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Metzger D, Clifford J, Chiba H, Chambon P. Conditional site-specific recombination in mammalian cells using a ligand-dependent chimeric Cre recombinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:6991-5. [PMID: 7624356 PMCID: PMC41457 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.15.6991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a strategy to generate mutant genes in mammalian cells in a conditional manner by employing a fusion protein, Cre-ER, consisting of the loxP site-specific Cre recombinase linked to the ligand-binding domain of the human estrogen receptor. We have established homozygous retinoid X receptor alpha-negative (RXR alpha-/-) F9 embryonal carcinoma cells constitutively expressing Cre-ER and have shown that estradiol or the estrogen agonist/antagonist 4-hydroxytamoxifen efficiently induced the recombinase activity, whereas no activity was detected in the absence of ligand or in the presence of the antiestrogen ICI 164,384. Furthermore, using a targeting vector containing a selection marker flanked by loxP sites, we have inactivated one retinoic acid receptor alpha allele in such a line, demonstrating that the presence of the recombinase does not inhibit homologous recombination. Combining this conditional site-specific recombination system with tissue-specific expression of Cre-ER may allow modification of the mammalian genome in vivo in a spatiotemporally regulated manner.
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Ross R, Rissanen J, Pedwell H, Clifford J, Shragge P. Influence of diet and exercise on skeletal muscle and visceral adipose tissue in men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1996; 81:2445-55. [PMID: 9018491 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1996.81.6.2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of diet only (DO) and diet combined with either aerobic (DA) or resistance (DR) exercise on subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), lean tissue (LT), and skeletal muscle (SM) tissue were evaluated in 33 obese men (DO, n = 11; DA, n = 11; DR, n = 11). All tissues were measured by using a whole body multislice magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) model. Within each group, significant reductions were observed for body weight, SAT, and VAT (P < 0.05). The reductions in body weight (approximately 10%) and SAT (approximately 25%) and VAT volume (approximately 35%) were not different between groups (P > 0.05). For all treatments, the relative reduction in VAT was greater than in SAT (P < 0.05). For the DA and DR groups only, the reduction in abdominal SAT (approximately 27%) was greater (P < 0.05) than that observed for the gluteal-femoral region (approximately 20%). Conversely, the reduction in VAT was uniform throughout the abdomen regardless of treatment (P > 0.05). MRI-LT and MRI-SM decreased both in the upper and lower body regions for the DO group alone (P < 0.05). Peak O2 uptake (liters) was significantly improved (approximately 14%) in the DA group as was muscular strength (approximately 20%) in the DR group (P < 0.01). These findings indicate that DA and DR result in a greater preservation of MRI-SM, mobilization of SAT from the abdominal region, by comparison with the gluteal-femoral region, and improved functional capacity when compared with DO in obese men.
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Chen JY, Clifford J, Zusi C, Starrett J, Tortolani D, Ostrowski J, Reczek PR, Chambon P, Gronemeyer H. Two distinct actions of retinoid-receptor ligands. Nature 1996; 382:819-22. [PMID: 8752277 DOI: 10.1038/382819a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Signalling by all-trans retinoic acid is mediated through RXR-RAR retinoid receptor heterodimers, in which RXR has been considered to act as a transcriptionally silent partner. However, we show here that in cultured NB4 (ref. 6) human acute promyelocytic leukaemia cells treated with either an RAR-alpha-selective agonist alone, or certain RAR-alpha antagonists in combination with an RXR agonist, receptor-DNA binding is induced in vivo, resulting in expression of the target genes of retinoic acid as well as acute promyelocytic leukaemia protein (PML) relocation to nuclear bodies and differentiation before apoptosis. These results indicate that RAR-alpha ligands can induce two separate events: one enables RXR-RAR-alpha heterodimers to bind to DNA in vivo and allows RXR agonists to act; the other induces transcriptional activity of RAR-alpha. The availability of receptor-specific synthetic retinoids that can induce distinct receptor functions has potential in extending the therapeutic repertoire of retinoids.
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Jensen CS, Dyreson CE, Böhlen M, Clifford J, Elmasri R, Gadia SK, Grandi F, Hayes P, Jajodia S, KÄfer W, Kline N, Lorentzos N, Mitsopoulos Y, Montanari A, Nonen D, Peressi E, Pernici B, Roddick JF, Sarda NL, Scalas MR, Segev A, Snodgrass RT, Soo MD, Tansel A, Tiberio P, Wiederhold G. The consensus glossary of temporal database concepts — February 1998 version. TEMPORAL DATABASES: RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0053710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lay J, Henry LK, Clifford J, Koltin Y, Bulawa CE, Becker JM. Altered expression of selectable marker URA3 in gene-disrupted Candida albicans strains complicates interpretation of virulence studies. Infect Immun 1998; 66:5301-6. [PMID: 9784536 PMCID: PMC108662 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.11.5301-5306.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ura-blaster technique for the disruption of Candida albicans genes has been employed in a number of studies to identify possible genes encoding virulence factors of this fungal pathogen. In this study, the URA3-encoded orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) decarboxylase enzyme activities of C. albicans strains with ura-blaster-mediated genetic disruptions were measured. All strains harboring genetic lesions via the ura-blaster construct showed reduced OMP decarboxylase activities compared to that of the wild type when assayed. The activity levels in different gene disruptions varied, suggesting a positional effect on the level of gene expression. Because the URA3 gene of C. albicans has previously been identified as a virulence factor for this microorganism, our results suggest that decreased virulence observed in strains constructed with the ura-blaster cassette cannot accurately be attributed, in all cases, to the targeted genetic disruption. Although revised methods for validating a URA3-disrupted gene as a target for antifungal drug development could be devised, it is clearly desirable to replace URA3 with a different selectable marker that does not influence virulence.
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Dick DM, Nasim A, Edwards AC, Salvatore JE, Cho SB, Adkins A, Meyers J, Yan J, Cooke M, Clifford J, Goyal N, Halberstadt L, Ailstock K, Neale Z, Opalesky J, Hancock L, Donovan KK, Sun C, Riley B, Kendler KS. Spit for Science: launching a longitudinal study of genetic and environmental influences on substance use and emotional health at a large US university. Front Genet 2014; 5:47. [PMID: 24639683 PMCID: PMC3944794 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding genes involved in complex behavioral outcomes, and understanding the pathways by which they confer risk, is a challenging task, necessitating large samples that are phenotypically well characterized across time. We describe an effort to create a university-wide research project aimed at understanding how genes and environments impact alcohol use and related substance use and mental health outcomes across time in college students. Nearly 70% of the incoming freshman class (N = 2715) completed on-line surveys, with 80% of the students from the fall completing spring follow-ups. 98% of eligible participants also gave DNA. The participants closely approximated the university population in terms of gender and racial/ethnic composition. Here we provide initial results on alcohol use outcomes from the first wave of the sample, as well as associated predictor variables. We discuss the potential for this kind of research to advance our understanding of genetic and environment influences on substance use and mental health outcomes.
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Journal Article |
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108 |
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Chiba H, Clifford J, Metzger D, Chambon P. Distinct retinoid X receptor-retinoic acid receptor heterodimers are differentially involved in the control of expression of retinoid target genes in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:3013-20. [PMID: 9154799 PMCID: PMC232153 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.6.3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The F9 murine embryonal carcinoma cell line represents a well-established system for the study of retinoid signaling in vivo. We have investigated the functional specificity of different retinoid X receptor (RXR)-retinoic acid (RA) receptor (RAR) isotype pairs for the control of expression of endogenous RA-responsive genes, by using wild-type (WT), RXR alpha(-/-), RAR alpha(-/-), RAR gamma(-/-), RXR alpha(-/-)-RAR alpha(-/-), and RXR alpha(-/-)-RAR gamma(-/-) F9 cells, as well as panRXR and RAR isotype (alpha, beta, and gamma)-selective retinoids. We show that in these cells the control of expression of different sets of RA-responsive genes is preferentially mediated by distinct RXR-RAR isotype combinations. Our data support the conclusion that RXR-RAR heterodimers are the functional units transducing the retinoid signal and indicate in addition that these heterodimers exert both specific and redundant functions on the expression of particular sets of RA-responsive genes. We also show that the presence of a given receptor isotype can hinder the activity of another isotype and therefore that functional redundancy between retinoid receptor isotypes can be artifactually generated by gene knockouts.
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Chan KS, Sano S, Kataoka K, Abel E, Carbajal S, Beltran L, Clifford J, Peavey M, Shen J, Digiovanni J. Forced expression of a constitutively active form of Stat3 in mouse epidermis enhances malignant progression of skin tumors induced by two-stage carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2007; 27:1087-94. [PMID: 17700521 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, our laboratory demonstrated that Stat3 is required for the de novo development of chemically-induced skin tumors. We have further investigated the role of Stat3 in epithelial carcinogenesis using mice in which the expression of a constitutively active/dimerized form of Stat3 (Stat3C) is targeted to the proliferative compartment of epidermis (referred to as K5.Stat3C transgenic mice). Keratinocytes from K5.Stat3C mice showed increased survival following exposure to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and enhanced proliferation following exposure to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In two-stage chemical carcinogenesis experiments using DMBA as the tumor initiator and TPA as the promoter, K5.Stat3C mice developed skin tumors with a shorter latency and in much greater number compared to non-transgenic littermates. Remarkably, 100% of the skin tumors that developed in K5.Stat3C transgenic mice bypassed the premalignant stage and were initially diagnosed as carcinoma in situ which rapidly progressed to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). These tumors were highly vascularized, poorly differentiated and invasive and loss of expression of K10, filaggrin and E-cadherin was observed by 20 weeks. Finally, overexpression of Stat3C in a papilloma cell line led to enhanced cell migration and enhanced invasion through Matrigel in both the absence and presence of growth factors. In addition to its critical role in early stages of epithelial carcinogenesis, the current study reveals a novel role for Stat3 in driving malignant progression of skin tumors in vivo.
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90 |
12
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Kenna GA, Roder-Hanna N, Leggio L, Zywiak WH, Clifford J, Edwards S, Kenna JA, Shoaff J, Swift RM. Association of the 5-HTT gene-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism with psychiatric disorders: review of psychopathology and pharmacotherapy. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2012; 5:19-35. [PMID: 23226060 PMCID: PMC3513226 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s23462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) regulates important biological and psychological processes including mood, and may be associated with the development of several psychiatric disorders. An association between psychopathology and genes that regulate 5-HT neurotransmission is a robust area of research. Identification of the genes responsible for the predisposition, development, and pharmacological response of various psychiatric disorders is crucial to the advancement of our understanding of their underlying neurobiology. This review highlights research investigating 5-HT transporter (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism, because studies investigating the impact of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism have demonstrated significant associations with many psychiatric disorders. Decreased transcriptional activity of the S allele ("risk allele") may be associated with a heightened amygdala response leading to anxiety-related personality traits, major depressive disorder, suicide attempts, and bipolar disorder. By contrast, increased transcriptional activity of the L allele is considered protective for depression but is also associated with completed suicide, nicotine dependence, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. For some disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder, the research suggests that treatment response may vary by allele (such as an enhanced response to serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors in patients with major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder with L alleles), and for alcohol dependence, the association and treatment for S or L alleles may vary with alcoholic subtype. While some studies suggest that 5-HTTLPR polymorphism can moderate the response to pharmacotherapy, the association between 5-HTTLPR alleles and therapeutic outcomes is inconsistent. The discovery of triallelic 5-HTTLPR alleles (L(A)/L(G)/S) may help to explain some of the conflicting results of many past association studies, while concurrently providing more meaningful data in the future. Studies assessing 5-HTTLPR as the solitary genetic factor contributing to the etiology of psychiatric disorders continue to face the challenges of statistically small effect sizes and limited replication.
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Journal Article |
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70 |
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Chiba H, Clifford J, Metzger D, Chambon P. Specific and redundant functions of retinoid X Receptor/Retinoic acid receptor heterodimers in differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. J Cell Biol 1997; 139:735-47. [PMID: 9348290 PMCID: PMC2141719 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.139.3.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/1997] [Revised: 08/25/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have generated F9 murine embryonal carcinoma cells in which either the retinoid X receptor (RXR)alpha and retinoic acid receptor (RAR)alpha genes or the RXRalpha and RARgamma genes are knocked out, and compared their phenotypes with those of wild-type (WT), RXRalpha-/-, RARalpha-/-, and RARgamma-/- cells. RXRalpha-/-/ RARalpha-/- cells were resistant to retinoic acid treatment for the induction of primitive and parietal endodermal differentiation, as well as for antiproliferative and apoptotic responses, whereas they could differentiate into visceral endodermlike cells, as previously observed for RXRalpha-/- cells. In contrast, RXRalpha-/-/RARgamma-/- cells were defective for all three types of differentiation, as well as antiproliferative and apoptotic responses, indicating that RXRalpha and RARgamma represent an essential receptor pair for these responses. Taken together with results obtained by treatment of WT and mutant F9 cells with RAR isotype- and panRXR-selective retinoids, our observations support the conclusion that RXR/ RAR heterodimers are the functional units mediating the retinoid signal in vivo. Our results also indicate that the various heterodimers can exert both specific and redundant functions in differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. We also show that the functional redundancy exhibited between RXR isotypes and between RAR isotypes in cellular processes can be artifactually generated by gene knockouts. The present approach for multiple gene targeting should allow inactivation of any set of genes in a given cell.
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Winefield HR, Murrell TG, Clifford J. Process and outcomes in general practice consultations: problems in defining high quality care. Soc Sci Med 1995; 41:969-75. [PMID: 8545671 DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(94)00403-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the relationships between the verbal interactions of the consultation and several outcomes (patient health change, patient compliance and the satisfaction of both doctor and patient), 21 General Practitioners contributed ten audiotaped consultations each, from consecutive consenting adult patients. The effects of GP sex and postgraduate training were also investigated, but were found to be minimal. Patient health change was most clearly related to acuteness of symptoms at presentation, whereas reported compliance was predicted by patient satisfaction after the consultation. Different consultations were maximally satisfying for doctors and for patients, and patient and doctor satisfaction with specific consultations showed little correlation. This result implies that the measurement of quality of care, in general practice at least, is a more complex task than has been assumed, and in turn raises issues about whose definition of outcome is relevant in discussing quality of care.
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Abstract
This report presents the results of the first behavioral genetic studies of children's loneliness. Data were collected using both an adoption design and a twin-sibling design. As part of the Colorado Adoption Project, 133 sibling pairs (69 biologically related pairs and 64 unrelated pairs in adoptive families) completed a general loneliness scale when they were 9, 10, 11, and 12 years old. As part of the San Diego Sibling Study, 142 sibling pairs (22 monozygotic twin, 40 dizygotic twin, and 80 full-sibling pairs) between the ages of 8 and 14 years old completed a scale assessing loneliness at school. Both studies showed significant heritability and nonshared environmental influences for children's loneliness.
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Twin Study |
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Mendelsohn C, Larkin S, Mark M, LeMeur M, Clifford J, Zelent A, Chambon P. RAR beta isoforms: distinct transcriptional control by retinoic acid and specific spatial patterns of promoter activity during mouse embryonic development. Mech Dev 1994; 45:227-41. [PMID: 8011555 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4773(94)90010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
That both deficiency and excess of vitamin A lead to a wide spectrum of congenital abnormalities has strongly implicated the active metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), in normal embryonic development. There are 3 families of RA receptors (RARs), RAR alpha, RAR beta and RAR gamma, each having at least two isoforms derived from primary transcripts initiated at two promoters P1 and P2 (reviewed in Leid et al., 1992) Transcripts encoding all 4 isoforms of RAR beta (RAR beta 1 to RAR beta 4) accumulate in embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells in the presence of RA. It has been previously shown that the RA modulation of RAR beta 2/beta 4 transcripts is achieved at the level of transcriptional initiation via a RA response element (RARE) present in the P2 RAR beta 2/beta 4 promoter. In contrast, the mechanism by which RA up-regulates RAR beta 1/beta 3 transcripts has not yet been elucidated. We describe here the isolation of the P1 RAR beta 1/beta 3 promoter and characterization of its activity in transgenic animals. We find that RAR beta 1/beta 3 promoter activity, which is apparently confined to the embryonic CNS, is not modified by RA treatment, unlike that of the RAR beta 2/beta 4 promoter (Mendelsohn et al., 1991). Nuclear run-on transcription analysis in EC cells supports the conclusion that RAR beta 1/beta 3 transcript initiation is not modulated by RA, and that the RA-induced accumulation of RAR beta 1/beta 3 transcripts occur via a RA-dependent release of a block in RNA chain elongation.
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Roth PA, Buchowski M, Clifford J, Herzfeld M, Sangren PS, Sapire D, Strathern M, Tyler SA. Ethnography Without Tears [with Comments and Reply]. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 1989. [DOI: 10.1086/203784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Marcus GE, Clifford J. The Making of Ethnographic Texts: A Preliminary Report. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 1985. [DOI: 10.1086/203255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Malerich MM, Clifford J, Eaton B, Eaton R, Littler JW. Distal scaphoid resection arthroplasty for the treatment of degenerative arthritis secondary to scaphoid nonunion. J Hand Surg Am 1999; 24:1196-205. [PMID: 10584941 DOI: 10.1053/jhsu.1999.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen patients with chronic scaphoid nonunion and associated degenerative arthritis between the distal fragment and the radial styloid were treated by resection of the distal fragment. All patients had a dorsal intercalated segment instability wrist collapse pattern with an average radiolunate angle of -32 degrees and a 10% reduction in the carpal height, both of which changed minimally during the follow-up period. The duration of the nonunion averaged 12 years and the follow-up period averaged 49 months. Range of motion improved 85% and grip improved 134%. Thirteen of the patients experienced complete pain relief. One patient required additional surgery and elected wrist arthrodesis. Resection of the distal fragment is not recommended for patients with capitolunate arthritis. Two of the 4 patients with capitolunate arthritis had persistent symptoms; 3 had progressive degenerative changes.
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Case Reports |
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34 |
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Kenna GA, Zywiak WH, Swift RM, McGeary JE, Clifford JS, Shoaff JR, Vuittonet C, Fricchione S, Brickley M, Beaucage K, Haass-Koffler CL, Leggio L. Ondansetron reduces naturalistic drinking in nontreatment-seeking alcohol-dependent individuals with the LL 5'-HTTLPR genotype: a laboratory study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:1567-74. [PMID: 24773166 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One hypothesis suggests that the differential response to ondansetron- and serotonin-specific re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be due to a functional polymorphism of the 5'-HTTLPR promoter region in SLC6A4, the gene that codes for the serotonin transporter (5-HTT). The LL 5'-HTTLPR genotype is postulated to be specifically sensitive to the effects of ondansetron with SS/SL 5'-HTTLPR genotypes sensitive to SSRIs. This study tests this hypothesis by matching nontreatment-seeking alcohol-dependent (AD) individuals with LL genotype to ondansetron and SS/SL genotypes to the SSRI sertraline, and mismatching them assessing naturalistic and bar-laboratory alcohol drinking. METHODS Seventy-seven AD individuals were randomized to 1 of 2 counterbalanced arms to receive sertraline 200 mg/d or ondansetron 0.5 mg/d for 3 weeks followed by an alcohol self-administration experiment (ASAE) and then received placebo for 3 weeks followed by a second ASAE. Individuals then received the alternate drug for 3 weeks followed by a third ASAE. Drinks per drinking day (DDD with drinks in standard drinking units) for 7 days prior to each ASAE and milliliters consumed during each ASAE were the primary outcomes. RESULTS Fifty-five participants completed the study. The genotype × order interaction was significant, F(1, 47) = 8.42, p = 0.006, for DDD. Three analyses of covariance were conducted for DDD during the week before each ASAE. Ondansetron compared to sertraline resulted in a significant reduction in DDD during the week before the first, F(1, 47) = 7.64, p = 0.008, but not the third ASAE. There was no difference in milliliters consumed during each ASAE. CONCLUSIONS This study modestly supports the hypothesis that ondansetron may reduce DDD in AD individuals with the LL genotype as measured naturalistically. By contrast, there was no support that ondansetron reduces drinking during the ASAEs or that sertraline reduces alcohol use in individuals who have SS/SL genotypes. We provide limited support that ondansetron may reduce drinking in nontreatment-seeking individuals with the LL genotype.
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. |
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Solomon RR, Clifford JS, Gutman SI. The use of laboratory intervention to stem the flow of fresh-frozen plasma. Am J Clin Pathol 1988; 89:518-21. [PMID: 3354505 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/89.4.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Four methods of laboratory intervention were tested by the hospital blood bank in an effort to modify the use of fresh-frozen plasma (FFP). Over a one-year period, a utilization audit was serially initiated with feedback to physicians, a recurrent educational program was introduced for housestaff delineating guidelines for FFP use, a form was introduced requiring justification for FFP orders, and a policy was established requiring pathologist approval of FFP in patients with normal or no coagulation studies. Overall, in comparing the period following all forms of intervention (February 1986-October 1986) to the baseline period prior to any form of intervention (July 1984-March 1985), FFP use dropped 52% in the face of a 17% increase in red blood cell use. It was concluded that blood bankers can dramatically alter the use of this product using established methods for modifying physician ordering behavior.
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Sommer R, Clifford JS, Norcross JC. A bibliography of mental patients' autobiographies: an update and classification system. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:1261-4. [PMID: 9734552 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.155.9.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article brings to the present earlier bibliographies of books written by former mental patients. These books provide an inside view of mental disorder that can be useful in teaching, public education, theory, and research, and they have played a catalyzing role in mental health reform and in theory development. METHOD The authors list seven anthologies and 48 autobiographies of former patients published since 1980 and introduce a classification system intended to increase the research value of this important archive. RESULTS Recent books of this genre show more individuals with a mood disorder and more therapists and more women as authors. CONCLUSIONS The research potential of these books suggests the value of an electronic database for classifying and retrieving the information they contain.
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Clifford J. Fieldwork, Reciprocity, and the Making of Ethnographic Texts: The Example of Maurice Leenhardt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.2307/2801348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45 |
17 |