A facile and green route to terpene derived acrylate and methacrylate monomers and simple free radical polymerisation to yield new renewable polymers and coatings

We present new acrylic monomers, polymers and coatings derived directly from abundant naturally available terpenes via facile, green and catalytic approaches.

The role of transboundary air pollution over Galicia and North Portugal area

In summer, high levels of ozone (O3) are frequently measured at both Galicia and Northern Portugal air quality monitoring stations, even exceeding the limit values imposed by legislation. This work aims to investigate the origin of these high O3 concentrations by the application of a chemical transport modelling system over the northwestern area of the Iberian Peninsula. The WRF-CHIMERE modelling system was applied with high resolution to simulate the selected air pollution episodes that occurred simultaneously in Galicia and North Portugal and in order to study both the contribution of local emission sources and the influence of transboundary pollution. Emission inputs have been prepared based on the development of the Portuguese and Galician emission inventories. The obtained results for O3 have been evaluated and validated against observations. Modelling results show possible contribution of the transboundary transport over the border of two neighbour regions/countries, indicating that the O3 episode starts over the urban and industrialised area of North coast of Portugal, reaching the maximum peaks over this region; at the same time, O3 levels increased over Galicia region, where lower concentrations, but still high, were observed. These results pointed out that air quality management should not be driven by political boundaries and highlight the importance of joining efforts between neighbouring countries.

Synoptic patterns and air mass transport during ozone episodes in northwestern Iberia

High levels of ozone are frequently measured at the Galicia (NW Iberian Peninsula) air quality monitoring stations from March to October. However, there have been very few studies on surface ozone in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula, most likely because the climate of this region is not favourable to photochemical ozone generation. The occurrence of these episodes may be related to either local-scale photochemical pollution or regional-scale transport from other polluted regions. In addition, high ozone episodes usually are developed under specific synoptic conditions. The main purposes of this study are to characterise the atmospheric conditions that lead to the ozone episodes in this region and to identify possible advection paths of ozone and precursors. A surface hourly ozone dataset (2002-2007) measured at rural sites in Galicia was analysed to identify high ozone episodes together with their associated synoptic patterns using a subjective classification with 23 different synoptic types. The synoptic weather patterns revealed that most of the episodes occur with high surface pressures centred over the British Isles and/or Central Europe while a high-altitude anticyclonic ridge crosses the Peninsula from North Africa, causing easterly or southeasterly winds. This analysis was completed with 3-day backward air mass trajectories obtained with HYSPLIT to assess the contribution of long-range transport, resulting in the following main routes: Mediterranean-Peninsular, South Atlantic-Portuguese, local and French-Cantabric.

Trends of rural tropospheric ozone at the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula

Tropospheric ozone levels around urban and suburban areas at Europe and North America had increased during 80's–90's, until the application of NO_x reduction strategies. However, as it was expected, this ozone depletion was not proportional to the emissions reduction. On the other hand, rural ozone levels show different trends, with peaks reduction and average increments; this different evolution could be explained by either emission changes or climate variability in a region. In this work, trends of tropospheric ozone episodes at rural sites in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula were analyzed and compared to others observed in different regions of the Atlantic European coast. Special interest was focused on the air quality sites characterization, in order to guarantee their rural character in terms of air quality. Both episodic local meteorological and air quality measurements along five years were considered, in order to study possible meteorological influences in ozone levels, different to other European Atlantic regions.

The effect of the limited availability of H2O2 in the competitive deposition of sulfur and oxidized nitrogen

To understand the influence of the reduction of SO2 emissions from a single source in the S and N deposition around its local environment, the application of the Sulphur Transport Eulerian Model 2 (STEM-II) was introduced in this paper. Observed local deposition patterns were analysed and explained in terms of the main processes involved in the pollutants deposition. It was necessary to take into account the limited availability of H2O2 because of its influence on both S(IV) and oxidized nitrogen deposition. In order to estimate the quantitative relationship between the SO2 emissions reduction and the observed S and N deposition patterns, these processes were simulated for different meteorological conditions. Simulation results were in agreement with both observed deposition patterns and limited availability of H2O2, specially if significant changes in the S deposition patterns were considered. Both observed and estimated S deposition patterns changed their top value location from the Southwest (1990) to the Northwest (1997) of the domain, because of the reduction of dry deposition. The global reduction of total S depositions, estimated and observed, were in good agreement too. Model simulations could explain the higher S dry deposition reduction, considering the emissions reduction strategy applied.