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Mansir J, Conti P, Zeng Z, Pla JJ, Bertet P, Swift MW, Van de Walle CG, Thewalt MLW, Sklenard B, Niquet YM, Morton JJL. Linear Hyperfine Tuning of Donor Spins in Silicon Using Hydrostatic Strain. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:167701. [PMID: 29756909 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.167701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally study the coupling of group V donor spins in silicon to mechanical strain, and measure strain-induced frequency shifts that are linear in strain, in contrast to the quadratic dependence predicted by the valley repopulation model (VRM), and therefore orders of magnitude greater than that predicted by the VRM for small strains |ϵ|<10^{-5}. Through both tight-binding and first principles calculations we find that these shifts arise from a linear tuning of the donor hyperfine interaction term by the hydrostatic component of strain and achieve semiquantitative agreement with the experimental values. Our results provide a framework for making quantitative predictions of donor spins in silicon nanostructures, such as those being used to develop silicon-based quantum processors and memories. The strong spin-strain coupling we measure (up to 150 GHz per strain, for Bi donors in Si) offers a method for donor spin tuning-shifting Bi donor electron spins by over a linewidth with a hydrostatic strain of order 10^{-6}-as well as opportunities for coupling to mechanical resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mansir
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, 17-19 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - P Conti
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, 17-19 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Z Zeng
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INAC-MEM, L_Sim, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - J J Pla
- School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - P Bertet
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M W Swift
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, USA
| | - C G Van de Walle
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, USA
| | - M L W Thewalt
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - B Sklenard
- Université Grenoble Alpes & CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Y M Niquet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INAC-MEM, L_Sim, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - J J L Morton
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, 17-19 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Dept of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, UCL, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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Bienfait A, Pla JJ, Kubo Y, Stern M, Zhou X, Lo CC, Weis CD, Schenkel T, Thewalt MLW, Vion D, Esteve D, Julsgaard B, Mølmer K, Morton JJL, Bertet P. Reaching the quantum limit of sensitivity in electron spin resonance. Nat Nanotechnol 2016; 11:253-257. [PMID: 26657787 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The detection and characterization of paramagnetic species by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is widely used throughout chemistry, biology and materials science, from in vivo imaging to distance measurements in spin-labelled proteins. ESR relies on the inductive detection of microwave signals emitted by the spins into a coupled microwave resonator during their Larmor precession. However, such signals can be very small, prohibiting the application of ESR at the nanoscale (for example, at the single-cell level or on individual nanoparticles). Here, using a Josephson parametric microwave amplifier combined with high-quality-factor superconducting microresonators cooled at millikelvin temperatures, we improve the state-of-the-art sensitivity of inductive ESR detection by nearly four orders of magnitude. We demonstrate the detection of 1,700 bismuth donor spins in silicon within a single Hahn echo with unit signal-to-noise ratio, reduced to 150 spins by averaging a single Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence. This unprecedented sensitivity reaches the limit set by quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field instead of thermal or technical noise, which constitutes a novel regime for magnetic resonance. The detection volume of our resonator is ∼ 0.02 nl, and our approach can be readily scaled down further to improve sensitivity, providing a new versatile toolbox for ESR at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bienfait
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J J Pla
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Y Kubo
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Stern
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, BINA, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - X Zhou
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- ISEN Department, Institute of Electronics Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, CNRS UMR 8520, Avenue Poincaré, CS 60069, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex 59652, France
| | - C C Lo
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - C D Weis
- Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Schenkel
- Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M L W Thewalt
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - D Vion
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - D Esteve
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - B Julsgaard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - K Mølmer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - J J L Morton
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - P Bertet
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Abstract
The intense interest in spin-based quantum information processing has caused an increasing overlap between the two traditionally distinct disciplines of magnetic resonance and nanotechnology. In this work we discuss rigorous design guidelines to integrate microwave circuits with charge-sensitive nanostructures, and describe how to simulate such structures accurately and efficiently. We present a new design for an on-chip, broadband, nanoscale microwave line that optimizes the magnetic field used to drive a spin-based quantum bit (or qubit) while minimizing the disturbance to a nearby charge sensor. This new structure was successfully employed in a single-spin qubit experiment, and shows that the simulations accurately predict the magnetic field values even at frequencies as high as 30 GHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dehollain
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
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