remission was obtained after 3 months of CLA therapy in 7 and a partial response in an additional 2 patients, in whom treatment was prolonged to 4 months. During the first month of CLA treatment 3 patients did not respond to the therapy, and prednisone was introduced. The observation period ranged from 30 to 90 months (mean 42 months). Adverse reaction to CLA and relapse did not occur.

CONCLUSIONS

OP can be treated with clarithromycin. It may be an alternative treatment, particularly for patients in good clinical status and in whom the probability of adverse events in the course of corticotherapy is high.

[Wegener's granulomatosis presenting with ischaemic stroke]

Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is a systemic disease of unknown origin characterized by necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis that involves primarily the upper and the lower respiratory tracts and the kidneys. A 44-year-old woman presenting with unusual neurological manifestation is reported. The patient with multiple pulmonary round shadows and hilar lymphadenopathy on the chest X-ray pictures, suffered from sudden hemiparesis episode. Computed tomography revealed ischemic stroke focus. A diagnosis of WG was confirmed by histological examination of specimen obtained during open lung biopsy. During the combination chemotherapy with prednisolone and cyclophosphamide, neurological symptoms decreased and clinical condition significantly improved.

Chronic Granulomatous Disease Recognised in 42-Years-Old Patient

Przewlekła choroba ziarniniakowa (PChZ) jest heterogenną grupą chorób związanych z defektem enzymu oksydazy NADPH odpowiedzialnej za produkcję nadtlenków przez granulocyty obojętnochłonne, których brak lub niedobór uniemożliwia zabijanie sfagocytowanych przez nie drobnoustrojów. Typowymi objawami PChZ są bakteryjne lub grzybicze nawracające ciężkie, często zagrażające życiu infekcje głównie płuc, skóry, węzłów chłonnych oraz przewodu pokarmowego (wątroby). Rozpoznanie jest ustalane na podstawie wywiadów, objawów oraz testów wykazujących upośledzoną funkcję fagocytozy granulocytów (testy NBT, RDH czy bezpośrednie testy, których wynik wskazuje na deficyt produkcji nadtlenków). Objawy występują zwykle w pierwszych latach życia, prowadzą często do zgonu w 2. lub 3. dekadzie. Poniżej przedstawiono przypadek chorej, u której rozpoznanie PChZ ustalono dopiero w 42. roku życia.

Malakoplakia płuca i zakażenie Rhodococcus equi Opis dwóch przypadków i przegląd piśmiennictwa

Malakoplakia is a rare, chronic, granulomatous disease seen in immunocompromised patients, caused by multiple infectious agents, most often bacteria. Microscopically, accumulations of macrophages with granular cytoplasm and intra- or extracellular structures, called Michaelis-Gutmann bodies are characteristic. Main cause of pulmonary malakoplakia is Rhodococcus equi infection. We report two cases of pulmonary malakoplakia, in one case R. equi infection was confirmed. We also present a summary of recent knowledge about the pathogenesis, morphology and clinical course of the disease.

[Pulmonary malakoplakia and Rhodococcus equi infection. A report of two cases and review]

Malakoplakia is a rare, chronic, granulomatous disease seen in immunocompromised patients, caused by multiple infectious agents, most often bacteria. Microscopically, accumulations of macrophages with granular cytoplasm and intra- or extracellular structures, called Michaelis-Gutmann bodies are characteristic. Main cause of pulmonary malakoplakia is Rhodococcus equi infection. We report two cases of pulmonary malakoplakia, in one case R. equi infection was confirmed. We also present a summary of recent knowledge about the pathogenesis, morphology and clinical course of the disease.

Analysis of the Treatment (Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Surgery) in IIb and IIIa Stages of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

The aims: (1) comparison ofNSCLC stages according to bronchoscopic and radiological findings with pathological outcome (mediastinoscopy), (2) efficacy of the neoadjuvant ChT by means of nodal involvement and primary tumour (downstaging), (3) influence ofChT on the surgical procedures' extension and its morbidity Material and methods: I 00 consecutive patients with resectable NSCLC in stages 11B (13 pts) or IIIA (57 pts), who were qualified to neoadjuvant ChT, participated in this study (77 men and 23 women, aged 42–73). Tumour and lymph nodes (mediastinal and hilar) were measured in CT scan. Mediastinoscopy was performed in 70 pts (70%). Majority of patients (87%) received two cycles ofneoadjuvant ChT (cisplatin 80 mg/m2 iv on day 1 and vinorelbine 25 mg/m2 on day 1 and 5) administered every 21 days. After ChT 85 patients were qualified to surgery. The results: The metastases in mediastinoscopy were excluded in 32 out of 45 patients (71%), whose lymph nodes were enlarged in CT scan (radiological false positive). Metastases were confirmed in 4 out of 25 patients (16%), whose lymph nodes were normal in CT scan (radiological false negative). After ChT the regression of the disease (PR+CR) was noted in 37% of patients. Pneumonectomy was performed in 23 (27%) pts, bilobectomy in 11 (13%) pts, lobectomy in 39 (46%) pts and “extended” (sleeve) lobectomy in 12 (14%) pts. Resected material was exam­ined microscopically very exactly in patients, in whom mediastinoscopy was performed before treatment. Down­staging was confirmed in 6 out of 15 patients (40%). Conclusions: Neoadjuvant ChT was effective in 37% of patients and allowed us to perform less exten­ sive surgery in these patients. 22 (64.7%) out of 34 patients who responded to ChT underwent lobecto­ my. Only 17 (36%) out of 51 patients who did not respond to ChT had lobectomy performed. Generally, 85 pts were operated with postroperative complications in 22.3% patients and 2.3% mortality rate.

Invasive Aspergillosis (IA) In Patients Treated in the Institute of Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases in the Years 1993–2005—Diagnostic Problems

The aim of this study was to present the diagnostic problems in pts treated for invasive aspergillosis (IA) in the Illrd Clinic of the Institute of Tuberculosis in the years 1993–2005. The material consisted of clinical documentation of 18 pts. 15 out of 18 pts (83.4%) died. In all those cases autopsy examination was done. In 13 pts IA was the main and in another 2 only the accessory cause of death. AU pts were treated with corticosteroids and/or cytostatic drugs because of lung cancer (13 pts), haematologic disorders (1 pts), Wegener's granulomatosis (3 pts) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (1 pts). In 13 out of 18 pts granulocytopenia was revealed (on an average from 0.008 × 109/L to 0.95 × 109/L) one month before death. In 13 pts IA was limited to the lungs, in 5 others there were also fungal lesions in brain, kidneys, liver, spleen, pleura, pericardium and heart. Pts with disseminated fonn ofIA had significantly lower granulocyte count and were treated with higher doses of corticosteroids than others. Immunosupressive drugs and granulocytopenia can be regarded as predisposing factors. IA was diagnosed before death only in 5 out of 18 pts. This was mainly caused by the lack of the symptoms of in­fection (4 pts) and negative results ofmycological (6 pts) and serological examination (8 pts). We should underline that mycological examination was only done in 11 pts and serological examination of blood for fungal antigen only in 6 pts. We conclude that mycological infection ought to be searched in all pts treated with high doses of corticosteroids and those with prolonged granulocytopenia, especially if they have the symptoms of infection which does not respond to antibiotic therapy.