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Chatterjee D, Nogueira AT, Wefes I, Chalkley R, Sturzenegger Varvayanis S, Fuhrmann CN, Varadarajan J, Jacob GA, Gaines CH, Hubbard NM, Chaudhary S, Layton RL. Citizenship status and career self-efficacy: An intersectional study of biomedical trainees in the United States. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296246. [PMID: 38507371 PMCID: PMC10954142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examines the intersectional role of citizenship and gender with career self-efficacy amongst 10,803 doctoral and postdoctoral trainees in US universities. These biomedical trainees completed surveys administered by 17 US institutions that participated in the National Institutes of Health Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training (NIH BEST) Programs. Findings indicate that career self-efficacy of non-citizen trainees is significantly lower than that of US citizen trainees. While lower career efficacy was observed in women compared with men, it was even lower for non-citizen female trainees. Results suggest that specific career interests may be related to career self-efficacy. Relative to US citizen trainees, both male and female non-citizen trainees showed higher interest in pursuing a career as an academic research investigator. In comparison with non-citizen female trainees and citizen trainees of all genders, non-citizen male trainees expressed the highest interest in research-intensive (and especially principal investigator) careers. The authors discuss potential causes for these results and offer recommendations for increasing trainee career self-efficacy which can be incorporated into graduate and postdoctoral training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshikha Chatterjee
- Department of Psychology, Baruch College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Ana T. Nogueira
- Office of Graduate Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Inge Wefes
- Graduate Studies, Metropolitan State University, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Roger Chalkley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, School of Basic Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | | | - Cynthia N. Fuhrmann
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Biochemistry & Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
- Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Janani Varadarajan
- Biomedical Research Education and Training Office of Outcomes Research, The Office of Biomedical Research Education and Training, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle A. Jacob
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Christiann H. Gaines
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Nisan M. Hubbard
- Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Biology Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Sunita Chaudhary
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Rebekah L. Layton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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Brown AM, Meyers LC, Varadarajan J, Ward NJ, Cartailler J, Chalkley RG, Gould KL, Petrie KA. From goal to outcome: Analyzing the progression of biomedical sciences PhD careers in a longitudinal study using an expanded taxonomy. FASEB Bioadv 2023; 5:427-452. [PMID: 37936923 PMCID: PMC10626162 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2023-00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical sciences PhDs pursue a wide range of careers inside and outside academia. However, there is little data regarding how career interests of PhD students relate to the decision to pursue postdoctoral training or to their eventual career outcomes. Here, we present the career goals and career outcomes of 1452 biomedical sciences PhDs who graduated from Vanderbilt University between 1997 and 2021. We categorized careers using an expanded three-tiered taxonomy and flags that delineate key career milestones. We also analyzed career goal changes between matriculation and doctoral defense, and the reasons why students became more- or less-interested in research-intensive faculty careers. We linked students' career goal at doctoral defense to whether they did a postdoc, the duration of time between doctoral defense and the first non-training position, the career area of the first non-training position, and the career area of the job at 10 years after graduation. Finally, we followed individual careers for 10 years after graduation to characterize movement between different career areas over time. We found that most students changed their career goal during graduate school, declining numbers of alumni pursued postdoctoral training, many alumni entered first non-training positions in a different career area than their goal at doctoral defense, and the career area of the first non-training position was a good indicator of the job that alumni held 10 years after graduation. Our findings emphasize that students need a wide range of career development opportunities and career mentoring during graduate school to prepare them for futures in research and research-related professions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M. Brown
- The Office of Biomedical Research Education and TrainingVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Lindsay C. Meyers
- The Office of Biomedical Research Education and TrainingVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Janani Varadarajan
- The Office of Biomedical Research Education and TrainingVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Nicholas J. Ward
- The Office of Biomedical Research Education and TrainingVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Jean‐Philippe Cartailler
- Creative Data Solutions Shared Resource, Center for Stem Cell BiologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Roger G. Chalkley
- The Office of Biomedical Research Education and TrainingVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Kathleen L. Gould
- The Office of Biomedical Research Education and TrainingVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Kimberly A. Petrie
- The Office of Biomedical Research Education and TrainingVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Medical Education and AdministrationVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennesseeUSA
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Lee E, O’Keefe S, Leong A, Park HR, Varadarajan J, Chowdhury S, Hiner S, Kim S, Shiva A, Friedman RA, Remotti H, Fojo T, Yang HW, Thurston G, Kim M. Angiopoietin-2 blockade suppresses growth of liver metastases from pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors by promoting T cell recruitment. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e167994. [PMID: 37843277 PMCID: PMC10575726 DOI: 10.1172/jci167994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving the management of metastasis in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) is critical, as nearly half of patients with PanNETs present with liver metastases, and this accounts for the majority of patient mortality. We identified angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT2) as one of the most upregulated angiogenic factors in RNA-Seq data from human PanNET liver metastases and found that higher ANGPT2 expression correlated with poor survival rates. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that ANGPT2 was localized to the endothelial cells of blood vessels in PanNET liver metastases. We observed an association between the upregulation of endothelial ANGPT2 and liver metastatic progression in both patients and transgenic mouse models of PanNETs. In human and mouse PanNET liver metastases, ANGPT2 upregulation coincided with poor T cell infiltration, indicative of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Notably, both pharmacologic inhibition and genetic deletion of ANGPT2 in PanNET mouse models slowed the growth of PanNET liver metastases. Furthermore, pharmacologic inhibition of ANGPT2 promoted T cell infiltration and activation in liver metastases, improving the survival of mice with metastatic PanNETs. These changes were accompanied by reduced plasma leakage and improved vascular integrity in metastases. Together, these findings suggest that ANGPT2 blockade may be an effective strategy for promoting T cell infiltration and immunostimulatory reprogramming to reduce the growth of liver metastases in PanNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tito Fojo
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Gavin Thurston
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Minah Kim
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology
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Chatterjee D, Jacob GA, Varvayanis SS, Wefes I, Chalkley R, Nogueira AT, Fuhrmann CN, Varadarajan J, Hubbard NM, Gaines CH, Layton RL, Chaudhary S. Career self-efficacy disparities in underrepresented biomedical scientist trainees. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280608. [PMID: 36857379 PMCID: PMC9977038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examines racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in career self-efficacy amongst 6077 US citizens and US naturalized graduate and postdoctoral trainees. Respondents from biomedical fields completed surveys administered by the National Institutes of Health Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training (NIH BEST) programs across 17 US institutional sites. Graduate and postdoctoral demographic and survey response data were examined to evaluate the impact of intersectional identities on trainee career self-efficacy. The study hypothesized that race, ethnicity and gender, and the relations between these identities, would impact trainee career self-efficacy. The analysis demonstrated that racial and ethnic group, gender, specific career interests (academic principal investigator vs. other careers), and seniority (junior vs. senior trainee level) were, to various degrees, all associated with trainee career self-efficacy and the effects were consistent across graduate and postdoctoral respondents. Implications for differing levels of self-efficacy are discussed, including factors and events during training that may contribute to (or undermine) career self-efficacy. The importance of mentorship for building research and career self-efficacy of trainees is discussed, especially with respect to those identifying as women and belonging to racial/ethnic populations underrepresented in biomedical sciences. The results underscore the need for change in the biomedical academic research community in order to retain a diverse biomedical workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshikha Chatterjee
- Department of Psychology, Baruch College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle A. Jacob
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | - Inge Wefes
- School of Medicine, CU Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Roger Chalkley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, School of Basic Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Ana T. Nogueira
- Department of Pharmacology, Office of Graduate Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Cynthia N. Fuhrmann
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Biochemistry & Molecular Biotechnology, & Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Janani Varadarajan
- BRET Office of Outcomes Research, The Office of Biomedical Research Education and Training, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Nisaan M. Hubbard
- Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Biology Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Christiann H. Gaines
- Department of Pharmacology, Office of Graduate Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Rebekah L. Layton
- Department of Pharmacology, Office of Graduate Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Sunita Chaudhary
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Research Education, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, NJ, United States of America
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Abstract
COVID-19-associated university closures moved classes online and interrupted ongoing research in universities throughout the US. In Vanderbilt University, first year biomedical sciences PhD students were in the middle of their spring semester coursework and in the process of identifying a thesis research lab, while senior students who had already completed the first year were at various stages of their graduate training and were working on their thesis research projects. To learn how the university closure and resulting interruptions impacted our students’ learning and well-being, we administered two surveys, one to the first year students and the other to the senior students. Our main findings show that the university closure negatively impacted the overall psychological health of about one-third of the survey respondents, time management was the aspect of remote learning that caused the highest stress for close to 50% of the students, and interaction with their peers and in-person discussions were the aspects of on-campus learning that students missed the most during the remote learning period. Additionally, survey responses also show that students experienced positive outcomes as a result of remote learning that included spending increased time on additional learning interests, with family, on self-care, and for dissertation or manuscript writing. Though a variety of supportive resources are already available to students in our institution, results from our survey suggest enhancing these measures and identifying new ones targeted to addressing the academic and emotional needs of PhD students would be beneficial. Such support measures may be appropriate for students in other institutions as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Varadarajan
- The Office of Biomedical Research Education and Training, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Abigail M. Brown
- The Office of Biomedical Research Education and Training, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Roger Chalkley
- The Office of Biomedical Research Education and Training, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Varadarajan J, McWilliams MJ, Mott BT, Thomas CJ, Smith SJ, Hughes SH. Drug resistant integrase mutants cause aberrant HIV integrations. Retrovirology 2016; 13:71. [PMID: 27682062 PMCID: PMC5041404 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
HIV-1 integrase is the target for three FDA-approved drugs, raltegravir, elvitegravir, and dolutegravir. All three drugs bind at the active site of integrase and block the strand transfer step of integration. We previously showed that sub-optimal doses of the anti-HIV drug raltegravir can cause aberrant HIV integrations that are accompanied by a variety of deletions, duplications, insertions and inversions of the adjacent host sequences. Results We show here that a second drug, elvitegravir, also causes similar aberrant integrations. More importantly, we show that at least two of the three clinically relevant drug resistant integrase mutants we tested, N155H and G140S/Q148H, which reduce the enzymatic activity of integrase, can cause the same sorts of aberrant integrations, even in the absence of drugs. In addition, these drug resistant mutants have an elevated IC50 for anti-integrase drugs, and concentrations of the drugs that would be optimal against the WT virus are suboptimal for the mutants. Conclusions We previously showed that suboptimal doses of a drug that binds to the HIV enzyme integrase and blocks the integration of a DNA copy of the viral genome into host DNA can cause aberrant integrations that involve rearrangements of the host DNA. We show here that suboptimal doses of a second anti-integrase drug can cause similar aberrant integrations. We also show that drug-resistance mutations in HIV integrase can also cause aberrant integrations, even in the absence of an anti-integrase drug. HIV DNA integrations in the oncogenes BACH2 and MKL2 that do not involve rearrangements of the viral or host DNA can stimulate the proliferation of infected cells. Based on what is known about the association of DNA rearrangements and the activation of oncogenes in human tumors, it is possible that some of the deletions, duplications, insertions, and inversions of the host DNA that accompany aberrant HIV DNA integrations could increase the chances that HIV integrations could lead to the development of a tumor. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0305-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Varadarajan
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Vector Design and Replication Section, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Bldg. 539, Room 130A, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Mary Jane McWilliams
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Vector Design and Replication Section, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Bldg. 539, Room 130A, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Bryan T Mott
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Craig J Thomas
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Steven J Smith
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Vector Design and Replication Section, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Bldg. 539, Room 130A, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Stephen H Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Vector Design and Replication Section, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, 1050 Boyles Street, Bldg. 539, Room 130A, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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Abstract
Integration of the DNA copy of the HIV-1 genome into a host chromosome is required for viral replication and is thus an important target for antiviral therapy. The HIV-encoded enzyme integrase (IN) catalyzes two essential steps: 3' processing of the viral DNA ends, followed by the strand transfer reaction, which inserts the viral DNA into host DNA. Raltegravir binds to IN and blocks the integration of the viral DNA. Using the Rous sarcoma virus-derived vector RCAS, we previously showed that mutations that cause one viral DNA end to be defective for IN-mediated integration led to abnormal integrations in which the provirus had one normal and one aberrant end, accompanied by rearrangements in the host genome. On the basis of these results, we expected that suboptimal concentrations of IN inhibitors, which could block one of the ends of viral integration, would lead to similar aberrant integrations. In contrast to the proviruses from untreated cells, which were all normal, ∼10-15% of the proviruses isolated after treatment with a suboptimal dose of raltegravir were aberrant. The aberrant integrations were similar to those seen in the RCAS experiments. Most of the aberrant proviruses had one normal end and one aberrant end and were accompanied by significant rearrangements in the host genome, including duplications, inversions, deletions and, occasionally, acquisition of sequences from other chromosomes. The rearrangements of the host DNA raise concerns that these aberrant integrations might have unintended consequences in HIV-1-infected patients who are not consistent in following a raltegravir-containing treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Varadarajan
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Varadarajan J, McWilliams MJ, Hazuda D, Hughes S. Analyzing the effects of sub‐optimal doses of raltegravir on HIV‐1 integration. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.970.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janani Varadarajan
- HIV Drug Resistance ProgramFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMD
| | - Mary Jane McWilliams
- HIV Drug Resistance ProgramFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMD
| | | | - Stephen Hughes
- HIV Drug Resistance ProgramFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMD
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9
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Varadarajan J, Guilleminot J, Saint-Jore-Dupas C, Piégu B, Chabouté ME, Gomord V, Coolbaugh RC, Devic M, Delorme V. ATR3 encodes a diflavin reductase essential for Arabidopsis embryo development. New Phytol 2010; 187:67-82. [PMID: 20406405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
*The Arabidopsis genome possesses two confirmed Cytochrome P450 Reductase (CPR) genes, ATR1 and ATR2, together with a third putative homologue, ATR3, which annotation is questionable. *Phylogenetic analysis classified ATR3 as a CPR-like protein sharing homologies with the animal cytosolic dual flavin reductases, NR1 and Fre-1, distinct from the microsomal CPRs, ATR1 and ATR2. Like NR1 and Fre-1, ATR3 lacks the N-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) anchor domain of CPRs and is localized in the cytoplasm. Recombinant ATR3 in plant soluble extracts was able to reduce cytochrome c but failed to reduce the human P450 CYP1A2. *Loss of ATR3 function resulted in early embryo lethality indicating that this reductase activity is essential. A yeast 2-hybrid screen identified a unique interaction of ATR3 with the homologue of the human anti-apoptotic CIAPIN1 and the yeast Dre2 protein. *This interaction suggests two possible roles for ATR3 in the control of cell death and in chromosome segregation at mitosis. Consistent with these results, the promoter of ATR3 is activated during cell cycle progression. Together these results demonstrated that ATR3 belongs to the NR1 subfamily of diflavin reductases whose characterized members are involved in essential cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Varadarajan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1155, USA
| | - Jocelyne Guilleminot
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR-CNRS-IRD 5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan-Cedex, France
| | - Claude Saint-Jore-Dupas
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6037, IFRMP 23, UFR des Sciences, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Benoît Piégu
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR-CNRS-IRD 5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan-Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Edith Chabouté
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg-Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Gomord
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6037, IFRMP 23, UFR des Sciences, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Ronald C Coolbaugh
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1155, USA
| | - Martine Devic
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR-CNRS-IRD 5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan-Cedex, France
| | - Valérie Delorme
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR-CNRS-IRD 5096, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan-Cedex, France
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10
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Kralova J, Liss AS, Bargmann W, Pendleton C, Varadarajan J, Ulug E, Bose HR. Differential regulation of the inhibitor of apoptosis ch-IAP1 by v-rel and the proto-oncogene c-rel. J Virol 2002; 76:11960-70. [PMID: 12414938 PMCID: PMC136878 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.23.11960-11970.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The v-rel oncogene encoded by reticuloendotheliosis virus is the acutely transforming member of the Rel/NF-kappaB family of transcription factors. v-Rel is a truncated and mutated form of c-Rel and transforms cells by inducing the aberrant expression of genes regulated by Rel/NF-kappaB proteins. The expression of ch-IAP1, a member of the inhibitor-of-apoptosis family, is highly elevated in cells expressing v-Rel and contributes to the immortalization of cells transformed by this oncoprotein. In this study we demonstrate that the elevated expression of ch-IAP1 in v-Rel-expressing cells is due to an increased rate of transcription. The ch-IAP1 promoter was isolated, and four Rel/NF-kappaB binding sites were identified upstream of the transcription start site. Two kappaB sites proximal to the transcription start site were required for v-Rel to activate the ch-IAP1 promoter. While c-Rel also utilized these sites, a third more-distal kappaB site was required for its full activation of the ch-IAP1 promoter. Differences in the transactivation domains of v-Rel and c-Rel are responsible for their different abilities to utilize these sites and account for their differential activation of the ch-IAP1 promoter. Although c-Rel was a more potent activator of the ch-IAP1 promoter than v-Rel in transient reporter assays, cells stably overexpressing c-Rel failed to maintain high levels of ch-IAP1 expression. The reduction of ch-IAP1 expression in these cells correlated with the efficient regulation of c-Rel by IkappaBalpha. The ability of v-Rel to escape IkappaBalpha regulation allows for the gradual and sustained elevation of ch-IAP1 expression directly contributing to the transforming properties of v-Rel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Kralova
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and the Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1095, USA
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11
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Varadarajan J, Eggenberger ER. Infective endocarditis--a photo essay. J Neuroophthalmol 1996; 16:291-4. [PMID: 8956169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Infective endocarditis is a microbial affliction of the heart valves or endocardium. Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) may result from infection with low-virulence organisms such as Streptococcus viridans and Staphylococcus epidermidis, or partially treated infection. We report a case of SBE with neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Varadarajan
- Unit for Neuro-Visual Disorders, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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12
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Wendland MF, Saeed M, Yu KK, Roberts TP, Lauerma K, Derugin N, Varadarajan J, Watson AD, Higgins CB. Inversion recovery EPI of bolus transit in rat myocardium using intravascular and extravascular gadolinium-based MR contrast media: dose effects on peak signal enhancement. Magn Reson Med 1994; 32:319-29. [PMID: 7984064 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910320307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Inversion recovery gradient recalled echo planar imaging (TI/TR/TE = 700/2000/10 ms) was used to dynamically monitor the first pass of an intravascular (GdDOTA-polylysine) and an extravascular (GdDTPA-BMA) contrast agent through normal rat myocardium. It was found that myocardial enhancement increased with dose of the intravascular agent to a limiting value of approximately 50% of fully relaxed intensity, consistent with enhancement of 40% of myocardial water content during the first pass. Larger doses produced no further increase in peak response. On the other hand, the extravascular agent caused incrementally increased enhancement throughout the dose range examined to a final value of 68 +/- 2% of fully relaxed intensity. The profile of dose dependence for both agents was inconsistent with monoexponential T1 relaxation. It was concluded that: (a) compartmentalization of myocardial water combined with restricted myocardial water diffusion limits the peak response during bolus transit; (b) extraction of the extravascular agent during transit elevates the peak response over that obtained from agent confined to the vascular volume; and (c) models that assume simple monoexponential T1 relaxation to derive time-density curves do not adequately describe the relationship between changes in signal intensity, R1 and contrast concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Wendland
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0628
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