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Lundin R, Barabash S, Andersson H, Holmström M, Grigoriev A, Yamauchi M, Sauvaud JA, Fedorov A, Budnik E, Thocaven JJ, Winningham D, Frahm R, Scherrer J, Sharber J, Asamura K, Hayakawa H, Coates A, Linder DR, Curtis C, Hsieh KC, Sandel BR, Grande M, Carter M, Reading DH, Koskinen H, Kallio E, Riihela P, Schmidt W, Säles T, Kozyra J, Krupp N, Woch J, Luhmann J, McKenna-Lawler S, Cerulli-Irelli R, Orsini S, Maggi M, Mura A, Milillo A, Roelof E, Williams D, Livi S, Brandt P, Wurz P, Bochsler P. Solar Wind-Induced Atmospheric Erosion at Mars: First Results from ASPERA-3 on Mars Express. Science 2004; 305:1933-6. [PMID: 15448263 DOI: 10.1126/science.1101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA) on board the Mars Express spacecraft found that solar wind plasma and accelerated ionospheric ions may be observed all the way down to the Mars Express pericenter of 270 kilometers above the dayside planetary surface. This is very deep in the ionosphere, implying direct exposure of the martian topside atmosphere to solar wind plasma forcing. The low-altitude penetration of solar wind plasma and the energization of ionospheric plasma may be due to solar wind irregularities or perturbations, to magnetic anomalies at Mars, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Lundin
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - S. Barabash
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - H. Andersson
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - M. Holmström
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - A. Grigoriev
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - M. Yamauchi
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - J.-A. Sauvaud
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - A. Fedorov
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - E. Budnik
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - J.-J. Thocaven
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - D. Winningham
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - R. Frahm
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - J. Scherrer
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - J. Sharber
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - K. Asamura
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - H. Hayakawa
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - A. Coates
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - D. R. Linder
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - C. Curtis
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - K. C. Hsieh
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - B. R. Sandel
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - M. Grande
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - M. Carter
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - D. H. Reading
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - H. Koskinen
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - E. Kallio
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - P. Riihela
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - W. Schmidt
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - T. Säles
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - J. Kozyra
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - N. Krupp
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - J. Woch
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - J. Luhmann
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - S. McKenna-Lawler
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - R. Cerulli-Irelli
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - S. Orsini
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - M. Maggi
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - A. Mura
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - A. Milillo
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - E. Roelof
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - D. Williams
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - S. Livi
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - P. Brandt
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - P. Wurz
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - P. Bochsler
- Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Box 812, S-98 128, Kiruna, Sweden
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, BP-4346, F-31028 Toulouse, France
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228–0510, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamichara, Japan
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
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