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Pan LL, Atlas EL, Honomichl SB, Smith WP, Kinnison DE, Solomon S, Santee ML, Saiz-Lopez A, Laube JC, Wang B, Ueyama R, Bresch JF, Hornbrook RS, Apel EC, Hills AJ, Treadaway V, Smith K, Schauffler S, Donnelly S, Hendershot R, Lueb R, Campos T, Viciani S, D’Amato F, Bianchini G, Barucci M, Podolske JR, Iraci LT, Gurganus C, Bui P, Dean-Day JM, Millán L, Ryoo JM, Barletta B, Koo JH, Kim J, Liang Q, Randel WJ, Thornberry T, Newman PA. East Asian summer monsoon delivers large abundances of very-short-lived organic chlorine substances to the lower stratosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318716121. [PMID: 38483991 PMCID: PMC10962947 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318716121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Deep convection in the Asian summer monsoon is a significant transport process for lifting pollutants from the planetary boundary layer to the tropopause level. This process enables efficient injection into the stratosphere of reactive species such as chlorinated very-short-lived substances (Cl-VSLSs) that deplete ozone. Past studies of convective transport associated with the Asian summer monsoon have focused mostly on the south Asian summer monsoon. Airborne observations reported in this work identify the East Asian summer monsoon convection as an effective transport pathway that carried record-breaking levels of ozone-depleting Cl-VSLSs (mean organic chlorine from these VSLSs ~500 ppt) to the base of the stratosphere. These unique observations show total organic chlorine from VSLSs in the lower stratosphere over the Asian monsoon tropopause to be more than twice that previously reported over the tropical tropopause. Considering the recently observed increase in Cl-VSLS emissions and the ongoing strengthening of the East Asian summer monsoon under global warming, our results highlight that a reevaluation of the contribution of Cl-VSLS injection via the Asian monsoon to the total stratospheric chlorine budget is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Pan
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Elliot L. Atlas
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL33149
| | - Shawn B. Honomichl
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Warren P. Smith
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Douglas E. Kinnison
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Susan Solomon
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139
| | - Michelle L. Santee
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91109
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid28006, Spain
| | - Johannes C. Laube
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich52425, Germany
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences and International Pacific Research Center, The University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI96822
| | - Rei Ueyama
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA94035
| | - James F. Bresch
- Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Alan J. Hills
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Victoria Treadaway
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL33149
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO80309
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO80305
| | - Katie Smith
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL33149
| | - Sue Schauffler
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL33149
| | - Stephen Donnelly
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL33149
- Department of Chemistry, Fort Hays State University, Hays, KS67601
| | - Roger Hendershot
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL33149
| | - Richard Lueb
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL33149
| | - Teresa Campos
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Silvia Viciani
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Francesco D’Amato
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bianchini
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Marco Barucci
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | | | | | - Colin Gurganus
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO80309
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO80305
| | - Paul Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA94035
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA94035
| | - Jonathan M. Dean-Day
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA94035
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA94035
| | - Luis Millán
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91109
| | - Ju-Mee Ryoo
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA94035
- Science and Technology Corporation, Moffett Field, CA94035
| | - Barbara Barletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Ja-Ho Koo
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joowan Kim
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Kongju National University, Gongju32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Qing Liang
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD20771
| | - William J. Randel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80301
| | - Troy Thornberry
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO80305
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2
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Schwandner FM, Gunson MR, Miller CE, Carn SA, Eldering A, Krings T, Verhulst KR, Schimel DS, Nguyen HM, Crisp D, O'Dell CW, Osterman GB, Iraci LT, Podolske JR. Spaceborne detection of localized carbon dioxide sources. Science 2018; 358:358/6360/eaam5782. [PMID: 29026015 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam5782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Spaceborne measurements by NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) at the kilometer scale reveal distinct structures of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) caused by known anthropogenic and natural point sources. OCO-2 transects across the Los Angeles megacity (USA) show that anthropogenic CO2 enhancements peak over the urban core and decrease through suburban areas to rural background values more than ~100 kilometers away, varying seasonally from ~4.4 to 6.1 parts per million. A transect passing directly downwind of the persistent isolated natural CO2 plume from Yasur volcano (Vanuatu) shows a narrow filament of enhanced CO2 values (~3.4 parts per million), consistent with a CO2 point source emitting 41.6 kilotons per day. These examples highlight the potential of the OCO-2 sensor, with its unprecedented resolution and sensitivity, to detect localized natural and anthropogenic CO2 sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Schwandner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. .,Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael R Gunson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Charles E Miller
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Simon A Carn
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Annmarie Eldering
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Thomas Krings
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Kristal R Verhulst
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.,Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David S Schimel
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Hai M Nguyen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - David Crisp
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Christopher W O'Dell
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Gregory B Osterman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Laura T Iraci
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
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3
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Provencal R, Gupta M, Owano TG, Baer DS, Ricci KN, O'Keefe A, Podolske JR. Cavity-enhanced quantum-cascade laser-based instrument for carbon monoxide measurements. Appl Opt 2005; 44:6712-7. [PMID: 16270560 DOI: 10.1364/ao.44.006712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An autonomous instrument based on off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy has been developed and successfully deployed for measurements of carbon monoxide in the troposphere and tropopause onboard a NASA DC-8 aircraft. The instrument (Carbon Monoxide Gas Analyzer) consists of a measurement cell comprised of two high-reflectivity mirrors, a continuous-wave quantum-cascade laser, gas sampling system, control and data-acquisition electronics, and data-analysis software. CO measurements were determined from high-resolution CO absorption line shapes obtained by tuning the laser wavelength over the R(7) transition of the fundamental vibration band near 2172.8 cm(-1). The instrument reports CO mixing ratio (mole fraction) at a 1-Hz rate based on measured absorption, gas temperature, and pressure using Beer's Law. During several flights in May-June 2004 and January 2005 that reached altitudes of 41,000 ft (12.5 km), the instrument recorded CO values with a precision of 0.2 ppbv (1-s averaging time) and an accuracy limited by the reference CO gas cylinder (uncertainty < 1.0%). Despite moderate turbulence and measurements of particulate-laden airflows, the instrument operated consistently and did not require any maintenance, mirror cleaning, or optical realignment during the flights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Provencal
- Los Gatos Research, 67 East Evelyn Avenue, Suite 3, Mountain View, California, USA
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4
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Podolske JR. Calibration and data retrieval algorithms for the NASA Langley/Ames Diode Laser Hygrometer for the NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific (TRACE-P) mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Jost H, Loewenstein M, Greenblatt JB, Podolske JR, Bui TP, Hurst DF, Elkins JW, Herman RL, Webster CR, Schauffler SM, Atlas EL, Newman PA, Lait LR, Wofsy SC. Mixing events revealed by anomalous tracer relationships in the Arctic vortex during winter 1999/2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans‐Jürg Jost
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute Sonoma California USA
- NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field California USA
| | | | - Jeffery B. Greenblatt
- NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field California USA
- Now at Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - T. Paul Bui
- NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field California USA
| | - Dale F. Hurst
- NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado Boulder Colorado USA
| | - James W. Elkins
- NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Robert L. Herman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA
| | | | | | - Elliot L. Atlas
- National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado USA
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6
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Podolske JR, Johnston HS. Rate of the resonant energy-transfer reaction between molecular oxygen(1.DELTA.g) and perhydroxyl (HOO). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100227a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Fairlie TD, Pierce RB, Grose WL, Lingenfelser G, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR. Lagrangian forecasting during ASHOE/MAESA: Analysis of predictive skill for analyzed and reverse-domain-filled potential vorticity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Boering KA, Wofsy SC, Daube BC, Schneider HR, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Conway TJ. Stratospheric Mean Ages and Transport Rates from Observations of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide. Science 1996; 274:1340-3. [PMID: 8910266 DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5291.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of stratospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations were analyzed to investigate stratospheric transport rates. Temporal variations in tropospheric CO2 were observed to propagate into the stratosphere, showing that tropospheric air enters the lower tropical stratosphere continuously, ascends, and is transported rapidly (in less than 1 month) to both hemispheres. The mean age A of stratospheric air determined from CO2 data is approximately 5 years in the mid-stratosphere. The mean age is mathematically equivalent to a conserved tracer analogous to exhaust from stratospheric aircraft. Comparison of values for A from models and observations indicates that current model simulations likely underestimate pollutant concentrations from proposed stratospheric aircraft by 25 to 100 percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- KA Boering
- K. A. Boering, S. C. Wofsy, B. C. Daube, H. R. Schneider, Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences and the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. M. Loewenstein and J. R. Podolske, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. T. J. Conway, Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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9
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Volk CM, Elkins JW, Fahey DW, Salawitch RJ, Dutton GS, Gilligan JM, Proffitt MH, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Minschwaner K, Margitan JJ, Chan KR. Quantifying Transport Between the Tropical and Mid-Latitude Lower Stratosphere. Science 1996; 272:1763-8. [PMID: 8662478 DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5269.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Airborne in situ observations of molecules with a wide range of lifetimes (methane, nitrous oxide, reactive nitrogen, ozone, chlorinated halocarbons, and halon-1211), used in a tropical tracer model, show that mid-latitude air is entrained into the tropical lower stratosphere within about 13.5 months; transport is faster in the reverse direction. Because exchange with the tropics is slower than global photochemical models generally assume, ozone at mid-latitudes appears to be more sensitive to elevated levels of industrial chlorine than is currently predicted. Nevertheless, about 45 percent of air in the tropical ascent region at 21 kilometers is of mid-latitude origin, implying that emissions from supersonic aircraft could reach the middle stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- CM Volk
- C. M. Volk, G. S. Dutton, and J. M. Gilligan are with the Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, CO 80303, and the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. J. W. Elkins is with NOAA/CMDL, Boulder, CO 80303, USA. D. W. Fahey is with the NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80303, USA. R. J. Salawitch and J. J. Margitan are with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. M. H. Proffitt is with the NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80303, and CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. M. Loewenstein, J. R. Podolske, and K. R. Chan are with the NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. K. Minschwaner is with the Department of Physics, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
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10
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Blake TA, Chackerian C, Podolske JR. Prognosis for a mid-infrared magnetic rotation spectrometer for the in situ detection of atmospheric free radicals. Appl Opt 1996; 35:973-985. [PMID: 21069095 DOI: 10.1364/ao.35.000973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared magnetic rotation spectroscopy (MRS) experiments on nitric oxide (NO) are quantitatively modeled by theoretical calculations. The verified theory is used to specify an instrument that can make in situ measurements on NO and NO(2) in the Earth's atmosphere at a sensitivity level of a few parts in 10(12) by volume per second. The prototype instrument used in the experiments has an extrapolated detection limit for NO of 30 parts in 10(9) for a 1-s integration time over a 12-cm path length. The detection limit is an extrapolation of experimental results to a signal-to-noise ratio of one, where the noise is considered to be one-half the peak-to-peak baseline noise. Also discussed are the various factors that can limit the sensitivity of a MRS spectrometer that uses liquid-nitrogen-cooled lead-salt diode lasers and photovoltaic detectors.
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11
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Wennberg PO, Cohen RC, Stimpfle RM, Koplow JP, Anderson JG, Salawitch RJ, Fahey DW, Woodbridge EL, Keim ER, Gao RS, Webster CR, May RD, Toohey DW, Avallone LM, Proffitt MH, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Chan KR, Wofsy SC. Removal of Stratospheric O3 by Radicals: In Situ Measurements of OH, HO2, NO, NO2, ClO, and BrO. Science 1994; 266:398-404. [PMID: 17816682 DOI: 10.1126/science.266.5184.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous in situ measurements of the concentrations of OH, HO(2), ClO, BrO, NO, and NO(2) demonstrate the predominance of odd-hydrogen and halogen free-radical catalysis in determining the rate of removal of ozone in the lower stratosphere during May 1993. A single catalytic cycle, in which the rate-limiting step is the reaction of HO(2) with ozone, accounted for nearly one-half of the total O(3) removal in this region of the atmosphere. Halogen-radical chemistry was responsible for approximately one-third of the photochemical removal of O(3); reactions involving BrO account for one-half of this loss. Catalytic destruction by NO(2), which for two decades was considered to be the predominant loss process, accounted for less than 20 percent of the O(3) removal. The measurements demonstrate quantitatively the coupling that exists between the radical families. The concentrations of HO(2) and ClO are inversely correlated with those of NO and NO(2). The direct determination of the relative importance of the catalytic loss processes, combined with a demonstration of the reactions linking the hydrogen, halogen, and nitrogen radical concentrations, shows that in the air sampled the rate of O(3) removal was inversely correlated with total NOx, loading.
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12
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Browell EV, Butler CF, Fenn MA, Grant WB, Ismail S, Schoeberl MR, Toon OB, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR. Ozone and Aerosol Changes During the 1991-1992 Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition. Science 1993; 261:1155-8. [PMID: 17790351 DOI: 10.1126/science.261.5125.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Stratospheric ozone and aerosol distributions were measured across the wintertime Arctic vortex from January to March 1992 with an airborne lidar system as part of the 1992 Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition (AASE II). Aerosols from the Mount Pinatubo eruption were found outside and inside the vortex with distinctly different distributions that clearly identified the dynamics of the vortex. Changes in aerosols inside the vortex indicated advection of air from outside to inside the vortex below 16 kilometers. No polar stratospheric clouds were observed and no evidence was found for frozen volcanic aerosols inside the vortex. Between January and March, ozone depletion was observed inside the vortex from 14 to 20 kilometers with a maximum average loss of about 23 percent near 18 kilometers.
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13
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Wilson JC, Jonsson HH, Brock CA, Toohey DW, Avallone LM, Baumgardner D, Dye JE, Poole LR, Woods DC, Decoursey RJ, Osborn M, Pitts MC, Kelly KK, Chan KR, Ferry GV, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Weaver A. In Situ Observations of Aerosol and Chlorine Monoxide After the 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo: Effect of Reactions on Sulfate Aerosol. Science 1993; 261:1140-3. [PMID: 17790347 DOI: 10.1126/science.261.5125.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Highly resolved aerosol size distributions measured from high-altitude aircraft can be used to describe the effect of the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo on the stratospheric aerosol. In some air masses, aerosol mass mixing ratios increased by factors exceeding 100 and aerosol surface area concentrations increased by factors of 30 or more. Increases in aerosol surface area concentration were accompanied by increases in chlorine monoxide at mid-latitudes when confounding factors were controlled. This observation supports the assertion that reactions occurring on the aerosol can increase the fraction of stratospheric chlorine that occurs in ozone-destroying forms.
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14
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Proffitt MH, Aikin K, Margitan JJ, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Weaver A, Chan KR, Fast H, Elkins JW. Ozone Loss Inside the Northern Polar Vortex During the 1991-1992 Winter. Science 1993; 261:1150-4. [PMID: 17790350 DOI: 10.1126/science.261.5125.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Measurements made in the outer ring of the northern polar vortex from October 1991 through March 1992 reveal an altitude-dependent change in ozone, with a decrease at the bottom of the vortex and a substantial increase at the highest altitudes accessible to measurement. The increase is the result of ozone-rich air entering the vortex, and the decrease reflects ozone loss accumulated after the descent of the air through high concentrations of reactive chlorine. The depleted air that is released out of the bottom of the vortex is sufficient to significantly reduce column ozone at mid-latitudes.
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15
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Salawitch RJ, Wofsy SC, Gottlieb EW, Lait LR, Newman PA, Schoeberl MR, Loewenstein M, Podolske JR, Strahan SE, Proffitt MH, Webster CR, May RD, Fahey DW, Baumgardner D, Dye JE, Wilson JC, Kelly KK, Elkins JW, Chan KR, Anderson JG. Chemical Loss of Ozone in the Arctic Polar Vortex in the Winter of 1991-1992. Science 1993; 261:1146-9. [PMID: 17790349 DOI: 10.1126/science.261.5125.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In situ measurements of chlorine monoxide, bromine monoxide, and ozone are extrapolated globally, with the use of meteorological tracers, to infer the loss rates for ozone in the Arctic lower stratosphere during the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition II (AASE II) in the winter of 1991-1992. The analysis indicates removal of 15 to 20 percent of ambient ozone because of elevated concentrations of chlorine monoxide and bromine monoxide. Observations during AASE II define rates of removal of chlorine monoxide attributable to reaction with nitrogen dioxide (produced by photolysis of nitric acid) and to production of hydrochloric acid. Ozone loss ceased in March as concentrations of chlorine monoxide declined. Ozone losses could approach 50 percent if regeneration of nitrogen dioxide were inhibited by irreversible removal of nitrogen oxides (denitrification), as presently observed in the Antarctic, or without denitrification if inorganic chlorine concentrations were to double.
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16
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