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Jia W, Yamamoto H, Kuns K, Effler A, Evans M, Fritschel P, Abbott R, Adams C, Adhikari RX, Ananyeva A, Appert S, Arai K, Areeda JS, Asali Y, Aston SM, Austin C, Baer AM, Ball M, Ballmer SW, Banagiri S, Barker D, Barsotti L, Bartlett J, Berger BK, Betzwieser J, Bhattacharjee D, Billingsley G, Biscans S, Blair CD, Blair RM, Bode N, Booker P, Bork R, Bramley A, Brooks AF, Brown DD, Buikema A, Cahillane C, Cannon KC, Chen X, Ciobanu AA, Clara F, Compton CM, Cooper SJ, Corley KR, Countryman ST, Covas PB, Coyne DC, Datrier LEH, Davis D, Di Fronzo C, Dooley KL, Driggers JC, Dupej P, Dwyer SE, Etzel T, Evans TM, Feicht J, Fernandez-Galiana A, Frolov VV, Fulda P, Fyffe M, Giaime JA, Giardina KD, Godwin P, Goetz E, Gras S, Gray C, Gray R, Green AC, Gustafson EK, Gustafson R, Hall ED, Hanks J, Hanson J, Hardwick T, Hasskew RK, Heintze MC, Helmling-Cornell AF, Holland NA, Jones JD, Kandhasamy S, Karki S, Kasprzack M, Kawabe K, Kijbunchoo N, King PJ, Kissel JS, Kumar R, Landry M, Lane BB, Lantz B, Laxen M, Lecoeuche YK, Leviton J, Liu J, Lormand M, Lundgren AP, Macas R, MacInnis M, Macleod DM, Mansell GL, Márka S, Márka Z, Martynov DV, Mason K, Massinger TJ, Matichard F, Mavalvala N, McCarthy R, McClelland DE, McCormick S, McCuller L, McIver J, McRae T, Mendell G, Merfeld K, Merilh EL, Meylahn F, Mistry T, Mittleman R, Moreno G, Mow-Lowry CM, Mozzon S, Mullavey A, Nelson TJN, Nguyen P, Nuttall LK, Oberling J, Oram RJ, Osthelder C, Ottaway DJ, Overmier H, Palamos JR, Parker W, Payne E, Pele A, Penhorwood R, Perez CJ, Pirello M, Radkins H, Ramirez KE, Richardson JW, Riles K, Robertson NA, Rollins JG, Romel CL, Romie JH, Ross MP, Ryan K, Sadecki T, Sanchez EJ, Sanchez LE, Saravanan TR, Savage RL, Schaetzl D, Schnabel R, Schofield RMS, Schwartz E, Sellers D, Shaffer T, Sigg D, Slagmolen BJJ, Smith JR, Soni S, Sorazu B, Spencer AP, Strain KA, Sun L, Szczepańczyk MJ, Thomas M, Thomas P, Thorne KA, Toland K, Torrie CI, Traylor G, Tse M, Urban AL, Vajente G, Valdes G, Vander-Hyde DC, Veitch PJ, Venkateswara K, Venugopalan G, Viets AD, Vo T, Vorvick C, Wade M, Ward RL, Warner J, Weaver B, Weiss R, Whittle C, Willke B, Wipf CC, Xiao L, Yu H, Yu H, Zhang L, Zucker ME, Zweizig J. Point Absorber Limits to Future Gravitational-Wave Detectors. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:241102. [PMID: 34951783 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.241102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High-quality optical resonant cavities require low optical loss, typically on the scale of parts per million. However, unintended micron-scale contaminants on the resonator mirrors that absorb the light circulating in the cavity can deform the surface thermoelastically and thus increase losses by scattering light out of the resonant mode. The point absorber effect is a limiting factor in some high-power cavity experiments, for example, the Advanced LIGO gravitational-wave detector. In this Letter, we present a general approach to the point absorber effect from first principles and simulate its contribution to the increased scattering. The achievable circulating power in current and future gravitational-wave detectors is calculated statistically given different point absorber configurations. Our formulation is further confirmed experimentally in comparison with the scattered power in the arm cavity of Advanced LIGO measured by in situ photodiodes. The understanding presented here provides an important tool in the global effort to design future gravitational-wave detectors that support high optical power and thus reduce quantum noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Jia
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Hiroaki Yamamoto
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Kevin Kuns
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Anamaria Effler
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - Matthew Evans
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Peter Fritschel
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Abbott
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - C Adams
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - R X Adhikari
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A Ananyeva
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - S Appert
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - K Arai
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - J S Areeda
- California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92831, USA
| | - Y Asali
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - S M Aston
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - C Austin
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - A M Baer
- Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - M Ball
- University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - S W Ballmer
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - S Banagiri
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - D Barker
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - L Barsotti
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Bartlett
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - B K Berger
- Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J Betzwieser
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - D Bhattacharjee
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | - G Billingsley
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - S Biscans
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - C D Blair
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - R M Blair
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - N Bode
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - P Booker
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - R Bork
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A Bramley
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - A F Brooks
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - D D Brown
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - A Buikema
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Cahillane
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - K C Cannon
- RESCEU, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - X Chen
- OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - A A Ciobanu
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - F Clara
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - C M Compton
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - S J Cooper
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - K R Corley
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | | | - P B Covas
- Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3-IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - D C Coyne
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - L E H Datrier
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - D Davis
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - C Di Fronzo
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - K L Dooley
- Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
- The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - J C Driggers
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - P Dupej
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - S E Dwyer
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - T Etzel
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - T M Evans
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - J Feicht
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A Fernandez-Galiana
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V V Frolov
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - P Fulda
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - M Fyffe
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - J A Giaime
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - K D Giardina
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - P Godwin
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - E Goetz
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - S Gras
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Gray
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - R Gray
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - A C Green
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - E K Gustafson
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - R Gustafson
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - E D Hall
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Hanks
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - J Hanson
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - T Hardwick
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - R K Hasskew
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - M C Heintze
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | | | - N A Holland
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - J D Jones
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - S Kandhasamy
- Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
| | - S Karki
- University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - M Kasprzack
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - K Kawabe
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - N Kijbunchoo
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - P J King
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - J S Kissel
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - M Landry
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - B B Lane
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Lantz
- Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Laxen
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - Y K Lecoeuche
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - J Leviton
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - J Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Lormand
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - A P Lundgren
- University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - R Macas
- Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - M MacInnis
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D M Macleod
- Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - G L Mansell
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - S Márka
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Z Márka
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - D V Martynov
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - K Mason
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T J Massinger
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F Matichard
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - N Mavalvala
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R McCarthy
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - D E McClelland
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - S McCormick
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - L McCuller
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J McIver
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - T McRae
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - G Mendell
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - K Merfeld
- University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - E L Merilh
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - F Meylahn
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - T Mistry
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - R Mittleman
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G Moreno
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - C M Mow-Lowry
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - S Mozzon
- University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - A Mullavey
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - T J N Nelson
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - P Nguyen
- University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - L K Nuttall
- University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - J Oberling
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Richard J Oram
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - C Osthelder
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - D J Ottaway
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - H Overmier
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - J R Palamos
- University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - W Parker
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
- Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - E Payne
- OzGrav, School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Pele
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - R Penhorwood
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - C J Perez
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - M Pirello
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - H Radkins
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - K E Ramirez
- The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
| | - J W Richardson
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - K Riles
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - N A Robertson
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - J G Rollins
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - C L Romel
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - J H Romie
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - M P Ross
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - K Ryan
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - T Sadecki
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - E J Sanchez
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - L E Sanchez
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - T R Saravanan
- Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
| | - R L Savage
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - D Schaetzl
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - R Schnabel
- Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - E Schwartz
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - D Sellers
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - T Shaffer
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - D Sigg
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - B J J Slagmolen
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - J R Smith
- California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92831, USA
| | - S Soni
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - B Sorazu
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - A P Spencer
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - K A Strain
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - L Sun
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | | | - M Thomas
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - P Thomas
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - K A Thorne
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - K Toland
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - C I Torrie
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - G Traylor
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - M Tse
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A L Urban
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - G Vajente
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - G Valdes
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | | | - P J Veitch
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - K Venkateswara
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - G Venugopalan
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A D Viets
- Concordia University Wisconsin, 2800 North Lake Shore Drive, Mequon, Wisconsin 53097, USA
| | - T Vo
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - C Vorvick
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - M Wade
- Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022, USA
| | - R L Ward
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - J Warner
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - B Weaver
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - R Weiss
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Whittle
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Willke
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - C C Wipf
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - L Xiao
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Hang Yu
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Haocun Yu
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - L Zhang
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - M E Zucker
- LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - J Zweizig
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Whittle C, Hall ED, Dwyer S, Mavalvala N, Sudhir V, Abbott R, Ananyeva A, Austin C, Barsotti L, Betzwieser J, Blair CD, Brooks AF, Brown DD, Buikema A, Cahillane C, Driggers JC, Effler A, Fernandez-Galiana A, Fritschel P, Frolov VV, Hardwick T, Kasprzack M, Kawabe K, Kijbunchoo N, Kissel JS, Mansell GL, Matichard F, McCuller L, McRae T, Mullavey A, Pele A, Schofield RMS, Sigg D, Tse M, Vajente G, Vander-Hyde DC, Yu H, Yu H, Adams C, Adhikari RX, Appert S, Arai K, Areeda JS, Asali Y, Aston SM, Baer AM, Ball M, Ballmer SW, Banagiri S, Barker D, Bartlett J, Berger BK, Bhattacharjee D, Billingsley G, Biscans S, Blair RM, Bode N, Booker P, Bork R, Bramley A, Cannon KC, Chen X, Ciobanu AA, Clara F, Compton CM, Cooper SJ, Corley KR, Countryman ST, Covas PB, Coyne DC, Datrier LEH, Davis D, Di Fronzo C, Dooley KL, Dupej P, Etzel T, Evans M, Evans TM, Feicht J, Fulda P, Fyffe M, Giaime JA, Giardina KD, Godwin P, Goetz E, Gras S, Gray C, Gray R, Green AC, Gustafson EK, Gustafson R, Hanks J, Hanson J, Hasskew RK, Heintze MC, Helmling-Cornell AF, Holland NA, Jones JD, Kandhasamy S, Karki S, King PJ, Kumar R, Landry M, Lane BB, Lantz B, Laxen M, Lecoeuche YK, Leviton J, Liu J, Lormand M, Lundgren AP, Macas R, MacInnis M, Macleod DM, Márka S, Márka Z, Martynov DV, Mason K, Massinger TJ, McCarthy R, McClelland DE, McCormick S, McIver J, Mendell G, Merfeld K, Merilh EL, Meylahn F, Mistry T, Mittleman R, Moreno G, Mow-Lowry CM, Mozzon S, Nelson TJN, Nguyen P, Nuttall LK, Oberling J, Oram RJ, Osthelder C, Ottaway DJ, Overmier H, Palamos JR, Parker W, Payne E, Penhorwood R, Perez CJ, Pirello M, Radkins H, Ramirez KE, Richardson JW, Riles K, Robertson NA, Rollins JG, Romel CL, Romie JH, Ross MP, Ryan K, Sadecki T, Sanchez EJ, Sanchez LE, Saravanan TR, Savage RL, Schaetz D, Schnabel R, Schwartz E, Sellers D, Shaffer T, Slagmolen BJJ, Smith JR, Soni S, Sorazu B, Spencer AP, Strain KA, Sun L, Szczepańczyk MJ, Thomas M, Thomas P, Thorne KA, Toland K, Torrie CI, Traylor G, Urban AL, Valdes G, Veitch PJ, Venkateswara K, Venugopalan G, Viets AD, Vo T, Vorvick C, Wade M, Ward RL, Warner J, Weaver B, Weiss R, Willke B, Wipf CC, Xiao L, Yamamoto H, Zhang L, Zucker ME, Zweizig J. Approaching the motional ground state of a 10-kg object. Science 2021; 372:1333-1336. [PMID: 34140386 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The motion of a mechanical object, even a human-sized object, should be governed by the rules of quantum mechanics. Coaxing them into a quantum state is, however, difficult because the thermal environment masks any quantum signature of the object's motion. The thermal environment also masks the effects of proposed modifications of quantum mechanics at large mass scales. We prepared the center-of-mass motion of a 10-kilogram mechanical oscillator in a state with an average phonon occupation of 10.8. The reduction in temperature, from room temperature to 77 nanokelvin, is commensurate with an 11 orders-of-magnitude suppression of quantum back-action by feedback and a 13 orders-of-magnitude increase in the mass of an object prepared close to its motional ground state. Our approach will enable the possibility of probing gravity on massive quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Whittle
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Evan D Hall
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sheila Dwyer
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Nergis Mavalvala
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vivishek Sudhir
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - R Abbott
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - A Ananyeva
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - C Austin
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - L Barsotti
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J Betzwieser
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - C D Blair
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA.,OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - A F Brooks
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D D Brown
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - A Buikema
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - C Cahillane
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J C Driggers
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - A Effler
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - A Fernandez-Galiana
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - P Fritschel
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - V V Frolov
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - T Hardwick
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - M Kasprzack
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - K Kawabe
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - N Kijbunchoo
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - J S Kissel
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - G L Mansell
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - F Matichard
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - L McCuller
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - T McRae
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - A Mullavey
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - A Pele
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | | | - D Sigg
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - M Tse
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - G Vajente
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Hang Yu
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Haocun Yu
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - C Adams
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - R X Adhikari
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - S Appert
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - K Arai
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J S Areeda
- California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Y Asali
- Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - S M Aston
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - A M Baer
- Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - M Ball
- University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - S W Ballmer
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - S Banagiri
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - D Barker
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - J Bartlett
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - B K Berger
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D Bhattacharjee
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - G Billingsley
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - S Biscans
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - R M Blair
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - N Bode
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany.,Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - P Booker
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany.,Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - R Bork
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - A Bramley
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - K C Cannon
- RESCEU, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - X Chen
- OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - A A Ciobanu
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - F Clara
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - C M Compton
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - S J Cooper
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - K R Corley
- Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | | - P B Covas
- Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3-IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - D C Coyne
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - D Davis
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - C Di Fronzo
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - K L Dooley
- Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK.,The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - P Dupej
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - T Etzel
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - M Evans
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - T M Evans
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - J Feicht
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - P Fulda
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - M Fyffe
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - J A Giaime
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.,LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - K D Giardina
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - P Godwin
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - E Goetz
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.,Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - S Gras
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - C Gray
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - R Gray
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - A C Green
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - E K Gustafson
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - R Gustafson
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J Hanks
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - J Hanson
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - R K Hasskew
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - M C Heintze
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | | | - N A Holland
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - J D Jones
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - S Kandhasamy
- Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
| | - S Karki
- University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - P J King
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - M Landry
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - B B Lane
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - B Lantz
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Laxen
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - Y K Lecoeuche
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - J Leviton
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany.,Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Lormand
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - A P Lundgren
- University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
| | - R Macas
- Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
| | - M MacInnis
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - S Márka
- Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Z Márka
- Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - D V Martynov
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - K Mason
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - T J Massinger
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - R McCarthy
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - D E McClelland
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - S McCormick
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - J McIver
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - G Mendell
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - K Merfeld
- University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - E L Merilh
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - F Meylahn
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany.,Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - T Mistry
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - R Mittleman
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - G Moreno
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | | | - S Mozzon
- University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
| | - T J N Nelson
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - P Nguyen
- University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - L K Nuttall
- University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
| | - J Oberling
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | | | - C Osthelder
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D J Ottaway
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - H Overmier
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | | | - W Parker
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA.,Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
| | - E Payne
- OzGrav, School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - R Penhorwood
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - C J Perez
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - M Pirello
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - H Radkins
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - K E Ramirez
- The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
| | - J W Richardson
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - K Riles
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - N A Robertson
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - J G Rollins
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - C L Romel
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - J H Romie
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - M P Ross
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - K Ryan
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - T Sadecki
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - E J Sanchez
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - L E Sanchez
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - T R Saravanan
- Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
| | - R L Savage
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - D Schaetz
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - R Schnabel
- Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - E Schwartz
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - D Sellers
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - T Shaffer
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - B J J Slagmolen
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - J R Smith
- California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - S Soni
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - B Sorazu
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - A P Spencer
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - K A Strain
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - L Sun
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.,OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | | | - M Thomas
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - P Thomas
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - K A Thorne
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - K Toland
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - C I Torrie
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - G Traylor
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA
| | - A L Urban
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - G Valdes
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - P J Veitch
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | | | - G Venugopalan
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - A D Viets
- Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, WI 53097, USA
| | - T Vo
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - C Vorvick
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - M Wade
- Kenyon College, Gambier, OH 43022, USA
| | - R L Ward
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - J Warner
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - B Weaver
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - R Weiss
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - B Willke
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany.,Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - C C Wipf
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - L Xiao
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - H Yamamoto
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - L Zhang
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - M E Zucker
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J Zweizig
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| |
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3
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Tse M, Yu H, Kijbunchoo N, Fernandez-Galiana A, Dupej P, Barsotti L, Blair CD, Brown DD, Dwyer SE, Effler A, Evans M, Fritschel P, Frolov VV, Green AC, Mansell GL, Matichard F, Mavalvala N, McClelland DE, McCuller L, McRae T, Miller J, Mullavey A, Oelker E, Phinney IY, Sigg D, Slagmolen BJJ, Vo T, Ward RL, Whittle C, Abbott R, Adams C, Adhikari RX, Ananyeva A, Appert S, Arai K, Areeda JS, Asali Y, Aston SM, Austin C, Baer AM, Ball M, Ballmer SW, Banagiri S, Barker D, Bartlett J, Berger BK, Betzwieser J, Bhattacharjee D, Billingsley G, Biscans S, Blair RM, Bode N, Booker P, Bork R, Bramley A, Brooks AF, Buikema A, Cahillane C, Cannon KC, Chen X, Ciobanu AA, Clara F, Cooper SJ, Corley KR, Countryman ST, Covas PB, Coyne DC, Datrier LEH, Davis D, Di Fronzo C, Driggers JC, Etzel T, Evans TM, Feicht J, Fulda P, Fyffe M, Giaime JA, Giardina KD, Godwin P, Goetz E, Gras S, Gray C, Gray R, Gupta A, Gustafson EK, Gustafson R, Hanks J, Hanson J, Hardwick T, Hasskew RK, Heintze MC, Helmling-Cornell AF, Holland NA, Jones JD, Kandhasamy S, Karki S, Kasprzack M, Kawabe K, King PJ, Kissel JS, Kumar R, Landry M, Lane BB, Lantz B, Laxen M, Lecoeuche YK, Leviton J, Liu J, Lormand M, Lundgren AP, Macas R, MacInnis M, Macleod DM, Márka S, Márka Z, Martynov DV, Mason K, Massinger TJ, McCarthy R, McCormick S, McIver J, Mendell G, Merfeld K, Merilh EL, Meylahn F, Mistry T, Mittleman R, Moreno G, Mow-Lowry CM, Mozzon S, Nelson TJN, Nguyen P, Nuttall LK, Oberling J, Oram RJ, O'Reilly B, Osthelder C, Ottaway DJ, Overmier H, Palamos JR, Parker W, Payne E, Pele A, Perez CJ, Pirello M, Radkins H, Ramirez KE, Richardson JW, Riles K, Robertson NA, Rollins JG, Romel CL, Romie JH, Ross MP, Ryan K, Sadecki T, Sanchez EJ, Sanchez LE, Saravanan TR, Savage RL, Schaetzl D, Schnabel R, Schofield RMS, Schwartz E, Sellers D, Shaffer TJ, Smith JR, Soni S, Sorazu B, Spencer AP, Strain KA, Sun L, Szczepańczyk MJ, Thomas M, Thomas P, Thorne KA, Toland K, Torrie CI, Traylor G, Urban AL, Vajente G, Valdes G, Vander-Hyde DC, Veitch PJ, Venkateswara K, Venugopalan G, Viets AD, Vorvick C, Wade M, Warner J, Weaver B, Weiss R, Willke B, Wipf CC, Xiao L, Yamamoto H, Yap MJ, Yu H, Zhang L, Zucker ME, Zweizig J. Quantum-Enhanced Advanced LIGO Detectors in the Era of Gravitational-Wave Astronomy. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 123:231107. [PMID: 31868462 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.231107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) has been directly detecting gravitational waves from compact binary mergers since 2015. We report on the first use of squeezed vacuum states in the direct measurement of gravitational waves with the Advanced LIGO H1 and L1 detectors. This achievement is the culmination of decades of research to implement squeezed states in gravitational-wave detectors. During the ongoing O3 observation run, squeezed states are improving the sensitivity of the LIGO interferometers to signals above 50 Hz by up to 3 dB, thereby increasing the expected detection rate by 40% (H1) and 50% (L1).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tse
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Haocun Yu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N Kijbunchoo
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | | | - P Dupej
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - L Barsotti
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C D Blair
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - D D Brown
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - S E Dwyer
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - A Effler
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - M Evans
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Fritschel
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V V Frolov
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - A C Green
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - G L Mansell
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - F Matichard
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - N Mavalvala
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D E McClelland
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - L McCuller
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T McRae
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - J Miller
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Mullavey
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - E Oelker
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - I Y Phinney
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D Sigg
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - B J J Slagmolen
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - T Vo
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - R L Ward
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - C Whittle
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Abbott
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - C Adams
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - R X Adhikari
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A Ananyeva
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - S Appert
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - K Arai
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - J S Areeda
- California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92831, USA
| | - Y Asali
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - S M Aston
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - C Austin
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - A M Baer
- Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA
| | - M Ball
- University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - S W Ballmer
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - S Banagiri
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - D Barker
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - J Bartlett
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - B K Berger
- Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J Betzwieser
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - D Bhattacharjee
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | - G Billingsley
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - S Biscans
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - R M Blair
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - N Bode
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - P Booker
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - R Bork
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A Bramley
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - A F Brooks
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A Buikema
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Cahillane
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - K C Cannon
- RESCEU, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - X Chen
- OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - A A Ciobanu
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - F Clara
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - S J Cooper
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - K R Corley
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | | | - P B Covas
- Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3-IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - D C Coyne
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - L E H Datrier
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - D Davis
- Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - C Di Fronzo
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - J C Driggers
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - T Etzel
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - T M Evans
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - J Feicht
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - P Fulda
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - M Fyffe
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - J A Giaime
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - K D Giardina
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - P Godwin
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - E Goetz
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | - S Gras
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C Gray
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - R Gray
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anchal Gupta
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - E K Gustafson
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - R Gustafson
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - J Hanks
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - J Hanson
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - T Hardwick
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - R K Hasskew
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - M C Heintze
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | | | - N A Holland
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - J D Jones
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - S Kandhasamy
- Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
| | - S Karki
- University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - M Kasprzack
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - K Kawabe
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - P J King
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - J S Kissel
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - M Landry
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - B B Lane
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Lantz
- Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Laxen
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - Y K Lecoeuche
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - J Leviton
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - J Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Lormand
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - A P Lundgren
- University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - R Macas
- Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - M MacInnis
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D M Macleod
- Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - S Márka
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Z Márka
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - D V Martynov
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - K Mason
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T J Massinger
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R McCarthy
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - S McCormick
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - J McIver
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - G Mendell
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - K Merfeld
- University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - E L Merilh
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - F Meylahn
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - T Mistry
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - R Mittleman
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G Moreno
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - C M Mow-Lowry
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - S Mozzon
- University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - T J N Nelson
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - P Nguyen
- University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - L K Nuttall
- Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - J Oberling
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - R J Oram
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - B O'Reilly
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - C Osthelder
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - D J Ottaway
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - H Overmier
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - J R Palamos
- University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - W Parker
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
- Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - E Payne
- OzGrav, School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Pele
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - C J Perez
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - M Pirello
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - H Radkins
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - K E Ramirez
- The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA
| | - J W Richardson
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - K Riles
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - N A Robertson
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - J G Rollins
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - C L Romel
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - J H Romie
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - M P Ross
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - K Ryan
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - T Sadecki
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - E J Sanchez
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - L E Sanchez
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - T R Saravanan
- Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India
| | - R L Savage
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - D Schaetzl
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - R Schnabel
- Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - E Schwartz
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - D Sellers
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - T J Shaffer
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - J R Smith
- California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California 92831, USA
| | - S Soni
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - B Sorazu
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - A P Spencer
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - K A Strain
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - L Sun
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | | | - M Thomas
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - P Thomas
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - K A Thorne
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - K Toland
- SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - C I Torrie
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - G Traylor
- LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA
| | - A L Urban
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - G Vajente
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - G Valdes
- Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | | | - P J Veitch
- OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - K Venkateswara
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - G Venugopalan
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - A D Viets
- Concordia University Wisconsin, 2800 N Lake Shore Dr, Mequon, Wisconsin 53097, USA
| | - C Vorvick
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - M Wade
- Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio 43022, USA
| | - J Warner
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - B Weaver
- LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - R Weiss
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Willke
- Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - C C Wipf
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - L Xiao
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - H Yamamoto
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - M J Yap
- OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Hang Yu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - L Zhang
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - M E Zucker
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - J Zweizig
- LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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All-sky search for continuous gravitational waves from isolated neutron stars using Advanced LIGO O2 data. Int J Clin Exp Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.100.024004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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