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Jakowiecki J, Orzeł U, Miszta P, Młynarczyk K, Filipek S. Conformational Changes and Unfolding of β-Amyloid Substrates in the Active Site of γ-Secretase. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2564. [PMID: 38473811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and is characterized by a presence of amyloid plaques, composed mostly of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, in the brains of AD patients. The peptides are generated from the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which undergoes a sequence of cleavages, referred as trimming, performed by γ-secretase. Here, we investigated conformational changes in a series of β-amyloid substrates (from less and more amyloidogenic pathways) in the active site of presenilin-1, the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase. The substrates are trimmed every three residues, finally leading to Aβ40 and Aβ42, which are the major components of amyloid plaques. To study conformational changes, we employed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, while for unfolding, we used steered molecular dynamics simulations in an implicit membrane-water environment to accelerate changes. We have found substantial differences in the flexibility of extended C-terminal parts between more and less amyloidogenic pathway substrates. We also propose that the positively charged residues of presenilin-1 may facilitate the stretching and unfolding of substrates. The calculated forces and work/energy of pulling were exceptionally high for Aβ40, indicating why trimming of this substrate is so infrequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jakowiecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Orzeł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Miszta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Młynarczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Filipek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Orzeł U, Pasznik P, Miszta P, Lorkowski M, Niewieczerzał S, Jakowiecki J, Filipek S. GS-SMD server for steered molecular dynamics of peptide substrates in the active site of the γ-secretase complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2023:7173862. [PMID: 37207343 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in research, the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease is not fully understood yet. Understanding the process of cleavage and then trimming of peptide substrates, can help selectively block γ-secretase (GS) to stop overproduction of the amyloidogenic products. Our GS-SMD server (https://gs-smd.biomodellab.eu/) allows cleaving and unfolding of all currently known GS substrates (more than 170 peptide substrates). The substrate structure is obtained by threading of the substrate sequence into the known structure of GS complex. The simulations are performed in an implicit water-membrane environment so they are performed rather quickly, 2-6 h per job, depending on the mode of calculations (part of GS complex or the whole structure). It is also possible to introduce mutations to the substrate and GS and pull any part of the substrate in any direction using the steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations with constant velocity. The obtained trajectories are visualized and analyzed in the interactive way. One can also compare multiple simulations using the interaction frequency analysis. GS-SMD server can be useful for revealing mechanisms of substrate unfolding and role of mutations in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Orzeł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Pasznik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Miszta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Lorkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szymon Niewieczerzał
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Jakowiecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Filipek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Jakowiecki J, Orzeł U, Gliździnska A, Możajew M, Filipek S. Specificities of Protein Homology Modeling for Allosteric Drug Design. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2627:339-348. [PMID: 36959457 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2974-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The allosteric binding sites are usually located in the flexible areas of proteins, which are hardly visible in the crystal structures. However, there are notable exceptions like allosteric sites in receptors in class B and C of GPCRs, which are located within a well-defined bundle of transmembrane helices. Class B and C evolved from class A and even after swapping of orthosteric and allosteric sites the central binding site persisted and it can be used for easy design of allosteric drugs. However, studying the ligand binding to the allosteric sites in the most populated class A of GPCRs is still a challenge, since they are located mostly in unresolved parts of the receptor's structure, and especially N-terminus. This chapter provides an example of cannabinoid CB1 receptor N-terminal homology modeling, ligand-guided modeling of the allosteric site in GABA receptor, as well as C-linker modeling in the potassium ion channels where the allosteric phospholipid ligand PIP2 is bound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jakowiecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Orzeł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gliździnska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Możajew
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Filipek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Miszta P, Pasznik P, Niewieczerzał S, Jakowiecki J, Filipek S. GPCRsignal: webserver for analysis of the interface between G-protein-coupled receptors and their effector proteins by dynamics and mutations. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:W247-W256. [PMID: 34060630 PMCID: PMC8262697 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
GPCRsignal (https://gpcrsignal.biomodellab.eu/) is a webserver devoted to signaling complexes of G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs). The recent improvement in cryo-electron microscopy resulted in the determination of a large number of high-resolution structures of GPCRs bound to their effector proteins: G proteins or arrestins. Analyzing the interfaces between receptor and an effector protein is of high importance since a selection of proper G protein or specific conformation of arrestin leads to changes of signaling that can significantly affect action of drugs. GPCRsignal provides a possibility of running molecular dynamics simulations of all currently available GPCR-effector protein complexes for curated structures: wild-type, with crystal/cryo-EM mutations, or with mutations introduced by the user. The simulations are performed in an implicit water-membrane environment, so they are rather fast. User can run several simulations to obtain statistically valid results. The simulations can be analyzed separately using dynamic FlarePlots for particular types of interactions. One can also compare groups of simulations in Interaction frequency analysis as HeatMaps and also in interaction frequency difference analysis as sticks, linking the interacting residues, of different color and size proportional to differences in contact frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Miszta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Pasznik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szymon Niewieczerzał
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Jakowiecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Filipek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Orzeł U, Jakowiecki J, Młynarczyk K, Filipek S. The Role of Cholesterol in Amyloidogenic Substrate Binding to the γ-Secretase Complex. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070935. [PMID: 34202467 PMCID: PMC8301813 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by the presence of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques in the brain. The γ-secretase complex, which produces Aβ, is an intramembrane-cleaving protease consisting of four membrane proteins. In this paper we investigated the amyloidogenic fragments of amyloid precursor protein (substrates Aβ43 and Aβ45, leading to less amyloidogenic Aβ40 and more amyloidogenic Aβ42, respectively) docked to the binding site of presenilin, the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase. In total, we performed 9 μs of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the whole γ-secretase complex with both substrates in low (10%) and high (50%) concentrations of cholesterol in the membrane. We found that, at the high cholesterol level, the Aβ45 helix was statistically more flexible in the binding site of presenilin than Aβ43. An increase in the cholesterol concentration was also correlated with a higher flexibility of the Aβ45 helix, which suggests incompatibility between Aβ45 and the binding site of presenilin potentiated by a high cholesterol level. However, at the C-terminal part of Aβ45, the active site of presenilin was more compact in the case of a high cholesterol level, which could promote processing of this substrate. We also performed detailed mapping of the cholesterol binding sites at low and high cholesterol concentrations, which were independent of the typical cholesterol binding motifs.
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Miszta P, Pasznik P, Jakowiecki J, Sztyler A, Latek D, Filipek S. GPCRM: a homology modeling web service with triple membrane-fitted quality assessment of GPCR models. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:W387-W395. [PMID: 29788177 PMCID: PMC6030973 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the involvement of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in most of the physiological and pathological processes in humans they have been attracting a lot of attention from pharmaceutical industry as well as from scientific community. Therefore, the need for new, high quality structures of GPCRs is enormous. The updated homology modeling service GPCRM (http://gpcrm.biomodellab.eu/) meets those expectations by greatly reducing the execution time of submissions (from days to hours/minutes) with nearly the same average quality of obtained models. Additionally, due to three different scoring functions (Rosetta, Rosetta-MP, BCL::Score) it is possible to select accurate models for the required purposes: the structure of the binding site, the transmembrane domain or the overall shape of the receptor. Currently, no other web service for GPCR modeling provides this possibility. GPCRM is continually upgraded in a semi-automatic way and the number of template structures has increased from 20 in 2013 to over 90 including structures the same receptor with different ligands which can influence the structure not only in the on/off manner. Two types of protein viewers can be used for visual inspection of obtained models. The extended sortable tables with available templates provide links to external databases and display ligand-receptor interactions in visual form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Miszta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Pasznik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Jakowiecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sztyler
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Latek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Filipek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Miszta P, Jakowiecki J, Rutkowska E, Turant M, Latek D, Filipek S. Approaches for Differentiation and Interconverting GPCR Agonists and Antagonists. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1705:265-296. [PMID: 29188567 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7465-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the functional preferences of the ligands was always a highly demanding task, much harder that predicting whether a ligand can bind to the receptor. This is because of significant similarities of agonists, antagonists and inverse agonists which are binding usually in the same binding site of the receptor and only small structural changes can push receptor toward a particular activation state. For G protein-coupled receptors, due to a large progress in crystallization techniques and also in receptor thermal stabilization, it was possible to obtain a large number of high-quality structures of complexes of these receptors with agonists and non-agonists. Additionally, the long-time-scale molecular dynamics simulations revealed how the activation processes of GPCRs can take place. Using both theoretical and experimental knowledge it was possible to employ many clever and sophisticated methods which can help to differentiate agonists and non-agonists, so one can interconvert them in search of the optimal drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Miszta
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Jakowiecki
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Rutkowska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Turant
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Latek
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Filipek
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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Jakowiecki J, Sztyler A, Filipek S, Li P, Raman K, Barathiraja N, Ramakrishna S, Eswara JR, Altaee A, Sharif AO, Ajayan PM, Renugopalakrishnan V. Aquaporin-graphene interface: relevance to point-of-care device for renal cell carcinoma and desalination. Interface Focus 2018; 8:20170066. [PMID: 29696094 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2017.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aquaporin superfamily of hydrophobic integral membrane proteins constitutes water channels essential to the movement of water across the cell membrane, maintaining homeostatic equilibrium. During the passage of water between the extracellular and intracellular sides of the cell, aquaporins act as ultra-sensitive filters. Owing to their hydrophobic nature, aquaporins self-assemble in phospholipids. If a proper choice of lipids is made then the aquaporin biomimetic membrane can be used in the design of an artificial kidney. In combination with graphene, the aquaporin biomimetic membrane finds practical application in desalination and water recycling using mostly Escherichia coli AqpZ. Recently, human aquaporin 1 has emerged as an important biomarker in renal cell carcinoma. At present, the ultra-sensitive sensing of renal cell carcinoma is cumbersome. Hence, we discuss the use of epitopes from monoclonal antibodies as a probe for a point-of-care device for sensing renal cell carcinoma. This device works by immobilizing the antibody on the surface of a single-layer graphene, that is, as a microfluidic device for sensing renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jakowiecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sztyler
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Filipek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pingzuo Li
- Shanghai Research Center of Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Karthik Raman
- EREOI Power Solutions Pvt Ltd, no. 9, Nagarbhavi 1st Stage, 3rd Block, 1st Main Road, BDA Layout, Pattegarapalya Main Road, Bangalore 560079, India
| | | | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 3, 117576 Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jairam R Eswara
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ali Altaee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Adel O Sharif
- Center for Osmosis Research and Applications, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Venkatesan Renugopalakrishnan
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Jarmuła A, Wilk P, Maj P, Ludwiczak J, Dowierciał A, Banaszak K, Rypniewski W, Cieśla J, Dąbrowska M, Frączyk T, Bronowska AK, Jakowiecki J, Filipek S, Rode W. Crystal structures of nematode (parasitic T. spiralis and free living C. elegans), compared to mammalian, thymidylate synthases (TS). Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations in search for nematode-specific inhibitors of TS. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 77:33-50. [PMID: 28826032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three crystal structures are presented of nematode thymidylate synthases (TS), including Caenorhabditis elegans (Ce) enzyme without ligands and its ternary complex with dUMP and Raltitrexed, and binary complex of Trichinella spiralis (Ts) enzyme with dUMP. In search of differences potentially relevant for the development of species-specific inhibitors of the nematode enzyme, a comparison was made of the present Ce and Ts enzyme structures, as well as binary complex of Ce enzyme with dUMP, with the corresponding mammalian (human, mouse and rat) enzyme crystal structures. To complement the comparison, tCONCOORD computations were performed to evaluate dynamic behaviors of mammalian and nematode TS structures. Finally, comparative molecular docking combined with molecular dynamics and free energy of binding calculations were carried out to search for ligands showing selective affinity to T. spiralis TS. Despite an overall strong similarity in structure and dynamics of nematode vs mammalian TSs, a pool of ligands demonstrating predictively a strong and selective binding to TsTS has been delimited. These compounds, the E63 family, locate in the dimerization interface of TsTS where they exert species-specific interactions with certain non-conserved residues, including hydrogen bonds with Thr174 and hydrophobic contacts with Phe192, Cys191 and Tyr152. The E63 family of ligands opens the possibility of future development of selective inhibitors of TsTS and effective agents against trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jarmuła
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Piotr Wilk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland; Macromolecular Crystallography (BESSY-MX), Berlin, Germany
| | - Piotr Maj
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jan Ludwiczak
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland; Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Dowierciał
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Banaszak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Rypniewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Cieśla
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dąbrowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Tomasz Frączyk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Wojciech Rode
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jakowiecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura
1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Filipek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura
1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Jakowiecki J, Loska R, Makosza M. Synthesis of α-Trifluoromethyl-β-lactams and Esters of β-Amino Acids via 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrones to Fluoroalkenes. J Org Chem 2008; 73:5436-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800721w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jakowiecki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Loska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Makosza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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