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Talmi-Frank D, Byas AD, Murrieta R, Weger-Lucarelli J, Rückert C, Gallichotte EN, Yoshimoto JA, Allen C, Bosco-Lauth AM, Graham B, Felix TA, Brault AC, Ebel GD. Intracellular Diversity of WNV within Circulating Avian Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Reveals Host-Dependent Patterns of Polyinfection. Pathogens 2023; 12:767. [PMID: 37375457 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) populations exist as mutant swarms that are maintained between arthropods and vertebrates. West Nile virus (WNV) population dynamics are host-dependent. In American crows, purifying selection is weak and population diversity is high compared to American robins, which have 100- to 1000-fold lower viremia. WNV passed in robins leads to fitness gains, whereas that passed in crows does not. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that high crow viremia allows for higher genetic diversity within individual avian peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), reasoning that this could have produced the previously observed host-specific differences in genetic diversity and fitness. Specifically, we infected cells and birds with a molecularly barcoded WNV and sequenced viral RNA from single cells to quantify the number of WNV barcodes in each. Our results demonstrate that the richness of WNV populations within crows far exceeds that in robins. Similarly, rare WNV variants were maintained by crows more frequently than by robins. Our results suggest that increased viremia in crows relative to robins leads to the maintenance of defective genomes and less prevalent variants, presumably through complementation. Our findings further suggest that weaker purifying selection in highly susceptible crows is attributable to this higher viremia, polyinfections and complementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalit Talmi-Frank
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Alex D Byas
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Reyes Murrieta
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Claudia Rückert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Emily N Gallichotte
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Janna A Yoshimoto
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Chris Allen
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Angela M Bosco-Lauth
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Barbara Graham
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Todd A Felix
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Lakewood, CO 80228, USA
| | - Aaron C Brault
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Center for Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Frank DT, Byas AD, Murrieta R, Weger-Lucarelli J, Rückert C, Gallichotte E, Yoshimoto JA, Allen C, Bosco-Lauth AM, Graham B, Felix TA, Brault A, Ebel GD. Intracellular diversity of WNV within circulating avian peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveals host-dependent patterns of polyinfection. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.27.525959. [PMID: 36747638 PMCID: PMC9900929 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.27.525959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Error-prone replication of RNA viruses generates the genetic diversity required for adaptation within rapidly changing environments. Thus, arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) populations exist in nature as mutant swarms that are maintained between arthropods and vertebrates. Previous studies have demonstrated that West Nile virus (WNV) population dynamics are host dependent: In American crows, which experience extremely high viremia, purifying selection is weak and population diversity is high compared to American robins, which have 100 to 1000-fold lower viremia. WNV passed in robins experiences fitness gains, whereas that passed in crows does not. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that high crow viremia allows higher genetic diversity within individual avian peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), reasoning that this could have produced the previously observed host-specific differences in genetic diversity and fitness. Specifically, we infected cells and birds with a novel, barcoded version of WNV and sequenced viral RNA from single cells to quantify the number of WNV barcodes that each contained. Our results demonstrate that the richness of WNV populations within crows far exceeds that in robins. Similarly, rare WNV variants were maintained by crows more frequently than by robins. Our results suggest that increased viremia in crows relative to robins leads to maintenance of defective genomes and less prevalent variants, presumably through complementation. Our findings further suggest that weaker purifying selection in highly susceptible crows is attributable to this higher viremia, polyinfections and complementation. These studies further document the role of particular, ecologically relevant hosts in shaping virus population structure. Author Summary WNV mutational diversity in vertebrates is species-dependent. In crows, low frequency variants are common, and viral populations are more diverse. In robins, fewer mutations become permanent fixtures of the overall viral population. We infected crows, robins and a chicken cell line with a genetically marked (barcoded) WNV. Higher levels of virus led to multiple unique WNV genomes infecting individual cells, even when a genotype was present at low levels in the input viral stock. Our findings suggest that higher levels of circulating virus in natural hosts allow less fit viruses to survive in RNA virus populations through complementation by more fit viruses. This is significant as it allows less represented and less fit viruses to be maintained at low levels until they potentially emerge when virus environments change. Overall our data reveal new insights on the relationships between host susceptibility to high viremia and virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalit Talmi Frank
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Alex D. Byas
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Reyes Murrieta
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Claudia Rückert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Emily Gallichotte
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Janna A. Yoshimoto
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Chris Allen
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Angela M. Bosco-Lauth
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Barbara Graham
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Todd A. Felix
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Aaron Brault
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Gregory D. Ebel
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Rout ED, Fernandez M, Yoshimoto JA, Hughes KL, Avery AC, Burton JH. Clinical outcome and Ki67 evaluation in dogs with nodal small cell B-cell lymphoma diagnosed by flow cytometry. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:1770-1781. [PMID: 35996942 PMCID: PMC9511060 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Nodal small cell B‐cell lymphoma subtypes in dogs cannot be distinguished by flow cytometry and information regarding treatment, prognosis, and outcome are limited. Hypothesis/Objectives Objectives were to describe outcome in dogs with nodal small cell B‐cell lymphoma diagnosed by flow cytometry and correlate clinical and laboratory data with survival. We hypothesized that B‐cell Ki67 expression measured by flow cytometry is associated with shorter progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Animals Forty‐nine dogs with nodal small cell B‐cell lymphoma, defined by >80% CD21+ B‐cells by flow cytometry and small‐sized B‐cells by forward scatter. Methods Retrospective study reviewing treatment and outcome data extracted from medical records. Percentage of Ki67‐expressing B‐cells was measured by flow cytometry. Clinical, laboratory, and flow cytometry data were assessed for association with outcome. Results Median percentage of B‐cell Ki67 was 41% (range, 3%‐97%). Median PFS was 119 days and median OS was 222 days (n = 49). Among cases treated with CHOP‐based chemotherapy (n = 32), median PFS was 70 days, median OS was 267 days, and 50% of cases achieved complete response. Low percentage of B‐cell Ki67 (≤11%) was associated with prolonged OS by univariable analysis. Greater age, substage B, high B‐cell CD25 expression and low B‐cell CD21 and class II major histocompatibility complex expression by flow cytometry were independently associated with shorter OS. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Most nodal small cell B‐cell lymphoma cases had aggressive disease. Low Ki67 expression can help identify cases with better prognosis. Age, substage, and flow cytometry variables are useful prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Monica Fernandez
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Janna A Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kelly L Hughes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Anne C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jenna H Burton
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Harris RA, Rout ED, Yoshimoto JA, Avery PR, Avery AC. Using digital
RNA
counting to establish flow cytometry diagnostic criteria for subtypes of
CD34
+ canine acute leukemia. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:710-719. [PMID: 35491468 PMCID: PMC9544023 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Adam Harris
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO
| | - Emily D. Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO
| | - Janna A. Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO
| | - Paul R. Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO
| | - Anne C. Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO
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Frankhouse KA, Rout ED, Hughes KL, Labadie JD, Yoshimoto JA, Lana SE, Avery PR, Avery AC. An aggressive CD4 - CD8 - T-cell neoplasm in young English bulldogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:416-426. [PMID: 34792269 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
T-cell leukemia/lymphoma accounts for roughly 30% of all types of lymphoproliferative neoplasia in dogs. Two forms of T-cell lymphoma (T-zone and peripheral T-cell lymphoma) exhibit breed-specific predilections. During the course of routine immunophenotyping, we observed a breed-specific presentation of a unique form of T-cell leukaemia in young English bulldogs. To describe the clinical presentation and outcome of a novel T-cell leukaemia in English bulldogs and determine the frequency of this neoplasm in other breeds. The Clinical Hematopathology database, containing immunophenotyping data from peripheral blood of nearly 11 900 dogs, was queried for the phenotype observed in young English bulldogs: CD45+ CD4- CD8- CD5+ CD3+ class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-low T-cell leukaemia. Clinical presentation, treatment, and survival data were collected for a subset of cases. Fifty-five English bulldog cases and 64 cases of other breeds were identified. No other breed was represented by >5 cases. Complete medical records were obtained for 50 bulldogs. Median age at diagnosis was 3 years and 76% of cases were male. Median lymphocyte count was 44 286 lymphocytes/μl (range, 1800-317 684/μl) and lymphocytes were described as small to intermediate-sized. Many dogs were thrombocytopenic and had liver and spleen involvement, but not lymphadenopathy. Bulldogs that received multi-agent chemotherapy had longer median survival times (83 days) compared to dogs that received no treatment (6 days) or less aggressive therapy (15 days) (p = .001). Non-bulldogs had similar outcomes. CD4- CD8- class II MHC-low T-cell leukaemia has an aggressive clinical course and predilection for young English bulldogs. Breed-specific presentation suggests an underlying genetic cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Frankhouse
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Emily D Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kelly L Hughes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Julia D Labadie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Janna A Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan E Lana
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Anne C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Rout ED, Labadie JD, Yoshimoto JA, Avery PR, Curran KM, Avery AC. Clinical outcome and prognostic factors in dogs with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A retrospective study. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1918-1928. [PMID: 33998726 PMCID: PMC8295712 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL) in dogs generally is considered an indolent disease, but previous studies indicate a wide range in survival times. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that BCLL has a heterogeneous clinical course, similar to chronic lymphocytic leukemia in humans. We aimed to assess presentation and outcome in dogs with BCLL and evaluate the prognostic relevance of clinical and flow cytometric factors. ANIMALS One hundred and twenty-one dogs with BCLL diagnosed by flow cytometry. Three breed groups were represented: small breed dogs (n = 55) because of increased risk of BCLL; Boxers (n = 33) because of preferential use of unmutated immunoglobulin genes; and other breeds (n = 33). METHODS Retrospective study reviewing signalment, clinicopathologic data, physical examination findings, treatment, and survival of dogs with BCLL. Cellular proliferation, determined by the percentage of Ki67-expressing CD21+ B-cells by flow cytometry, was measured in 39 of 121 cases. Clinical and laboratory variables were evaluated for association with survival. RESULTS The median survival time (MST) for all cases was 300 days (range, 1-1644 days). Boxers had significantly shorter survival (MST, 178 days) than non-Boxers (MST, 423 days; P < .0001), and no significant survival difference was found between small breeds and other non-Boxer breeds. Cases with high Ki67 (>40% Ki67-expressing B-cells) had significantly shorter survival (MST, 173 days) than did cases with <40% Ki67 (MST undetermined; P = .03), regardless of breed. Cases with a high lymphocyte count (>60 000 lymphocytes/μL) or clinical signs at presentation had significantly shorter survival. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia had a variable clinical course and Boxer dogs and cases with high Ki67 had more aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Julia D Labadie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Janna A Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Curran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Anne C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Hughes KL, Ehrhart EJ, Rout ED, Harris LJ, Fernandez M, Yoshimoto JA, Dossey J, Kuzmik AR, Avery PR, Avery AC. Diffuse Small B-Cell Lymphoma: A High-Grade Malignancy. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:912-922. [PMID: 33461440 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820985221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The most common subtype of lymphoma in the dog is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The remaining forms of B-cell lymphoma in dogs are categorized as small-to-intermediate in size and include marginal zone, follicular, mantle cell, and small-cell lymphocytic lymphoma. Marginal zone lymphoma and follicular lymphoma have readily identifiable unique histologic features while other forms of small B-cell lymphoma in the dog are poorly described by histopathology. Forty-seven cases of nodal small B-cell lymphoma identified by flow cytometry (small cell size based on forward scatter) with concurrent histopathology were reviewed. These cases fell into 3 histologic subtypes: marginal zone lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and a diffuse form of small B-cell lymphoma with consistent features. As a descriptive term, we refer to the latter subtype as diffuse small B-cell lymphoma (DSBCL) until it can be further characterized by gene expression profiling and other molecular tools. Clinical presentation of DSBCL was compared to cases of histologically confirmed DLBCL and clinical follow-up was obtained for 22 of the 27 cases of DSBCL. This subset of diffuse small B-cell lymphoma had an overall median survival of 140 days. The expression of CD21, class II MHC and CD25 by flow cytometry did not differ between DSBCL and the other histologic subtypes of small cell B-cell lymphoma making histopathology the only current method of classification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E J Ehrhart
- 70722Ethos Veterinary Health, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Emily D Rout
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul R Avery
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Anne C Avery
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Rout ED, Moore AR, Burnett RC, Labadie JD, Hughes KL, Navin PA, Yoshimoto JA, Avery PR, Avery AC. Polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis in English bulldogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2622-2635. [PMID: 33058280 PMCID: PMC7694837 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background English bulldogs disproportionally develop an expansion of small B‐cells, which has been interpreted as B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL). However, clonality testing in these cases has often not been supportive of neoplasia. Hypothesis English bulldogs have a syndrome of nonneoplastic B‐cell expansion. Animals Eighty‐four English bulldogs with small‐sized CD21+ B‐cell lymphocytosis in the blood as determined by flow cytometry. Methods This is a retrospective study. We characterized this syndrome by assessing B‐cell clonality, clinical presentation, flow cytometric features, and immunoglobulin gammopathy patterns. We identified 84 cases with CD21+ lymphocytosis among 195 English bulldogs with blood samples submitted to the Colorado State University‐Clinical Immunology laboratory for immunophenotyping between 2010 and 2019. Flow cytometry features were compared to normal B‐cells and BCLL cases. PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements (PARR) by multiple immunoglobulin primers was performed to assess B‐cell clonality. A subset of cases with gammopathy were examined by protein electrophoresis, immunofixation, and immunoglobulin subclass ELISA quantification. Results Seventy percent (58/83) of cases had polyclonal or restricted polyclonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements, suggesting nonmalignant B‐cell expansion. The median age of all dogs in the study was 6.8 years and 74% were male. The median (range) lymphocyte count was 22 400/μL (2000‐384 400/μL) and B‐cells had low expression of class II MHC and CD25. Splenomegaly or splenic masses were detected in 57% (26/46) of cases and lymphadenopathy in 11% (7/61). Seventy‐one percent (52/73) of cases had hyperglobulinemia and 77% (23/30) with globulin characterization had IgA ± IgM polyclonal or restricted polyclonal gammopathy patterns. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Polyclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis in English bulldogs is characterized by low B‐cell class II MHC and CD25 expression, splenomegaly and hyperglobulinemia consisting of increased IgA ± IgM. We hypothesize that this syndrome has a genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - A Russell Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert C Burnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Julia D Labadie
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelly L Hughes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul A Navin
- VCA All Pets Animal Hospital, Lockport, Illinois, USA
| | - Janna A Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Anne C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Rout ED, Labadie JD, Curran KM, Yoshimoto JA, Avery AC, Avery PR. Immunophenotypic characterization and clinical outcome in cats with lymphocytosis. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 34:105-116. [PMID: 31693230 PMCID: PMC6979106 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphocytosis is relatively common in cats, but few studies describe lymphocyte populations or the clinical course associated with different immunophenotypic expansions. Hypothesis/Objectives We hypothesized that cats frequently develop non‐neoplastic lymphocytosis and that different neoplastic immunophenotypes have variable prognoses. We aimed to characterize the lymphocyte expansions in a large population of cats with lymphocytosis and to assess clinical presentation and outcome in a subset. Animals Three cohorts of cats older than 1 year with lymphocytosis (>6000/μL) were examined to define immunophenotypic categories (n = 146), evaluate outcome (n = 94), and determine prevalence of immunophenotypes (n = 350). Methods Retrospective study of cats with blood submitted for flow cytometry. Medical records (n = 94) were reviewed for clinical data, treatment, and survival information. Results Five major immunophenotypic categories were identified: B cell, heterogeneous (≥2 lineages expanded), CD4+ T cell, CD4−CD8− (double negative [DN]) T cell, and CD5‐low‐expressing T cell. B‐cell and heterogeneous phenotypes were more consistent with a non‐neoplastic process, having polyclonal antigen receptor gene rearrangements, younger age at presentation, lower lymphocyte counts, and prolonged survival. The neoplastic phenotypes, CD4+ T cell, DN T cell, and CD5 low T cell, had different median survival times (752 days [n = 37], 271 days [n = 7], 27.5 days [n = 12], respectively). Among CD4+ T‐cell cases, cats with abdominal lymphadenopathy, intestinal involvement, or both and females had shorter survival. Among 350 cats with lymphocytosis, CD4+ T‐cell lymphocytosis was most common, followed by heterogeneous and B‐cell phenotypes. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Neoplastic CD4+ T‐cell lymphocytosis is common in cats and has a prolonged clinical course compared to aberrant T‐cell phenotypes. Cats with heterogeneous and B‐cell lymphocyte expansions commonly have non‐neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Julia D Labadie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kaitlin M Curran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Janna A Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Anne C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Rout ED, Burnett RC, Yoshimoto JA, Avery PR, Avery AC. Assessment of immunoglobulin heavy chain, immunoglobulin light chain, and T-cell receptor clonality testing in the diagnosis of feline lymphoid neoplasia. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48 Suppl 1:45-58. [PMID: 31478220 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiation between neoplastic and reactive lymphocytic proliferations can be challenging in cats. PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements (PARR) testing is a useful diagnostic tool to assess clonality of a lymphoid population. Previous feline PARR studies evaluated clonality of complete immunoglobulin heavy chain V-D-J (IGH-VDJ) and T-cell receptor gamma (TRG) gene rearrangements. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of feline PARR primers targeting complete IGH-VDJ and TRG rearrangements, as well as incomplete IGH-DJ, kappa deleting element (Kde), and immunoglobulin lambda light chain (IGL) gene rearrangements in defined feline neoplasms and nonneoplastic controls. METHODS Fluorescently labeled PCR primers were designed to amplify complete IGH-VDJ, incomplete IGH-DJ, Kde, IGL, and TRG gene rearrangements in two multiplexed PCR reactions, and PCR products were analyzed by fragment analysis. Fresh tissue samples from 12 flow cytometrically confirmed B-cell lymphomas, 26 cytologically confirmed gastric and renal lymphomas of presumed B-cell origin, 30 flow cytometrically confirmed T-cell leukemias, and 11 negative control cats were tested. RESULTS Using four immunoglobulin primer sets (IGH-VDJ, IGH-DJ, Kde, and IGL), clonal immunoglobulin rearrangements were detected in 87% (33/38) of the presumed B-cell neoplasms. The IGH-VDJ reaction alone only detected clonality in 50% (19/38) of these cases. TRG rearrangements were clonal in 97% (29/30) of the T-cell leukemia cases. All negative control samples had polyclonal immunoglobulin and TRG rearrangements. CONCLUSIONS The PARR assay developed in this study is useful for assessing clonality in feline lymphoid neoplasms. Clonality assessment of incomplete IGH-DJ, Kde, and IGL rearrangements helped identify clonal B-cell neoplasms not detected with complete IGH-VDJ PARR alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Robert C Burnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Janna A Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Paul R Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Anne C Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Rout ED, Burnett RC, Labadie JD, Yoshimoto JA, Avery AC. Preferential use of unmutated immunoglobulin heavy variable region genes in Boxer dogs with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191205. [PMID: 29385200 PMCID: PMC5791963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a clinically heterogeneous disease, and immunoglobulin heavy variable region (IGHV) gene mutational status is an important prognostic marker. IGHV mutational status has not been previously examined in canine CLL. We sequenced the IGHV-D-J rearrangements from 55 canine patients with CLL, including 36 non-Boxer and 19 Boxer dogs. The majority of non-Boxers (75%) had mutated IGHV genes, whereas the majority of Boxers (79%) had unmutated IGHV genes. IGHV3-41 and IGHV3-67 gene usage was significantly higher in Boxers with CLL compared to non-Boxers. Additionally, 11 Boxers with large B-cell lymphoma and the normal IGHV repertoire of six control dogs (three Boxers and three non-Boxers) were sequenced. IGHV3-41 was preferentially used in Boxers with other forms of lymphoma and without lymphoproliferative disease. However, preferential use of unmutated IGHV genes was unique to Boxers with CLL, suggesting Boxers may be a valuable model to investigate unmutated CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Case-Control Studies
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Dog Diseases/genetics
- Dog Diseases/immunology
- Dogs
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
- Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/veterinary
- Male
- Mutation
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Species Specificity
- VDJ Exons
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D. Rout
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert C. Burnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julia D. Labadie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Janna A. Yoshimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anne C. Avery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Hughes KL, Labadie JD, Yoshimoto JA, Dossey JJ, Burnett RC, Avery AC. Increased frequency of CD45 negative T cells (T zone cells) in older Golden retriever dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 16:E109-E116. [PMID: 28905476 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T zone lymphoma (TZL) is characterized by the clonal expansion of T cells lacking expression of the pan-leukocyte antigen CD45 (TZ cells). A strong breed predisposition is observed in Golden retrievers. This study aimed to confirm aberrant CD45 mRNA expression and determine if Golden retrievers without clinical lymphoma have an increased frequency of circulating TZ cells. Gene expression analysis on confirmed TZL cases showed a significant decrease in CD45 expression compared to normal dogs. Peripheral blood samples from senior dogs, 242 Golden retrievers and 42 non-Golden retrievers, without evidence of lymphoproliferative disease were assessed for the presence of TZ cells by flow cytometry. Thirty-one percent of Golden retrievers had TZ cells compared to 14% of non-Golden retrievers. Thirty-four percent of Golden retrievers with TZ cells had a clonal T cell receptor gamma (TRG) gene rearrangement. Interestingly, 20% of Golden retrievers without TZ cells also had a clonal TRG rearrangement. Golden retrievers may have an increased risk of TZL due to an increased frequency of TZ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Hughes
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - J D Labadie
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - J A Yoshimoto
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - J J Dossey
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - R C Burnett
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - A C Avery
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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