Preparation and characterization of interface-modified PLA/starch/PCL ternary blends using PLLA/triclosan antibacterial nanoparticles for medical applications

In this study, the antibacterial, interface-modified ternary blends based on polylactic acid/starch/polycaprolactone were prepared for medical applications.

Simulation of mechanical behavior and optimization of simulated injection molding process for PLA based antibacterial composite and nanocomposite bone screws using central composite design

In this study, injection molding of three poly lactic acid (PLA) based bone screws was simulated and optimized through minimizing the shrinkage and warpage of the bone screws. The optimization was carried out by investigating the process factors such as coolant temperature, mold temperature, melt temperature, packing time, injection time, and packing pressure. A response surface methodology (RSM), based on the central composite design (CCD), was used to determine the effects of the process factors on the PLA based bone screws. Upon applying the method of maximizing the desirability function, optimization of the factors gave the lowest warpage and shrinkage for nanocomposite PLA bone screw (PLA9). Moreover, PLA9 has the greatest desirability among the selected materials for bone screw injection molding. Meanwhile, a finite element analysis (FE analysis) was also performed to determine the force values and concentration points which cause yielding of the screws under certain conditions. The Von-Mises stress distribution showed that PLA9 screw is more resistant against the highest loads as compared to the other ones. Finally, according to the results of injection molding simulations, the design of experiments (DOE) and structural analysis, PLA9 screw is recommended as the best candidate for the production of biomedical materials among all the three types of screws.

Investigating the role of surface micro/nano structure in cell adhesion behavior of superhydrophobic polypropylene/nanosilica surfaces

The main aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of different topographical features on the biological performance of polypropylene (PP)/silica coatings. To this end, a novel method including combined use of nanoparticles and non-solvent was used for preparation of superhydrophobic PP coatings. The proposed method led to a much more homogeneous appearance with a better adhesion to the glass substrate. Moreover, a notable reduction was observed in the required contents of nanoparticles (100-20 wt% with respect to the polymer) and non-solvent (35.5-9 vol%) for achieving superhydrophobicity. Surface composition and morphology of the coatings were also investigated via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Based on both qualitative and quantitative evaluations, it was found that the superhydrophobic coatings with only nano-scale roughness strongly prevented adhesion and proliferation of 4T1 mouse mammary tumor cells as compared to the superhydrophobic surfaces with micro-scale structure. Such results demonstrate that the cell behavior could be controlled onto the polymer and nanocomposite-based surfaces via tuning the surface micro/nano structure.

Tuning cell adhesion on polymeric and nanocomposite surfaces: Role of topography versus superhydrophobicity

Development of surface modification procedures which allow tuning the cell adhesion on the surface of biomaterials and devices is of great importance. In this study, the effects of different topographies and wettabilities on cell adhesion behavior of polymeric surfaces are investigated. To this end, an improved phase separation method was proposed to impart various wettabilities (hydrophobic and superhydrophobic) on polypropylene surfaces. Surface morphologies and compositions were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. Cell culture was conducted to evaluate the adhesion of 4T1 mouse mammary tumor cells. It was found that processing conditions such as drying temperature is highly influential in cell adhesion behavior due to the formation of an utterly different surface topography. It was concluded that surface topography plays a more significant role in cell adhesion behavior rather than superhydrophobicity since the nano-scale topography highly inhibited the cell adhesion as compared to the micro-scale topography. Such cell repellent behavior could be very useful in many biomedical devices such as those in drug delivery and blood contacting applications as well as biosensors.

Superhydrophobic cotton fabrics coated by chitosan and titanium dioxide nanoparticles with enhanced antibacterial and UV-protecting properties

Superhydrophobic cotton fabrics were fabricated using chitosan/titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanocomposites. Morphology results revealed that the fabric's surface was utterly coated by the nanoparticles leading to the formation of a highly packed nano-scale structure in the case of superhydrophobic coating. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results also proved that TiO₂ nanoparticles were highly adsorbed onto the fabric's top layer. Durability of the superhydrophobic coating was investigated by immersing the fabric into harsh solutions and also by subjecting the fabric to sonication. The results showed the high resistance of the superhydrophobic fabric against harsh conditions. The nanocomposite-coated fabrics were found to exhibit promising UV-protecting properties especially for the superhydrophobic fabric which showed around 80% enhancement in the UV protecting properties as compared with the uncoated fabric. The bacterial adhesion results revealed that the combination of chitosan and TiO₂ results in high antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. The bacterial reduction percentages were further increased to 99.8 and 97.3% against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, once the superhydrophobic character was also induced to the fabrics. The developed nanocomposite coated fabrics exhibited promising potential to be used as antibacterial and self-cleaning garments in hospital-related applications.

Emphasizing the role of surface chemistry on hydrophobicity and cell adhesion behavior of polydimethylsiloxane/TiO2 nanocomposite films

Improving the bioinertness of materials is of great importance for developing biomedical devices that contact human tissues. The main goal of this study was to establish correlations among surface morphology, roughness and chemistry with hydrophobicity and cell adhesion in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposites loaded with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles. Firstly, wettability results showed that the nanocomposite loaded with 30 wt.% of TiO₂ exhibited a superhydrophobic behavior; however, the morphology and roughness analysis proved that there was no discernible difference between the surface structures of samples loaded with 20 and 30 wt.% of nanoparticles. Both cell culture and MTT assay experiments showed that, despite the similarity between the surface structures, the sample loaded with 30 wt.% nanoparticles exhibits the greatest reduction in the cell viability (80%) as compared with the pure PDMS film. According to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results, the remarkable reduction in cell viability of the superhydrophobic sample could be majorly attributed to the role of surface chemistry. The obtained results emphasize the importance of adjusting the surface properties especially surface chemistry to gain the optimum cell adhesion behavior.

Optimization simulated injection molding process for ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene nanocomposite hip liner using response surface methodology and simulation of mechanical behavior

In this study, injection molding process of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) reinforced with nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) was simulated and optimized through minimizing the shrinkage and warpage of the hip liners as an essential part of a hip prosthesis. Fractional factorial design (FFD) was applied to the design of the experiment, modeling, and optimizing the shrinkage and warpage of UHMWPE/nHA composite liners. The Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to find the importance of operative parameters and their effects. In this experiment, seven input parameters were surveyed, including mold temperature (A), melt temperature (B), injection time (C), packing time (D), packing pressure (E), coolant temperature (F), and type of liner (G). Two models were capable of predicting warpage and volumetric shrinkage (%) in different conditions with R² of 0.9949 and 0.9989, respectively. According to the models, the optimized values of warpage and volumetric shrinkage are 0.287222 mm and 13.6613%, respectively. Meanwhile, a finite element analysis (FE analysis) was also carried out to examine the stress distribution in liners under the force values of demanding and daily activities. The Von-Mises stress distribution showed that both of the liners can be applied to all activities with no failure. However, UHMWPE/nHA liner is more resistant to the highest loads than UHMWPE liner due to the effect of nHA in the nanocomposite. Finally, according to the results of injection molding simulations, optimization, structural analysis as well as the tensile strength and wear resistance, UHMWPE/nHA liner is recommended for the production of a hip prosthesis.

Developing multicomponent edible films based on chitosan, hybrid of essential oils, and nanofibers: Study on physicochemical and antibacterial properties

Plastic waste is one of the major threats to the environment, and an urgent need to replace synthetic plastics with sustainable materials is progressively growing. Herein, sustainable films based on chitosan, Satureja, and Thyme essential oils (EOs), and chitosan nanofibers (NF) were developed for the first time. To this end, 1% (w/w) of EOs and 2 wt% of NF were incorporated into the chitosan solution. Despite the very similar chemical structure of carvacrol and thymol, which are the major constituents of Satureja and Thyme EOs, respectively, they imposed notably different effects on the physicochemical properties of chitosan films. Thyme EO was more efficient at establishing hydrogen bonds with chitosan. The disruptive effect of EOs on the crystalline network of chitosan was demonstrated through X-ray diffraction analysis. Satureja and Thyme EOs decreased and increased the barrier property of the chitosan films against water vapor, respectively. However, the barrier property was greatly improved in the presence of chitosan nanofibers. Satureja EO exhibited a more efficient antibacterial property against E. coli rather than Thyme EO. The fruits and vegetables, coated by the chitosan/EO/NF system, were less perished as compared with the control and chitosan-coated samples indicating the promising potential of the developed system to be used as edible and sustainable films and coatings due to their enhanced antibacterial and barrier properties.

Preparation and characterization of polylactic-co-glycolic acid/insulin nanoparticles encapsulated in methacrylate coated gelatin with sustained release for specific medical applications

This study aimed to examine the possibility of using insulin orally with gelatin encapsulation to enhance the usefulness of the drug and increase the lifespan of insulin in the body using polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles alongside gelatin encapsulation. In this regard, PLGA was synthesized via ring opening polymerization, and PLGA/insulin nanoparticles were prepared by a modified emulsification-diffusion process. The resulting nanoparticles with various amounts of insulin were fully characterized using FTIR, DSC, DLS, zeta potential, SEM, and glucose uptake methods, with results indicating the interaction between the insulin and PLGA. The process efficiency of encapsulation was higher than 92%, while the encapsulation efficiency of nanoparticles, based on an insulin content of 20 to 40%, was optimized at 93%. According to the thermal studies, the PLGA encapsulation increases the thermal stability of the insulin. The morphological studies showed the fine dispersion of insulin in the PLGA matrix, which we further confirmed by the Kjeldahl method. According to the release studies and kinetics, in-vitro degradation, and particle size analysis, the sample loaded with 30% insulin showed optimum overall properties, and thus it was encapsulated with gelatin followed by coating with aqueous methacrylate coating. Release studies at pH values of 3 and 7.4, alongside the Kjeldahl method and standard dissolution test at pH 5.5, and glucose uptake assay tests clearly showed the capsules featured 3-4 h biodegradation resistance at a lower pH along with the sustained release, making these gelatin-encapsulated nanoparticles promising alternatives for oral applications.[Figure: see text].

Correction: Preparation and characterization of interface-modified PLA/starch/PCL ternary blends using PLLA/triclosan antibacterial nanoparticles for medical applications

Correction for ‘Preparation and characterization of interface-modified PLA/starch/PCL ternary blends using PLLA/triclosan antibacterial nanoparticles for medical applications’ by Saeed Davoodi et al., RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 39870–39882.