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Abdelwhab EM, Hassan MK, Abdel-Moneim AS, Naguib MM, Mostafa A, Hussein ITM, Arafa A, Erfan AM, Kilany WH, Agour MG, El-Kanawati Z, Hussein HA, Selim AA, Kholousy S, El-Naggar H, El-Zoghby EF, Samy A, Iqbal M, Eid A, Ibraheem EM, Pleschka S, Veits J, Nasef SA, Beer M, Mettenleiter TC, Grund C, Ali MM, Harder TC, Hafez HM. Introduction and enzootic of A/H5N1 in Egypt: Virus evolution, pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy ten years on. Infect Genet Evol 2016; 40:80-90. [PMID: 26917362 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
It is almost a decade since the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus (A/H5N1) of clade 2.2.1 was introduced to Egypt in 2005, most likely, via wild birds; marking the longest endemic status of influenza viruses in poultry outside Asia. The endemic A/H5N1 in Egypt still compromises the poultry industry, poses serious hazards to public health and threatens to become potentially pandemic. The control strategies adopted for A/H5N1 in Egyptian poultry using diverse vaccines in commercialized poultry neither eliminated the virus nor did they decrease its evolutionary rate. Several virus clades have evolved, a few of them disappeared and others prevailed. Disparate evolutionary traits in both birds and humans were manifested by accumulation of clade-specific mutations across viral genomes driven by a variety of selection pressures. Viruses in vaccinated poultry populations displayed higher mutation rates at the immunogenic epitopes, promoting viral escape and reducing vaccine efficiency. On the other hand, viruses isolated from humans displayed changes in the receptor binding domain, which increased the viral affinity to bind to human-type glycan receptors. Moreover, viral pathogenicity exhibited several patterns in different hosts. This review aims to provide an overview of the viral evolution, pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy of A/H5N1 in Egypt during the last ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Abdelwhab
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - M K Hassan
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - A S Abdel-Moneim
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt; Microbiology Department, Virology Division, College of Medicine, Taif University, Al-Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - M M Naguib
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - A Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt; Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - I T M Hussein
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - A Arafa
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - A M Erfan
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - W H Kilany
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - M G Agour
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - Z El-Kanawati
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - H A Hussein
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - A A Selim
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - S Kholousy
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - H El-Naggar
- Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, El-Sekka El-Beida St., PO Box 131, Cairo 11381, Egypt
| | - E F El-Zoghby
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - A Samy
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - M Iqbal
- Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - A Eid
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - E M Ibraheem
- Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - S Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - J Veits
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - S A Nasef
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - M Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - T C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - C Grund
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - M M Ali
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - T C Harder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - H M Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 63, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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Abdelwhab EM, Veits J, Mettenleiter TC. Prevalence and control of H7 avian influenza viruses in birds and humans. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 142:896-920. [PMID: 24423384 PMCID: PMC9151109 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813003324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The H7 subtype HA gene has been found in combination with all nine NA subtype genes. Most exhibit low pathogenicity and only rarely high pathogenicity in poultry (and humans). During the past few years infections of poultry and humans with H7 subtypes have increased markedly. This review summarizes the emergence of avian influenza virus H7 subtypes in birds and humans, and the possibilities of its control in poultry. All H7Nx combinations were reported from wild birds, the natural reservoir of the virus. Geographically, the most prevalent subtype is H7N7, which is endemic in wild birds in Europe and was frequently reported in domestic poultry, whereas subtype H7N3 is mostly isolated from the Americas. In humans, mild to fatal infections were caused by subtypes H7N2, H7N3, H7N7 and H7N9. While infections of humans have been associated mostly with exposure to domestic poultry, infections of poultry have been linked to wild birds or live-bird markets. Generally, depopulation of infected poultry was the main control tool; however, inactivated vaccines were also used. In contrast to recent cases caused by subtype H7N9, human infections were usually self-limiting and rarely required antiviral medication. Close genetic and antigenic relatedness of H7 viruses of different origins may be helpful in development of universal vaccines and diagnostics for both animals and humans. Due to the wide spread of H7 viruses and their zoonotic importance more research is required to better understand the epidemiology, pathobiology and virulence determinants of these viruses and to develop improved control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Abdelwhab
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Biology, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - J Veits
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Biology, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - T C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Biology, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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Granzow H, Klupp BG, Fuchs W, Veits J, Osterrieder N, Mettenleiter TC. Egress of alphaherpesviruses: comparative ultrastructural study. J Virol 2001; 75:3675-84. [PMID: 11264357 PMCID: PMC114859 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.8.3675-3684.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2000] [Accepted: 01/23/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Egress of four important alphaherpesviruses, equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), and pseudorabies virus (PrV), was investigated by electron microscopy of infected cell lines of different origins. In all virus-cell systems analyzed, similar observations were made concerning the different stages of virion morphogenesis. After intranuclear assembly, nucleocapsids bud at the inner leaflet of the nuclear membrane, resulting in enveloped particles in the perinuclear space that contain a sharply bordered rim of tegument and a smooth envelope surface. Egress from the perinuclear cisterna primarily occurs by fusion of the primary envelope with the outer leaflet of the nuclear membrane, which has been visualized for HSV-1 and EHV-1 for the first time. The resulting intracytoplasmic naked nucleocapsids are enveloped at membranes of the trans-Golgi network (TGN), as shown by immunogold labeling with a TGN-specific antiserum. Virions containing their final envelope differ in morphology from particles within the perinuclear cisterna by visible surface projections and a diffuse tegument. Particularly striking was the addition of a large amount of tegument material to ILTV capsids in the cytoplasm. Extracellular virions were morphologically identical to virions within Golgi-derived vesicles, but distinct from virions in the perinuclear space. Studies with gB- and gH-deleted PrV mutants indicated that these two glycoproteins, which are essential for virus entry and direct cell-to-cell spread, are dispensable for egress. Taken together, our studies indicate that the deenvelopment-reenvelopment process of herpesvirus maturation also occurs in EHV-1, HSV-1, and ILTV and that membrane fusion processes occurring during egress are substantially different from those during entry and direct viral cell-to-cell spread.
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MESH Headings
- Alphaherpesvirinae/genetics
- Alphaherpesvirinae/growth & development
- Alphaherpesvirinae/metabolism
- Alphaherpesvirinae/ultrastructure
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure
- Cell Nucleus/virology
- Gene Deletion
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/ultrastructure
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid/growth & development
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid/ultrastructure
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/growth & development
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/ultrastructure
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/growth & development
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/ultrastructure
- Microscopy, Electron
- Nucleocapsid/metabolism
- Nucleocapsid/ultrastructure
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Envelope Proteins/ultrastructure
- Virus Assembly
- trans-Golgi Network/metabolism
- trans-Golgi Network/ultrastructure
- trans-Golgi Network/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- H Granzow
- Institutes of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institutes, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, D-17498 Insel Riems, Germany.
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