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White TG, Oliver MT, Mabey P, Kühn-Kauffeldt M, Bott AFA, Döhl LNK, Bell AR, Bingham R, Clarke R, Foster J, Giacinti G, Graham P, Heathcote R, Koenig M, Kuramitsu Y, Lamb DQ, Meinecke J, Michel T, Miniati F, Notley M, Reville B, Ryu D, Sarkar S, Sakawa Y, Selwood MP, Squire J, Scott RHH, Tzeferacos P, Woolsey N, Schekochihin AA, Gregori G. Supersonic plasma turbulence in the laboratory. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1758. [PMID: 30988285 PMCID: PMC6465398 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09498-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of supersonic, compressible plasma turbulence determine the behavior of many terrestrial and astrophysical systems. In the interstellar medium and molecular clouds, compressible turbulence plays a vital role in star formation and the evolution of our galaxy. Observations of the density and velocity power spectra in the Orion B and Perseus molecular clouds show large deviations from those predicted for incompressible turbulence. Hydrodynamic simulations attribute this to the high Mach number in the interstellar medium (ISM), although the exact details of this dependence are not well understood. Here we investigate experimentally the statistical behavior of boundary-free supersonic turbulence created by the collision of two laser-driven high-velocity turbulent plasma jets. The Mach number dependence of the slopes of the density and velocity power spectra agree with astrophysical observations, and supports the notion that the turbulence transitions from being Kolmogorov-like at low Mach number to being more Burgers-like at higher Mach numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G White
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - M T Oliver
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - P Mabey
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA: Université Paris-Saclay; UPMC Univ Paris 06: Sorbonne Universitiés, F-91128, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | | | - A F A Bott
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - L N K Döhl
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - A R Bell
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - R Bingham
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - R Clarke
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - J Foster
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, West Berkshire, RG7 4PR, UK
| | - G Giacinti
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Postfach 103980, 69029, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Graham
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, West Berkshire, RG7 4PR, UK
| | - R Heathcote
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - M Koenig
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA: Université Paris-Saclay; UPMC Univ Paris 06: Sorbonne Universitiés, F-91128, Palaiseau cedex, France
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 564-0871, Japan
| | - Y Kuramitsu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 564-0871, Japan
| | - D Q Lamb
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - J Meinecke
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Th Michel
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA: Université Paris-Saclay; UPMC Univ Paris 06: Sorbonne Universitiés, F-91128, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - F Miniati
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - M Notley
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - B Reville
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - D Ryu
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Y Sakawa
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - M P Selwood
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - J Squire
- Theoretical Astrophysics, 350-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Physics Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - R H H Scott
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - P Tzeferacos
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - N Woolsey
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - A A Schekochihin
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
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Tzeferacos P, Rigby A, Bott AFA, Bell AR, Bingham R, Casner A, Cattaneo F, Churazov EM, Emig J, Fiuza F, Forest CB, Foster J, Graziani C, Katz J, Koenig M, Li CK, Meinecke J, Petrasso R, Park HS, Remington BA, Ross JS, Ryu D, Ryutov D, White TG, Reville B, Miniati F, Schekochihin AA, Lamb DQ, Froula DH, Gregori G. Laboratory evidence of dynamo amplification of magnetic fields in a turbulent plasma. Nat Commun 2018; 9:591. [PMID: 29426891 PMCID: PMC5807305 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic fields are ubiquitous in the Universe. The energy density of these fields is typically comparable to the energy density of the fluid motions of the plasma in which they are embedded, making magnetic fields essential players in the dynamics of the luminous matter. The standard theoretical model for the origin of these strong magnetic fields is through the amplification of tiny seed fields via turbulent dynamo to the level consistent with current observations. However, experimental demonstration of the turbulent dynamo mechanism has remained elusive, since it requires plasma conditions that are extremely hard to re-create in terrestrial laboratories. Here we demonstrate, using laser-produced colliding plasma flows, that turbulence is indeed capable of rapidly amplifying seed fields to near equipartition with the turbulent fluid motions. These results support the notion that turbulent dynamo is a viable mechanism responsible for the observed present-day magnetization.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tzeferacos
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - A Rigby
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - A F A Bott
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - A R Bell
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - R Bingham
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - A Casner
- CEA, DAM, DIF, 91297, Arpajon, France
| | - F Cattaneo
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - E M Churazov
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85741, Garching, Germany
- Space Research Institute (IKI), Profsouznaya 84/32, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - J Emig
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - F Fiuza
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - C B Forest
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - J Foster
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, West Berkshire, RG7 4PR, UK
| | - C Graziani
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 E. River Rd, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - M Koenig
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation de Lasers Intenses, UMR7605, CNRS CEA, Université Paris VI Ecole Polytechnique, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - C-K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - J Meinecke
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - R Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - H-S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - D Ryu
- Department of Physics, UNIST, Ulsan, 689-798, Korea
| | - D Ryutov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - T G White
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - B Reville
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - F Miniati
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - A A Schekochihin
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - D Q Lamb
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 E. River Rd, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Ross JS, Higginson DP, Ryutov D, Fiuza F, Hatarik R, Huntington CM, Kalantar DH, Link A, Pollock BB, Remington BA, Rinderknecht HG, Swadling GF, Turnbull DP, Weber S, Wilks S, Froula DH, Rosenberg MJ, Morita T, Sakawa Y, Takabe H, Drake RP, Kuranz C, Gregori G, Meinecke J, Levy MC, Koenig M, Spitkovsky A, Petrasso RD, Li CK, Sio H, Lahmann B, Zylstra AB, Park HS. Transition from Collisional to Collisionless Regimes in Interpenetrating Plasma Flows on the National Ignition Facility. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:185003. [PMID: 28524679 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.185003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A study of the transition from collisional to collisionless plasma flows has been carried out at the National Ignition Facility using high Mach number (M>4) counterstreaming plasmas. In these experiments, CD-CD and CD-CH planar foils separated by 6-10 mm are irradiated with laser energies of 250 kJ per foil, generating ∼1000 km/s plasma flows. Varying the foil separation distance scales the ion density and average bulk velocity and, therefore, the ion-ion Coulomb mean free path, at the interaction region at the midplane. The characteristics of the flow interaction have been inferred from the neutrons and protons generated by deuteron-deuteron interactions and by x-ray emission from the hot, interpenetrating, and interacting plasmas. A localized burst of neutrons and bright x-ray emission near the midpoint of the counterstreaming flows was observed, suggesting strong heating and the initial stages of shock formation. As the separation of the CD-CH foils increases we observe enhanced neutron production compared to particle-in-cell simulations that include Coulomb collisions, but do not include collective collisionless plasma instabilities. The observed plasma heating and enhanced neutron production is consistent with the initial stages of collisionless shock formation, mediated by the Weibel filamentation instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D P Higginson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D Ryutov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - F Fiuza
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R Hatarik
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C M Huntington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D H Kalantar
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A Link
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B B Pollock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - G F Swadling
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D P Turnbull
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 E. River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 E. River Road, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T Morita
- Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Y Sakawa
- Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - H Takabe
- Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - R P Drake
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - C Kuranz
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - J Meinecke
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M C Levy
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M Koenig
- LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Universit Paris 6, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Spitkovsky
- Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Sio
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Lahmann
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - H-S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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Pollock BB, Meinecke J, Kuschel S, Ross JS, Shaw JL, Stoafer C, Divol L, Tynan GR, Glenzer SH. Simultaneous imaging electron- and ion-feature Thomson scattering measurements of radiatively heated Xe. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10E348. [PMID: 23127005 DOI: 10.1063/1.4740526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Uniform density and temperature Xe plasmas have been produced over >4 mm scale-lengths using x-rays generated in a cylindrical Pb cavity. The cavity is 750 μm in depth and diameter, and is heated by a 300 J, 2 ns square, 1054 nm laser pulse focused to a spot size of 200 μm at the cavity entrance. The plasma is characterized by simultaneous imaging Thomson scattering measurements from both the electron and ion scattering features. The electron feature measurement determines the spatial electron density and temperature profile, and using these parameters as constraints in the ion feature analysis allows an accurate determination of the charge state of the Xe ions. The Thomson scattering probe beam is 40 J, 200 ps, and 527 nm, and is focused to a 100 μm spot size at the entrance of the Pb cavity. Each system has a spatial resolution of 25 μm, a temporal resolution of 200 ps (as determined by the probe duration), and a spectral resolution of 2 nm for the electron feature system and 0.025 nm for the ion feature system. The experiment is performed in a Xe filled target chamber at a neutral pressure of 3-10 Torr, and the x-rays produced in the Pb ionize and heat the Xe to a charge state of 20±4 at up to 200 eV electron temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Pollock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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Pollock BB, Clayton CE, Ralph JE, Albert F, Davidson A, Divol L, Filip C, Glenzer SH, Herpoldt K, Lu W, Marsh KA, Meinecke J, Mori WB, Pak A, Rensink TC, Ross JS, Shaw J, Tynan GR, Joshi C, Froula DH. Demonstration of a narrow energy spread, ∼0.5 GeV electron beam from a two-stage laser wakefield accelerator. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:045001. [PMID: 21867013 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Laser wakefield acceleration of electrons holds great promise for producing ultracompact stages of GeV scale, high-quality electron beams for applications such as x-ray free electron lasers and high-energy colliders. Ultrahigh intensity laser pulses can be self-guided by relativistic plasma waves (the wake) over tens of vacuum diffraction lengths, to give >1 GeV energy in centimeter-scale low density plasmas using ionization-induced injection to inject charge into the wake even at low densities. By restricting electron injection to a distinct short region, the injector stage, energetic electron beams (of the order of 100 MeV) with a relatively large energy spread are generated. Some of these electrons are then further accelerated by a second, longer accelerator stage, which increases their energy to ∼0.5 GeV while reducing the relative energy spread to <5% FWHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Pollock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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Vlotides G, Zitzmann K, Engelhardt D, Spoettl G, Meinecke J, Stalla GK, Auernhammer CJ. PACAP and VIP induce expression of the novel neurotrophin-1/B-cell stimulating factor-3 (Cardiotrophin-like cytokine) in pituitary folliculostellate TtT/GF cells: downstream signaling events involve PKA, PKC and ERK1/2. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-819305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J Meinecke
- Mother-Baby Unit, Tucson Medical Center, Tucson, Ariz., USA
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Meinecke J. Orientation: six ways to avoid throwing new nurses to the wolves. Nurs Manag (Harrow) 2000; 31:30. [PMID: 10827692 DOI: 10.1097/00006247-200002000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Meinecke
- Mother-Baby Unit, Tucson Medical Center, Ariz., USA
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- J Meinecke
- Battleground Family Practice, A Division of Eagle Physicians, Greensboro, N.C., USA
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