Ultrafast bond softening in bismuth: mapping a solid's interatomic potential with X-rays

Intense femtosecond laser excitation can produce transient states of matter that would otherwise be inaccessible to laboratory investigation. At high excitation densities, the interatomic forces that bind solids and determine many of their properties can be substantially altered. Here, we present the detailed mapping of the carrier density-dependent interatomic potential of bismuth approaching a solid-solid phase transition. Our experiments combine stroboscopic techniques that use a high-brightness linear electron accelerator-based x-ray source with pulse-by-pulse timing reconstruction for femtosecond resolution, allowing quantitative characterization of the interatomic potential energy surface of the highly excited solid.

Measurement of the Positive Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment to 0.46 ppm

We present the first results of the Fermilab National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) Muon g-2 Experiment for the positive muon magnetic anomaly a_{μ}≡(g_{μ}-2)/2. The anomaly is determined from the precision measurements of two angular frequencies. Intensity variation of high-energy positrons from muon decays directly encodes the difference frequency ω_{a} between the spin-precession and cyclotron frequencies for polarized muons in a magnetic storage ring. The storage ring magnetic field is measured using nuclear magnetic resonance probes calibrated in terms of the equivalent proton spin precession frequency ω[over ˜]_{p}^{'} in a spherical water sample at 34.7 °C. The ratio ω_{a}/ω[over ˜]_{p}^{'}, together with known fundamental constants, determines a_{μ}(FNAL)=116 592 040(54)×10^{-11} (0.46 ppm). The result is 3.3 standard deviations greater than the standard model prediction and is in excellent agreement with the previous Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) E821 measurement. After combination with previous measurements of both μ^{+} and μ^{-}, the new experimental average of a_{μ}(Exp)=116 592 061(41)×10^{-11} (0.35 ppm) increases the tension between experiment and theory to 4.2 standard deviations.

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Johnson M, Joshi U, Klabbers P, Klijnsma T, Klima B, Kortelainen MJ, Kwok KHM, Lammel S, Lincoln D, Lipton R, Liu T, Lykken J, Madrid C, Maeshima K, Mantilla C, Mason D, McBride P, Merkel P, Mrenna S, Nahn S, O’Dell V, Papadimitriou V, Pedro K, Pena C, Prokofyev O, Ravera F, Hall AR, Ristori L, Schneider B, Sexton-Kennedy E, Smith N, Soha A, Spiegel L, Stoynev S, Strait J, Taylor L, Tkaczyk S, Tran NV, Uplegger L, Vaandering EW, Weber HA, Woodard A, Acosta D, Avery P, Bourilkov D, Cadamuro L, Cherepanov V, Errico F, Field RD, Guerrero D, Joshi BM, Kim M, Konigsberg J, Korytov A, Lo KH, Matchev K, Menendez N, Mitselmakher G, Rosenzweig D, Shi K, Sturdy J, Wang J, Yigitbasi E, Zuo X, Adams T, Askew A, Diaz D, Habibullah R, Hagopian S, Hagopian V, Johnson KF, Khurana R, Kolberg T, Martinez G, Prosper H, Schiber C, Yohay R, Zhang J, Baarmand MM, Butalla S, Elkafrawy T, Hohlmann M, Verma RK, Noonan D, Rahmani M, Saunders M, Yumiceva F, Adams MR, Apanasevich L, Gonzalez HB, Cavanaugh R, Chen 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Loeliger A, Loveless R, Sreekala JM, Mallampalli A, Mohammadi A, Pinna D, Savin A, Shang V, Sharma V, Smith WH, Teague D, Trembath-Reichert S, Vetens W. Precision luminosity measurement in proton-proton collisions at s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016 at CMS

The measurement of the luminosity recorded by the CMS detector installed at LHC interaction point 5, using proton-proton collisions at s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016, is reported. The absolute luminosity scale is measured for individual bunch crossings using beam-separation scans (the van der Meer method), with a relative precision of 1.3 and 1.0% in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The dominant sources of uncertainty are related to residual differences between the measured beam positions and the ones provided by the operational settings of the LHC magnets, the factorizability of the proton bunch spatial density functions in the coordinates transverse to the beam direction, and the modeling of the effect of electromagnetic interactions among protons in the colliding bunches. When applying the van der Meer calibration to the entire run periods, the integrated luminosities when CMS was fully operational are 2.27 and 36.3 fb - 1 in 2015 and 2016, with a relative precision of 1.6 and 1.2%, respectively. These are among the most precise luminosity measurements at bunched-beam hadron colliders.

Arrival time and magnitude of airborne fission products from the Fukushima, Japan, reactor incident as measured in Seattle, WA, USA

We report results of air monitoring started due to the recent natural catastrophe on 11 March 2011 in Japan and the severe ensuing damage to the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear reactor complex. On 17-18 March 2011, we registered the first arrival of the airborne fission products (131)I, (132)I, (132)Te, (134)Cs, and (137)Cs in Seattle, WA, USA, by identifying their characteristic gamma rays using a germanium detector. We measured the evolution of the activities over a period of 23 days at the end of which the activities had mostly fallen below our detection limit. The highest detected activity from radionuclides attached to particulate matter amounted to 4.4 ± 1.3 mBq m(-3) of (131)I on 19-20 March.

Testicular artery ramification within the inguinal canal

Testicular arterial anatomy has been well studied because of its important role in testicular physiology and testicular surgery. Contrary to classical anatomical descriptions, we have observed that often more than 1 branch of the internal spermatic artery is present at the level of the proximal inguinal canal. Many surgeons who perform varicocelectomy assume that only 1 artery is present at this level and ligate all other vascular structures once an artery has been identified. We determine the frequency and number of internal spermatic arteries present within the spermatic cord in the proximal inguinal canal. The number of internal spermatic arteries present at this level was studied in 15 spermatic cords of 12 patients undergoing varicocelectomy using loupe magnification and intraoperative Doppler ultrasound. The number of arteries ranged from 1 to 3, with a mean of 2 arteries. Histological studies of the same area of 17 spermatic cords obtained from cadavers revealed a mean of 2.4 arteries (range 1 to 3). Knowledge of the frequent early branching of the internal spermatic artery will prevent inadvertent interruption of testicular arterial blood flow during operations performed upon the spermatic cord within the inguinal canal.

Reactivation of aged model Pd/Ce0.68Zr0.32O2three-way catalyst by high temperature oxidising treatment

A deactivated (aged under redox-cycled model TWC feed-stream) Pd/Ce(0.68)Zr(0.32)O(2) catalyst is remarkably reactivated when subjected to a high temperature oxidising treatment whereas this effect is only marginal for Pd/Al(2)O(3), which indicates the key role of such treatment in restoring the Pd-Ce(0.68)Zr(0.32)O(2) interactions leading to highly active catalysts.

Search for a Narrow Resonance Lighter than 200 GeV Decaying to a Pair of Muons in Proton-Proton Collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV

A search is presented for a narrow resonance decaying to a pair of oppositely charged muons using sqrt[s]=13  TeV proton-proton collision data recorded at the LHC. In the 45-75 and 110-200 GeV resonance mass ranges, the search is based on conventional triggering and event reconstruction techniques. In the 11.5-45 GeV mass range, the search uses data collected with dimuon triggers with low transverse momentum thresholds, recorded at high rate by storing a reduced amount of trigger-level information. The data correspond to integrated luminosities of 137 and 96.6  fb^{-1} for conventional and high-rate triggering, respectively. No significant resonant peaks are observed in the probed mass ranges. The search sets the most stringent constraints to date on a dark photon in the ∼30-75 and 110-200 GeV mass ranges.

A portrait of the Higgs boson by the CMS experiment ten years after the discovery

In July 2012, the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at the CERN Large Hadron Collider announced the observation of a Higgs boson at a mass of around 125 gigaelectronvolts. Ten years later, and with the data corresponding to the production of a 30-times larger number of Higgs bosons, we have learnt much more about the properties of the Higgs boson. The CMS experiment has observed the Higgs boson in numerous fermionic and bosonic decay channels, established its spin-parity quantum numbers, determined its mass and measured its production cross-sections in various modes. Here the CMS Collaboration reports the most up-to-date combination of results on the properties of the Higgs boson, including the most stringent limit on the cross-section for the production of a pair of Higgs bosons, on the basis of data from proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 teraelectronvolts. Within the uncertainties, all these observations are compatible with the predictions of the standard model of elementary particle physics. Much evidence points to the fact that the standard model is a low-energy approximation of a more comprehensive theory. Several of the standard model issues originate in the sector of Higgs boson physics. An order of magnitude larger number of Higgs bosons, expected to be examined over the next 15 years, will help deepen our understanding of this crucial sector.

Measurement of the Positive Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment to 0.20 ppm

We present a new measurement of the positive muon magnetic anomaly, a_{μ}≡(g_{μ}-2)/2, from the Fermilab Muon g-2 Experiment using data collected in 2019 and 2020. We have analyzed more than 4 times the number of positrons from muon decay than in our previous result from 2018 data. The systematic error is reduced by more than a factor of 2 due to better running conditions, a more stable beam, and improved knowledge of the magnetic field weighted by the muon distribution, ω[over ˜]_{p}^{'}, and of the anomalous precession frequency corrected for beam dynamics effects, ω_{a}. From the ratio ω_{a}/ω[over ˜]_{p}^{'}, together with precisely determined external parameters, we determine a_{μ}=116 592 057(25)×10^{-11} (0.21 ppm). Combining this result with our previous result from the 2018 data, we obtain a_{μ}(FNAL)=116 592 055(24)×10^{-11} (0.20 ppm). The new experimental world average is a_{μ}(exp)=116 592 059(22)×10^{-11} (0.19 ppm), which represents a factor of 2 improvement in precision.

Expression of subunits of the metalloendopeptidase meprin in renal cortex in experimental hydronephrosis

Meprin A is a metalloendopeptidase in the proximal tubular epithelium of rodents that is capable of hydrolyzing a great variety of peptides and proteins. The aim of the present investigation was to investigate effects of ureteral ligation on the expression of meprin subunits. Ureteral ligation resulted in marked decreases in the expression of both alpha- and beta-meprin subunits within 12 h of ureteral obstruction. Even greater downregulation of expression of meprin alpha- and beta-mRNA was noted at 24, 48, and 96 h after ureteral ligation. The greatest decrease in meprin mRNA expression in obstructed kidneys over contralateral unobstructed control kidneys (CUK) occurred at 24 h postunilateral ureteral obstruction (post-UUO) for the meprin alpha-subunit (20-fold decrease compared with controls) and at 48 h for the meprin beta-subunit (90-fold decrease). On immunolabeling, the intensity for the two meprin subunits at the corticomedullary junction was dramatically decreased at 24 to 96 h after ureteral ligation in contrast to the CUK specimens. Results of in situ hybridization indicated that the CUK specimens expressed meprin beta-mRNA at the corticomedullary junction, whereas the obstructed kidneys exhibited a decrease in mRNA signal for meprin beta-subunit. There was a steady increase in the interstitial macrophage number in UUO rat kidneys over the 96 h of evaluation post-UUO. ED-1-positive macrophages were observed almost exclusively in the peritubular cortical interstitial space in a ringlike pattern with a preponderance of macrophage clusters around glomeruli. Unexpectedly, after reversal of UUO, the interstitial macrophage number remained higher than controls, despite the demonstrable decompression of the renal pelvis and caliceal system. In summary, this investigation demonstrates downregulation of meprin alpha and beta within hours of UUO and indicates a novel tubular response to ureteral obstruction.

A Deep Neural Network for Simultaneous Estimation of b Jet Energy and Resolution

We describe a method to obtain point and dispersion estimates for the energies of jets arising from b quarks produced in proton-proton collisions at an energy ofs = 13 TeV at the CERN LHC. The algorithm is trained on a large sample of simulated b jets and validated on data recorded by the CMS detector in 2017 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 41fb - 1 . A multivariate regression algorithm based on a deep feed-forward neural network employs jet composition and shape information, and the properties of reconstructed secondary vertices associated with the jet. The results of the algorithm are used to improve the sensitivity of analyses that make use of b jets in the final state, such as the observation of Higgs boson decay to b b ¯ .