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Sosoe JOE, Malveau C, Maris T, Iftimie R, Wuest JD. Refreshing the Legacy of Rudolf Nietzki: Benzene-1,2,4,5-tetramine and Related Compounds. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16302-16314. [PMID: 37955666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Like hydroquinones and quinones, aromatic compounds with multiple NH2 groups and the corresponding quinonediimines have the potential to serve as components of useful redox-active organic materials. Benzene-1,2,4,5-tetramine (BTA) and its oxidized form BTA-H2 offer a promising redox pair of this type, and the compounds have proven to be useful in many areas of chemistry. However, key aspects of their behavior have remained poorly studied, such as the nature of their protonated forms, their preferred molecular structures, their reactivity, and their organization in condensed phases. In the present work, we have used a combination of improved methods of synthesis, computation, spectroscopic studies, and structural analyses to develop a deeper understanding of BTA, BTA-H2, their salts, and related compounds. The new knowledge is expected to accelerate exploitation of the compounds in areas of materials science where desirable properties can only be attained by properly controlling the organization of molecular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann O E Sosoe
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Cédric Malveau
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Radu Iftimie
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - James D Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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2
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Villeneuve N, Dickman J, Maris T, Day GM, Wuest JD. Seeking Rules Governing Mixed Molecular Crystallization. Cryst Growth Des 2023; 23:273-288. [PMID: 36624776 PMCID: PMC9817076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mixed crystals result when components of the structure are randomly replaced by analogues in ratios that can be varied continuously over certain ranges. Mixed crystals are useful because their properties can be adjusted by increments, simply by altering the ratio of components. Unfortunately, no clear rules exist to predict when two compounds are similar enough to form mixed crystals containing substantial amounts of both. To gain further understanding, we have used single-crystal X-ray diffraction, computational methods, and other tools to study mixed crystallizations within a selected set of structurally related compounds. This work has allowed us to begin to clarify the rules governing the phenomenon by showing that mixed crystals can have compositions and properties that vary continuously over wide ranges, even when the individual components do not normally crystallize in the same way. Moreover, close agreement of the results of our experiments and computational modeling demonstrates that reliable predictions about mixed crystallization can be made, despite the complexity of the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua Dickman
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Graeme M. Day
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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3
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Néron S, Morency M, Malveau C, Maris T, Iftimie R, Wuest JD. Diphenoquinhydrones and Related Hydrogen-Bonded Charge-Transfer Complexes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15796-15805. [PMID: 36354749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Benzoquinone and hydroquinone cocrystallize to form quinhydrone, a 1:1 complex with a characteristic structure in which the components are positioned by hydrogen bonds and charge-transfer interactions. We have found that analogous diphenoquinhydrones can be made by combining 4,4'-diphenoquinones with the corresponding 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyls. In addition, mixed diphenoquinhydrones can be assembled from components with different substituents, and mismatched quinhydrones can be made from benzoquinones and dihydroxybiphenyls. In all cases, the components of the resulting structures are linked in alternation by O-H···O hydrogen bonds to form essentially planar chains, which stack to produce layers in which π-donors and π-acceptors are aligned by charge-transfer interactions. Geometric parameters, computational studies, and spectroscopic properties of diphenoquinhydrones show that the key intermolecular interactions are stronger than those in simple quinhydrone analogues. These findings demonstrate that the principles of modular construction underlying the formation of classical quinhydrones can be generalized to produce a broad range of hydrogen-bonded charge-transfer materials in which the components are positioned by design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Néron
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Mathieu Morency
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Cédric Malveau
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Radu Iftimie
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - James D Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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4
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Abstract
Benzoquinones can undergo reversible reductions and are attractive candidates for use as active materials in green carbon-based batteries. Related compounds of potential utility include 4,4'-diphenoquinones, which have extended quinonoid structures with two carbonyl groups in different rings. Diphenoquinones are a poorly explored class of compounds, but a wide variety can be synthesized, isolated, crystallized, and fully characterized. Experimental and computational approaches have established that typical 4,4'-diphenoquinones have nearly planar cores in which two cyclohexadienone rings are joined by an unusually long interannular C═C bond. Derivatives unsubstituted at the 3,3',5,5'-positions react readily by hydration, dimerization, and other processes. Association of diphenoquinones in the solid state normally produces chains or sheets held together by multiple C-H···O interactions, giving structures that differ markedly from those of the corresponding 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyls. Electrochemical studies in solution and in the solid state show that diphenoquinones are reduced rapidly and reversibly at potentials higher than those of analogous benzoquinones. Together, these results help bring diphenoquinones into the mainstream of modern chemistry and provide a foundation for developing redox-active derivatives for use in carbon-based electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Néron
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Mathieu Morency
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Liguo Chen
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Dominic Rochefort
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Radu Iftimie
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - James D Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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5
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Nunez Avila AG, Deschênes-Simard B, Arnold JE, Morency M, Chartrand D, Maris T, Berger G, Day GM, Hanessian S, Wuest JD. Surprising Chemistry of 6-Azidotetrazolo[5,1- a]phthalazine: What a Purported Natural Product Reveals about the Polymorphism of Explosives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6680-6694. [PMID: 35504046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
6-Azidotetrazolo[5,1-a]phthalazine (ATPH) is a nitrogen-rich compound of surprisingly broad interest. It is purported to be a natural product, yet it is closely related to substances developed as explosives and is highly polymorphic despite having a nearly planar structure with little flexibility. Seven solid forms of ATPH have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structures show diverse patterns of molecular organization, including both stacked sheets and herringbone packing. In all cases, N···N and C-H···N interactions play key roles in ensuring molecular cohesion. The high polymorphism of ATPH appears to arise in part from the ability of virtually every atom of nitrogen and hydrogen in the molecule to take part in close N···N and C-H···N contacts. As a result, adjacent molecules can adopt many different relative orientations that are energetically similar, thereby generating a polymorphic landscape with an unusually high density of potential structures. This landscape has been explored in detail by the computational prediction of crystal structures. Studying ATPH has provided insights into the field of energetic materials, where access to multiple polymorphs can be used to improve performance and clarify how it depends on molecular packing. In addition, our work with ATPH shows how valuable insights into molecular crystallization, often gleaned from statistical analyses of structural databases, can also come from in-depth empirical and theoretical studies of single compounds that show distinctive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph E Arnold
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Mathieu Morency
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Daniel Chartrand
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Gilles Berger
- Microbiologie, Chimie bioorganique et macromoléculaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Graeme M Day
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - James D Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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6
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Abstract
Hydrogels of bile acids and their salts are promising materials for drug delivery, cellular immobilization, and other applications. However, these hydrogels are poorly understood at the molecular level, and further study is needed to allow improved materials to be created by design. We have used NMR spectroscopy to probe hydrogels formed from mixtures of formic acid and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC), a common bile acid salt. By assaying the ratio of deoxycholate molecules that are immobilized as part of the fibrillar network of the hydrogels and those that can diffuse, we have found that 65% remain free under typical conditions. The network appears to be composed of both the acid and salt forms of deoxycholate, possibly because a degree of charge inhibits excessive aggregation and precipitation of the fibrils. Spin-spin relaxation times provided a molecular-level estimate of the temperature of gel-sol transition (42 °C), which is virtually the same as the value determined by analyzing macroscopic parameters. Saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy established that formic acid, which is present mainly as formate, is not immobilized as part of the gelating network. In contrast, HDO interacts with the network, which presumably has a surface with exposed hydrophilic groups that form hydrogen bonds with water. Moreover, the STD NMR experiments revealed that the network is a dynamic entity, with molecules of deoxycholate associating and dissociating reversibly. This exchange appears to occur preferentially by contact of the hydrophobic edges or faces of free molecules of deoxycholate with those of molecules immobilized as components of the network. In addition, DOSY experiments revealed that gelation has little effect on the diffusion of free NaDC and HDO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puzhen Li
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3 Canada
| | - Cédric Malveau
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3 Canada
| | - X X Zhu
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3 Canada
| | - James D Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3 Canada
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7
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Abstract
In D4-symmetric tetraoxa[8]circulenes, alternating fused benzene and furan rings form an octagonal array. These compounds are little known despite their novel properties, which include extended planar π-conjugation and a formally antiaromatic cyclooctatetraene core. Tetraoxa[8]circulenes can be formed by acid-induced cyclocondensations of suitable quinones, but existing methods often give very low yields. In addition, π-stacking of simple tetraoxa[8]circulenes reduces solubility and limits opportunities to form homogeneous mixtures or cocrystals with other compounds. To help make tetraoxa[8]circulenes more useful, we have developed better ways to synthesize them, and we have used these methods to produce awkwardly shaped derivatives with large concave electron-rich aromatic surfaces. These compounds crystallize to form open structures that can accommodate various guests, including C60. Analysis of the structures shows that the cyclooctatetraene core of the hosts exhibits surprising variations in C-C bond lengths and conjugation, which appear to be related to the gain or loss of aromaticity. This allows tetraoxa[8]circulenes to serve as sensitive probes of local molecular environment and to be used as sensors of electron-deficient species such as nitroaromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino G Petrov
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Patrick Chartier
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - James D Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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8
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Abstract
Quinonoid compounds play central roles as redox-active agents in photosynthesis and respiration and are also promising replacements for inorganic materials currently used in batteries. To design new quinonoid compounds and predict their state of protonation and redox behavior under various conditions, their pKa values must be known. Methods that can predict the pKa values of simple phenols cannot reliably handle complex analogues in which multiple OH groups are present and may form intramolecular hydrogen bonds. We have therefore developed a straightforward method based on a linear relationship between experimental pKa values and calculated differences in energy between quinols and their deprotonated forms. Simple adjustments allow reliable predictions of pKa values when intramolecular hydrogen bonds are present. Our approach has been validated by showing that predicted and experimental values for over 100 quinols and related compounds differ by an average of only 0.3 units. This accuracy makes it possible to select proper pKa values when experimental data vary, predict the acidity of quinols and related compounds before they are made, and determine the sites and orders of deprotonation in complex structures with multiple OH groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Morency
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Sébastien Néron
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Radu Iftimie
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - James D Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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9
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Abstract
Phosphangulene (1) is a hexacyclic triarylphosphine with a distinctive conical shape and other features that allow the compound to be viewed from diverse perspectives and to be embraced by chemists from different parts of the field as a molecule worthy of special attention. In recent work, phosphangulene and its derivatives have proven to be effective tools for probing general principles that govern molecular organization in solids. The phosphangulene family is particularly well-suited for these studies because systematic structural changes in the compounds are easy to introduce. In crystals of phosphangulene itself, molecules are stacked efficiently like hats, giving rise to an R3m structure that is polar and pyroelectric. Simple conversion of the compound into phosphangulene oxide (7a) or other chalcogenides blocks effective stacking and forces crystallization to produce alternative structures that have many suboptimal intermolecular interactions and vary little in energy as their geometries are altered. This leads to high levels of polymorphism, and phosphangulene oxide (7a) belongs to the elite set of compounds known to exist in five or more forms characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. For similar reasons, phosphangulene chalcogenides form crystals with complex unit cells in which multiple inequivalent molecules are needed to optimize packing, and the compounds are also predisposed to form solvates and mixed crystals containing other molecules. For example, crystallization of a 1:1 mixture of phosphangulene and oxide 7a yielded needles composed of pure phosphangulene along with crystals of the oxide containing substantial amounts of phosphangulene. Phosphangulene has one known polymorph, and its crystallization rejects the oxide. In contrast, the oxide is highly polymorphic, and its crystallization is prone to errors in which molecules in the lattice are replaced by other compounds. Packing in crystals of the oxide appears to be so ineffective that the orientation and even the identity of the molecular components can be varied without imposing severe energetic penalties.Because substituted members of the phosphangulene family have awkward curved shapes that cannot be packed efficiently, they have emerged as highly effective partners for cocrystallizing fullerenes and for using concave-convex interactions to control how fullerenes can be organized in materials. This can be achieved without eliminating fullerene-fullerene contacts of the type needed to ensure conductivity. In addition, phosphangulene has created unlimited opportunities for making complex structures with large curved aromatic surfaces based on a new strategy in which the central atom of phosphorus is used to form covalent bonds with other elements or to introduce coordinative interactions with metals. In these ways, recent work has put phosphangulene in the spotlight as a compound of unusually broad interest and shown that it can appropriately be called a molecule for all chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Heskia
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V0B3, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V0B3, Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V0B3, Canada
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10
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Abstract
For millennia, humans have exploited the special properties of porous materials. Advances in recent years have yielded a new generation of finely structured porous materials that allow processes to be controlled at the molecular level. These materials are built by a strategy of modular construction, using molecular components designed to position their neighbors in ways that create predictable voids.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2V 0B3, Canada.
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11
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Brunner PLM, Masse JP, L’Espérance G, Wuest JD. Imaging layers in thin-film molecular devices by transmission electron microscopy, using milling by focused ion beams and deposition on NaCl and Si. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The performance of molecule-based thin-film devices such as organic light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells, and thin-film transistors depends on the electronic properties of the individual molecular components, as well as on their association to form complex morphologies. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to image the morphologies and help reveal how the devices work and can be improved. We have examined the suitability of various ways to prepare samples of thin molecular films for imaging by TEM. Specifically, we have used focused ion beams to mill cross sections of complete devices that have been glued together with epoxy adhesives. In addition, thin films of the type used as active layers in molecule-based devices can be deposited on disks of NaCl, which can then be dissolved in water to release free-standing films that can be imaged by TEM, without loss of nanostructural details. Films of this type can also be deposited on Si wafers, which can then be fractured to expose sections of film that overhang edges of fragments and can be imaged conveniently by TEM. This allows TEM to be used as a quick method for screening samples and monitoring the purification of active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Philippe Masse
- Centre de caractérisation microscopique des matériaux (CM)2, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Gilles L’Espérance
- Centre de caractérisation microscopique des matériaux (CM)2, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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12
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Brunner PLM, Beaudoin D, Heskia A, Maris T, Dubois MA, Wuest JD. Low-bandgap push–pull molecules in polymer matrices for use in thin-film organic photovoltaic devices. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are widely used in thin-film organic photovoltaic devices to absorb light and serve as electron donors or acceptors. Small molecular analogues are attractive substitutes because they have fully defined structures, can be purified rigorously, and are typically more soluble and volatile. However, producing active films composed primarily of small molecules remains challenging. We have devised bulk heterojunction solar cells in which poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and poly[[9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole-2,7-diyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl-2,5-thiophenediyl] are used as matrices to prepare films containing low-bandgap push–pull molecules as electron donors and (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester or (6,6)-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester as electron acceptors. Compared with reference devices devoid of push–pull molecular additives, increases in power conversion efficiencies up to 30.4% were measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis M. Brunner
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Daniel Beaudoin
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Alice Heskia
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Marc-André Dubois
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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13
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Brunner PLM, Laliberté D, Dang MT, Wantz G, Wuest JD. Dependence of the performance of light-emitting diodes on the molecular weight of the electroluminescent polymer PFO-MEH-PPV. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Controlled synthesis of the electroluminescent polymer PFO-MEH-PPV (poly[(9,9-dioctyl-2,7-divinylenefluorenylene)-alt-co-(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene)]) provided samples of varying molecular weight (Mw) in the range 20–360 kDa, as determined by gel-permeation chromatography and light scattering. The samples were used as the active layers in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and the performance of the devices was examined as a function of Mw. Turn-on voltages fell in the range 1.92–2.78 V, luminances varied from 231 to 5826 cd/m2, and luminous efficacies ranged from 0.06 to 0.90 lm/W. The emitted colour was found to vary from green to yellow as Mw increases. Optimal performance was attained by using PFO-MEH-PPV with Mw = 100 kDa. To help reveal how Mw determines the performance of OLEDs, relative quantum yields of photoluminescence in solutions and films were measured, and films were characterized by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minh Trung Dang
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Guillaume Wantz
- CNRS, IMS, UMR 5218, Talence F-33400, France
- Bordeaux INP, IMS, UMR 5218, Talence F-33400, France
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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14
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Abstract
Chemical compounds that exist in multiple crystalline forms are said to exhibit polymorphism. Polymorphs have the same composition, but their structures and properties can vary markedly. In many fields, conditions for crystallizing compounds of interest are screened exhaustively to generate as many polymorphs as possible, from which the most advantageous form can be selected. We report new ways to search for polymorphs and increase polymorphic diversity, based on crystallization induced by suitably designed mixed-crystal seeds. The potential of the strategy has been demonstrated by using it to produce new polymorphs of the benchmark compound ROY as single crystals structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. This allows ROY to reclaim its crown as the most polymorphic compound in the Cambridge Structural Database. More generally, the methods promise to become valuable tools for polymorphic screening in all fields where crystalline solids are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Lévesque
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - James D Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Khadivjam T, Che‐Quang H, Maris T, Ajoyan Z, Howarth AJ, Wuest JD. Cover Feature: Modular Construction of Porous Hydrogen‐Bonded Molecular Materials from Melams (Chem. Eur. J. 31/2020). Chemistry 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Huy Che‐Quang
- Département de Chimie Université de Montréal Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie Université de Montréal Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Zvart Ajoyan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Concordia University Montréal Québec H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Ashlee J. Howarth
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Concordia University Montréal Québec H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie Université de Montréal Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
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Khadivjam T, Che-Quang H, Maris T, Ajoyan Z, Howarth AJ, Wuest JD. Modular Construction of Porous Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Materials from Melams. Chemistry 2020; 26:7026-7040. [PMID: 32115786 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ordered materials with predictable structures and properties can be made by a modular approach, using molecules designed to interact with neighbors and hold them in predetermined positions. Incorporating 4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl (DAT) groups in modules is an effective way to direct assembly because each DAT group can form multiple N-H⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonds according to established patterns. We have found that modules with high densities of N(DAT)2 groups can be made by base-induced double triazinylations of readily available amines. The resulting modules can form structures held together by remarkably large numbers of hydrogen bonds per molecule. Even simple modules with only 1-3 N(DAT)2 groups and fewer than 70 non-hydrogen atoms can crystallize to form highly open networks in which each molecule engages in over 20 N-H⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonds, and more than 70 % of the volume is available for accommodating guests. In favorable cases, guests can be removed to create rigorously porous crystalline solids analogous to zeolites and metal-organic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinasadat Khadivjam
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Huy Che-Quang
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Zvart Ajoyan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Ashlee J Howarth
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - James D Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
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Duong A, Lévesque A, Homand C, Maris T, Wuest JD. Controlling Molecular Organization by Using Phenyl Embraces of Multiple Trityl Groups. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4026-4035. [PMID: 32070093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sixfold phenyl embraces are well-established aromatic interactions that are strong and directional. In addition, functional groups that are able to participate, such as triphenylmethyl (trityl), are easily incorporated in molecular structures. As a result, embraces offer a possible way to control molecular organization in materials. To test this notion, we used a hybrid organic-inorganic strategy to make compounds with multiple trityl groups. Trityl-substituted alkynylpyridines 3-5 react with Pd(II) to form square-planar 4:1 complexes with multiple divergent trityl groups poised to engage in embraces. The complexes were crystallized, and their structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. Surprisingly, few structures in this set of compounds were found to incorporate sixfold embraces. Our observations suggest that predictable molecular organization cannot normally be achieved using these embraces, which must compete with alternative aromatic interactions of similar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Duong
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Alexandre Lévesque
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Clara Homand
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - James D Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Heskia A, Maris T, Aguiar PM, Wuest JD. Building Large Structures with Curved Aromatic Surfaces by Complexing Metals with Phosphangulene. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18740-18753. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Heskia
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Pedro M. Aguiar
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
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Langis-Barsetti S, Maris T, Wuest JD. Triptycene 1,2-Quinones and Quinols: Permeable Crystalline Redox-Active Molecular Solids. J Org Chem 2018; 83:15426-15437. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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20
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Langis-Barsetti S, Maris T, Wuest JD. Synthesis of Salts of 1,2,5,6- and 1,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetramine. ACS Omega 2017; 2:6023-6030. [PMID: 31457854 PMCID: PMC6644813 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
1,2,5,6-Naphthalenetetramine (1a), its 1,4,5,8-isomer (2a), and their salts are valuable precursors for synthesizing nitrogen-containing arenes and other targets of interest. We describe how salts of tetramines 1a and 2a can be made from simple protected derivatives of 1,5-naphthalenediamine (2d) by sequences of regioselective dinitration, deprotection, and reduction. Various shortcomings of previously reported syntheses of tetramines 1a and 2a can thereby be avoided. In addition, we report structural studies that may help clarify the mechanism of nitration and resolve an earlier controversy about the regioselectivity observed in nitrations of derivatives of 1,5-naphthalenediamine (2d).
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Beaudoin D, Blair-Pereira JN, Langis-Barsetti S, Maris T, Wuest JD. Predictably Ordered Open Hydrogen-Bonded Networks Built from Indeno[1,2-b]fluorenes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:8536-8547. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudoin
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | | | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Helzy F, Maris T, Wuest JD. Engineering Hydrogen-Bonded Hexagonal Networks Built from Flexible 1,3,5-Trisubstituted Derivatives of Benzene. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3076-86. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Helzy
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
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Beaudoin D, Levasseur-Grenon O, Maris T, Wuest JD. Frontispiece: Building Giant Carbocycles by Reversible C−C Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201680361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudoin
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | | | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
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Beaudoin D, Levasseur-Grenon O, Maris T, Wuest JD. Frontispiz: Building Giant Carbocycles by Reversible C−C Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201680361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudoin
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | | | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudoin
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudoin
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | | | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
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Beaudoin D, Levasseur-Grenon O, Maris T, Wuest JD. Building Giant Carbocycles by Reversible C−C Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:894-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudoin
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | | | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
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30
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Beaudoin D, Maris T, Wuest JD. Constructing monocrystalline covalent organic networks by polymerization. Nat Chem 2013; 5:830-4. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Zhou H, Wuest JD. Crankshafts: using simple, flat C2h-symmetric molecules to direct the assembly of chiral 2D nanopatterns. Langmuir 2013; 29:7229-7238. [PMID: 23092394 DOI: 10.1021/la303659c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Linear D2h-symmetric bisisophthalic acids 1 and 2 and related substances have well-defined flattened structures, high affinities for graphite, and strong abilities to engage in specific intermolecular interactions. Their adsorption produces characteristic nanopatterns that reveal how 2D molecular organization can be controlled by reliable interadsorbate interactions such as hydrogen bonds when properly oriented by molecular geometry. In addition, the behavior of these compounds shows how large-scale organization can be obstructed by programming molecules to associate strongly according to competing motifs that have similar stability and can coexist smoothly without creating significant defects. Analogous new bisisophthalic acids 3a and 4a have similar associative properties, and their unique C2h-symmetric crankshaft geometry gives them the added ability to probe the poorly understood effect of chirality on molecular organization. Their adsorption shows how nanopatterns composed predictably of a single enantiomer can be obtained by depositing molecules that can respect established rules of association only by accepting neighbors of the same configuration. In addition, an analysis of the adsorption of crankshaft compounds 3a and 4a and their derivatives by STM reveals directly on the molecular level how kinetics and thermodynamics compete to control the crystallization of chiral compounds. In such ways, detailed studies of the adsorption of properly designed compounds on surfaces are proving to be a powerful way to discover and test rules that broadly govern molecular organization in both 2D and 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Dang MT, Hirsch L, Wantz G, Wuest JD. Controlling the Morphology and Performance of Bulk Heterojunctions in Solar Cells. Lessons Learned from the Benchmark Poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-Phenyl-C61-butyric Acid Methyl Ester System. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3734-65. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300005u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minh Trung Dang
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Pavillon J.-Armand
Bombardier, 2900 boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal,
Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Lionel Hirsch
- Laboratoire de l'Intégration
du Matériau au Système, Université de Bordeaux,
UMR CNRS 5218, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, Biologie et Physique, 16 Avenue Pey Berland,
33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Wantz
- Laboratoire de l'Intégration
du Matériau au Système, Université de Bordeaux,
UMR CNRS 5218, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, Biologie et Physique, 16 Avenue Pey Berland,
33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Pavillon J.-Armand
Bombardier, 2900 boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal,
Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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Dang MT, Wuest JD. Using volatile additives to alter the morphology and performance of active layers in thin-film molecular photovoltaic devices incorporating bulk heterojunctions. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:9105-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35447d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Duong A, Wuest JD, Maris T. Bis(2,2'-bipyrimidine-κ(2)N(1),N(1'))palladium(II) bis-(tetra-fluoro-borate) acetonitrile monosolvate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 68:m1347-8. [PMID: 23284335 PMCID: PMC3515108 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536812041591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of [Pd(MeCN)(4)](BF(4))(2) with 2,2'-bipyrimidine (bpm) in MeCN-CHCl(3) afforded the title compound, [Pd(C(8)H(6)N(4))(2)](BF(4))(2)·C(2)H(3)N. The asymmetric unit contains two half complexes, with the Pd(II) atoms both lying on a twofold axis. Each metal atom adopts a tetra-hedrally distorted square-planar geometry. In the crystal, [Pd(bpm)(2)] dications are linked by C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming chains parallel to the b axis. The chains are further linked by C-H⋯F and C-H⋯N inter-actions involving the tetra-fluoro-borate anions and acetonitrile mol-ecules. In this way, each chain interacts with six surrounding chains to generate the observed three-dimensional structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Duong
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7,Correspondence e-mail:
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Duong A, Maris T, Wuest JD. Using Pyridinyl-Substituted Diaminotriazines to Bind Pd(II) and Create Metallotectons for Engineering Hydrogen-Bonded Crystals. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:5605-18. [DOI: 10.1021/ic2003047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Duong
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Duong A, Wuest JD, Maris T. trans-Dichloridobis[(pyridin-4-yl)boronic acid-κ N]palladium(II) dimethyl sulfoxide disolvate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:m518. [PMID: 21754261 PMCID: PMC3089363 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811010713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, [PdCl2(C5H6BNO2)2]·2C2H6OS, the PdII ion is located on an inversion centre and is four-coordinated in a trans square-planar geometry by two chloride ions and two (pyridin-4-yl)boronic acid ligands. The Pd—N and Pd—Cl distances are 2.023 (2) and 2.2977 (7) Å, respectively, and the average N—Pd—Cl angle is 90°. The dimethyl sulfoxide solvent molecules play a key role in the crystal structure by bridging the complex molecules via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming tapes running along the b axis. C—H⋯O interactions also contribute to the cohesion of the crystal.
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Abstract
Adding astutely placed methyl groups to hexaphenylbenzene increases molecular weight but simultaneously weakens key C-H···π interactions, thereby leading to decreased enthalpies of sublimation and showing that materials with abnormally weak cohesion can be made by identifying and then obstructing interactions that help control association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Maly
- Department of Chemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada.
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Reid DJ, Cull JEW, Chisholm KDS, Langlois A, Lin PH, Long J, Lebel O, Korobkov I, Wang R, Wuest JD, Murugesu M, Scott J. Synthesis, structure and magnetism of homodinuclear complexes of Co, Ni and Cu supported by a novel bitriazine scaffold. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:5009-17. [PMID: 21451816 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt00018g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Btzn (1), an amine-functionalized bi(1,3,5-triazine) 4,4'-(NH(2))(2)-6,6'-(NHC(6)H(5))(2)-2,2'-(1,3,5-C(3)N(3))(2), is reported, and its coordination with Co, Ni and Cu is explored. Reactions of metal salts (2 equiv) with Btzn (1 equiv) result in dimeric species [(Btzn)Co(2)(NCS)(4)(EtOH)(2)(DMF)(2)], (2), [(Btzn)Ni(2)(η(1)-ONO(2))(2)(MeOH)(4)(DMF)(2)]·2[NO(3)], (3), [(Btzn)Cu(2)Cl(4)(DMF)(2)], (4), and [(Btzn)Cu(2)(η(2)-O(2)NO)(2)(OH(2))(2)(DMF)(2)]·2[NO(3)], (5). These complexes are the first examples of the coordination of transition metals with bi(1,3,5-triazine) ligands. Their structures display a bridging bis-bidentate coordination mode for Btzn. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility of the complexes reveals antiferromagnetic exchange between the spin carriers, with calculated exchange coupling values (J) of -4.7 cm(-1) for 3, -18.2 cm(-1) for 4, and -5.5 cm(-1) for 5. An in-depth evaluation of the metal geometry highlights the inefficient overlap of the magnetic d-orbitals through the bridging ligand, most likely leading to reduced delocalization and coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Reid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Canada
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Duong A, Maris T, Lebel O, Wuest JD. Syntheses and structures of isomeric diaminotriazinyl-substituted 2,2'-bipyridines and 1,10-phenanthrolines. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1333-41. [PMID: 21299206 DOI: 10.1021/jo102191n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isomeric 2,2'-bipyridines 4a-6a and 1,10-phenanthrolines 7a-9a with two diaminotriazinyl (DAT) substituents were synthesized to explore their dual ability to direct association by the chelation of metals and the characteristic hydrogen bonding of DAT groups. Crystals of compounds 4a-6a and 7a-9a were grown under diverse conditions, and their structures were solved by X-ray crystallography. Analysis revealed multiple shared features analogous to those observed in the structures of simpler DAT-substituted pyridines 1-3. For example, the bipyridines and phenanthrolines favor flattened conformations except in the cases of compounds 8a and 9a, where the patterns of substitution prevent the DAT groups from lying in the plane of the phenanthroline core. As expected, the DAT groups form approximately coplanar hydrogen bonds according to standard motifs I-III, which play a key role in directing molecular organization. However, the structures of simple pyridines 1-3, which favor efficiently packed chains and sheets, differ predictably from those of bipyridines 4a-6a and phenanthrolines 7a-9a in two ways: (1) The larger number of DAT groups in compounds 4a-9a typically leads to complex three-dimensional networks held together by a larger number of hydrogen bonds per molecule, and (2) the need to respect multiple directional interactions prevents compounds 4a-9a from forming closely packed structures, and significant quantities of guests are included. Together, these observations confirm the effectiveness of incorporating special groups such as DAT within more complex molecular structures to control association according to reliable patterns. Bipyridines 4a-6a and phenanthrolines 7a-9a promise to be particularly rich sources of new supramolecular chemistry because they have well-defined molecular topologies and a dual ability to direct association by chelating metals and by engaging in multiple hydrogen bonds according to reliable patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Duong
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Duong A, Maris T, Wuest JD. Engineering homologous molecular organization in 2D and 3D. Cocrystallization of aminoazines and alkanecarboxylic acids. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ce05445g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Duong A, Dubois MA, Wuest JD. Two-dimensional molecular organization of pyridinecarboxylic acids adsorbed on graphite. Langmuir 2010; 26:18089-18096. [PMID: 21033761 DOI: 10.1021/la102891p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pyridinecarboxylic acids 3-9 are adsorbed from solution onto graphite to produce well-ordered adlayers that can be imaged by scanning tunneling microscopy. Hydrogen bonds involving the carboxyl groups and the nitrogen atom of the pyridyl ring play key roles in controlling the observed two-dimensional (2D) organization. Pyridinecarboxylic acids have a strong tendency to associate to form hydrogen-bonded chains and cyclic oligomers, which then pack to produce sheets. The preference for sheets ensures that molecular organization in 2D and 3D typically shows a significant degree of homology. Together, our observations highlight the potential of engineering similarly ordered 2D and 3D structures built from simple compounds that combine an inherent affinity for surfaces with an ability to engage in strong coplanar intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Duong
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Abstract
DFT calculations reveal that aminotriazines have a strong affinity for graphite and suggest that part of the driving force for adsorption is a specific attractive interaction of NR(2) groups with the underlying surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Gagnon E, Maris T, Wuest JD. Triarylamines Designed to Form Molecular Glasses. Derivatives of Tris(p-terphenyl-4-yl)amine with Multiple Contiguous Phenyl Substituents. Org Lett 2009; 12:404-7. [PMID: 20028032 DOI: 10.1021/ol902841c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gagnon
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gagnon
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 Canada, and Département de génie physique and Regroupement québécois sur les matériaux de pointe (RQMP), École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7 Canada
| | - Alain Rochefort
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 Canada, and Département de génie physique and Regroupement québécois sur les matériaux de pointe (RQMP), École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7 Canada
| | - Valérie Métivaud
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 Canada, and Département de génie physique and Regroupement québécois sur les matériaux de pointe (RQMP), École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7 Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7 Canada, and Département de génie physique and Regroupement québécois sur les matériaux de pointe (RQMP), École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7 Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gagnon
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Shira D. Halperin
- Department of Chemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Valérie Métivaud
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Kenneth E. Maly
- Department of Chemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Variola F, Vetrone F, Richert L, Jedrzejowski P, Yi JH, Zalzal S, Clair S, Sarkissian A, Perepichka DF, Wuest JD, Rosei F, Nanci A. Improving biocompatibility of implantable metals by nanoscale modification of surfaces: an overview of strategies, fabrication methods, and challenges. Small 2009; 5:996-1006. [PMID: 19360718 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The human body is an intricate biochemical-mechanical system, with an exceedingly precise hierarchical organization in which all components work together in harmony across a wide range of dimensions. Many fundamental biological processes take place at surfaces and interfaces (e.g., cell-matrix interactions), and these occur on the nanoscale. For this reason, current health-related research is actively following a biomimetic approach in learning how to create new biocompatible materials with nanostructured features. The ultimate aim is to reproduce and enhance the natural nanoscale elements present in the human body and to thereby develop new materials with improved biological activities. Progress in this area requires a multidisciplinary effort at the interface of biology, physics, and chemistry. In this Review, the major techniques that have been adopted to yield novel nanostructured versions of familiar biomaterials, focusing particularly on metals, are presented and the way in which nanometric surface cues can beneficially guide biological processes, exerting influence on cellular behavior, is illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Variola
- Laboratory for the Study of Calcified Tissues and Biomaterials, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
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Ryan PE, Lescop C, Laliberté D, Hamilton T, Maris T, Wuest JD. Engineering New Metal-Organic Frameworks Built from Flexible Tetrapyridines Coordinated to Cu(II) and Cu(I). Inorg Chem 2009; 48:2793-807. [DOI: 10.1021/ic8019809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E. Ryan
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christophe Lescop
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Dominic Laliberté
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Tamara Hamilton
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Vetrone F, Variola F, Tambasco de Oliveira P, Zalzal SF, Yi JH, Sam J, Bombonato-Prado KF, Sarkissian A, Perepichka DF, Wuest JD, Rosei F, Nanci A. Nanoscale oxidative patterning of metallic surfaces to modulate cell activity and fate. Nano Lett 2009; 9:659-665. [PMID: 19159323 DOI: 10.1021/nl803051f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the field of regenerative medicine, nanoscale physical cuing is clearly becoming a compelling determinant of cell behavior. Developing effective methods for making nanostructured surfaces with well-defined physicochemical properties is thus mandatory for the rational design of functional biomaterials. Here, we demonstrate the versatility of simple chemical oxidative patterning to create unique nanotopographical surfaces that influence the behavior of various cell types, modulate the expression of key determinants of cell activity, and offer the potential of harnessing the power of stem cells. These findings promise to lead to a new generation of improved metal implants with intelligent surfaces that can control biological response at the site of healing.
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Abstract
We have modeled the adsorption of various substituted derivatives of benzene on a graphene sheet, using a first-principles density functional theory-local density approximation method. The presence of functional groups can significantly alter the overall magnitude of pi-pi interactions between the adsorbed molecules and graphene by giving rise to strong medium-range interactions involving pi-orbitals of the substituents. When the substituents can simultaneously permit the formation of hydrogen bonds between adsorbed molecules, it is possible to evaluate the relative contributions of hydrogen bonding and pi-based interactions to the overall adsorption. Adsorption of individual molecules and hydrogen-bonded aggregates reflects a hierarchical balance of the different interactions that determine the overall energy of adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Rochefort
- Departement de genie physique and Regroupement quebecois sur les materiaux de pointe (RQMP), Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
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Gagnon E, Maris T, Maly KE, Wuest JD. Corrigendum to “The potential of intermolecular N⋯O interactions of nitro groups in crystal engineering, as revealed by structures of hexakis(4-nitrophenyl)benzene” [Tetrahedron 63(28) (2007) 6603–6613]. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.05.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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