Inhibition of zinc metallopeptidases by flavonoids and related phenolic compounds: structure-activity relationships

Flavonoids and other benzopyrone substances, having an appropriate hydroxylation profile, may inhibit the metalloenzymes leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), aminopeptidase M (AP-M), and carboxypeptidase A (CP-A). A structural feature that evidently favours the interaction between flavonoids and the three metalloenzymes is the 2,3-double bond conjugating the A and B rings and conferring a planar structure. This can be considered virtually indispensable for inhibition of the three metallopeptidases, though the hydroxylation profile required differed for each of the enzymes, and the interaction mechanism and behaviour also differed. The inhibitory effect of flavonoids on LAP was reversible, and to be effective the flavonoid had to have conjugated A and B rings and ortho-dihydroxylation on at least one of the aromatic rings. This same requirement was essential for inhibition by coumarins and was attributed to a catechol-like mechanism of interaction. The inhibitory effects on AP-M were due to inactivation of the enzyme, irreversibly altered by flavonoids with a 2,3-double bond and a minimum of one hydroxyl substituent on each of the aromatic rings. With CP-A, conjugation of the A and B rings enhanced the inhibitory effect of flavonoids, though it was not strictly required. The interaction between the polyphenolic substances tested and the two zinc aminopeptidases was not reversed by adding zinc to the reaction medium, indicating that the inhibition is not due to the coordination of the phenolic hydroxyl groups with the catalytical zinc of active site, though the presence of zinc affected the interaction behaviour differently according to each substance's hydroxylation profile.

A new type of hydrophilic carbon paste electrodes for biosensor manufacturing: binder paste electrodes

The effect of two types of carbon pastes and two osmium-based redox mediators on the response of amperometric enzyme electrodes for glucose was examined. A hydrophobic mediator and a hydrophilic cationic mediator were prepared and mixed in a paste that contained either mineral oil as the pasting liquid, or a polycationic electrolyte without oil. It was found that the current densities were increased by a factor of 25 when the oil-based paste was replaced by the hydrophilic one (binder paste, BP) and five- to six-fold when the hydrophilic mediator was used in place of the hydrophobic. The linear range for the glucose oxidase electrodes was extended to concentrations higher than 60 mM. The glucose electrodes were preliminary optimized and their half-life time reached more than 12 h when operated continuously under vigorous stirring when the 'pasting' polyelectrolyte was crosslinked. At a working potential of 400 mV versus the Ag/AgCl saturated electrode, the saturating current densities per geometric surface area were 1.2 mA/cm2 +/- 0.2 (n = 7). These 'binder paste electrodes' are the first reported bulk modified electrodes without hydrophobic pasting liquid or cover membranes, and present an interesting research and application tool.

Flavonoid inhibitors of trypsin and leucine aminopeptidase: a proposed mathematical model for IC50 estimation

The inhibitory behavior of flavonoids against trypsin and leucine aminopeptidase followed sigmoidal curves similar to those of any dose-biological response relationship. Statistical analysis using several mathematical equations showed that the relationship may be expressed by a logistic equation, which yielded a high correlation between the experimental data and the predicted results, together with an objective criterion for estimating the IC50 value. Flavones and flavonols exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on trypsin; the presence of hydroxyl groups at positions C-5 and C-7 in ring A is necessary for inhibition of the enzyme, while the simultaneous presence of free hydroxyl groups at positions C-3' and C-4' enhances the inhibitory activity. Inhibition of leucine aminopeptidase by flavonoids does not require 5,7-hydroxylation, but dihydroxylation at C-3' and C-4' and a double bond at positions C-2, C-3 are essential for this activity.

Biologically active triterpene saponins from Bupleurum fruticosum

Extracts of the root of B. fruticosum L. showed in a biological screening hemolytical activity, hepatoprotective and phagocytosis stimulating effects, and a specific inhibitory activity of leucine aminopeptidase. Further monitoring of the fraction with antihepatotoxic activity led to the isolation of an hepatoprotective saikosaponin identified as buddlejasaponin IV and the new malonylbuddlejasaponin IV, determined as saikogenin F-3-O-[6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->3)]-beta-D-fucopyranoside. The structures were elucidated on the basis of the chemical and spectroscopic data.