1
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Shaked SA, Abehsera S, Ziegler A, Bentov S, Manor R, Weil S, Ohana E, Eichler J, Aflalo ED, Sagi A. A transporter that allows phosphate ions to control the polymorph of exoskeletal calcium carbonate biomineralization. Acta Biomater 2024; 178:221-232. [PMID: 38428510 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The SLC20A2 transporter supplies phosphate ions (Pi) for diverse biological functions in vertebrates, yet has not been studied in crustaceans. Unlike vertebrates, whose skeletons are mineralized mainly by calcium phosphate, only minute amounts of Pi are found in the CaCO3-mineralized exoskeletons of invertebrates. In this study, a crustacean SLC20A2 transporter was discovered and Pi transport to exoskeletal elements was studied with respect to the role of Pi in invertebrate exoskeleton biomineralization, revealing an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for Pi transport in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Freshwater crayfish, including the study animal Cherax quadricarinatus, require repeated molt cycles for their growth. During the molt cycle, crayfish form transient exoskeletal mineral storage organs named gastroliths, which mostly contain amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), an unstable polymorph long-thought to be stabilized by Pi. RNA interference experiments via CqSLC20A2 dsRNA injections reduced Pi content in C. quadricarinatus gastroliths, resulting in increased calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystallinity and grain size. The discovery of a SLC20A2 transporter in crustaceans and the demonstration that knocking down its mRNA reduced Pi content in exoskeletal elements offers the first direct proof of a long-hypothesized mechanism by which Pi affects CaCO3 biomineralization in the crustacean exoskeleton. This research thus demonstrated the distinct role of Pi as an amorphous mineral polymorph stabilizer in vivo, suggesting further avenues for amorphous biomaterial studies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: • Crustaceans exoskeletons are hardened mainly by CaCO3, with Pi in minute amounts • Pi was hypothesized to stabilize exoskeletal amorphous mineral forms in vivo • For the first time, transport protein for Pi was discovered in crayfish • Transport knock-down resulted in exoskeletal CaCO3 crystallization and reduced Pi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai A Shaked
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Shai Abehsera
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Shmuel Bentov
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Rivka Manor
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Simy Weil
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ehud Ohana
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Eliahu D Aflalo
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; Department of Life Sciences, Achva Academic College, 79804, Israel
| | - Amir Sagi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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2
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Mor-Rashti Z, Levin R, Eichler J, Gur E. The Bacterial Proteasome Inter-domain Is a Selectivity Barrier for Degradation-tag Binding. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168462. [PMID: 38301806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Protein degradation, which occurs in all cells, is essential for proper cellular function by regulating many cellular processes, destroying misfolded proteins, and providing protein building blocks under starvation conditions. As proteolysis is a destructive process, it is carried out by tightly regulated enzymes that evolved to interact with their protein substrates in a highly controlled and selective manner. The agents of protein degradation include proteasomes, AAA+ proteolytic machines found in all kingdoms of life. The bacterial proteasome specifically recognizes proteins conjugated to a protein tag termed Pup, with the proteasome regulatory particle, a ring-shaped hexamer termed Mpa in mycobacteria, being responsible for Pup recognition. Once Pup binds Mpa, Pup enters the central pore, where the Mpa AAA+ domain links ATP hydrolysis to the translocation of Pup and its conjugated substrate into a barrel-shaped proteasome core particle, where peptide bond cleavage occurs. As Pup traverses the Mpa pore en route to the AAA+ domain, it passes the inter-domain. Although the inter-domain is conserved in all proteasomes, its role in substrate processing remained unclear. We report here that the Mpa inter-domain promotes Pup binding via electrostatic interactions between conserved charged inter-domain pore loops and charged Pup residues. As such, the inter-domain serves as a gatekeeper that selects for Pup binding, thus facilitating tag interaction with the downstream AAA+ domain. Our findings thus reveal the existence of an additional level of substrate binding regulation in an AAA+ protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Mor-Rashti
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Roni Levin
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Eyal Gur
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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3
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Gershberg J, Morhaim M, Rostrovsky I, Eichler J, Sal-Man N. The sequence of events of enteropathogenic E. coli's type III secretion system translocon assembly. iScience 2024; 27:109108. [PMID: 38375228 PMCID: PMC10875159 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens employ the type III secretion system (T3SS), a specialized complex that transports effector proteins that manipulate various cellular processes. The T3SS forms a translocon pore within the host-cell membrane consisting of two secreted proteins that transition from a soluble state into a transmembrane complex. Still, the exact sequence of events leading to the formation of a membranous functional pore remains uncertain. Here, we utilized the translocon proteins of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) to investigate the sequence of those steps leading to translocon assembly, including self-oligomerization, hetero-oligomerization, interprotein interaction, and membrane insertion. We found that in EPEC, EspD (SctE) plays a dominant role in pore formation as it assembles into an oligomeric state, regardless of pH, membrane contact, or the presence of EspB (SctB). Subsequently, EspB subunits integrate into EspD homo-oligomers to create EspB-EspD hetero-oligomers that adopt a transmembrane orientation to create a functional pore complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenia Gershberg
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - May Morhaim
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Irina Rostrovsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Neta Sal-Man
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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4
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Notaro A, Zaretsky M, Molinaro A, De Castro C, Eichler J. N-glycosylation in Archaea: Unusual sugars and unique modifications. Carbohydr Res 2023; 534:108963. [PMID: 37890267 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Archaea are microorganisms that comprise a distinct branch of the universal tree of life and which are best known as extremophiles, residing in a variety of environments characterized by harsh physical conditions. One seemingly universal trait of Archaea is the ability to perform N-glycosylation. At the same time, archaeal N-linked glycans present variety in terms of both composition and architecture not seen in the parallel eukaryal or bacterial processes. In this mini-review, many of the unique and unusual sugars found in archaeal N-linked glycans as identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Notaro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Marianna Zaretsky
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel.
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5
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Nsasra E, Dahan I, Eichler J, Yifrach O. It's Time for Entropic Clocks: The Roles of Random Chain Protein Sequences in Timing Ion Channel Processes Underlying Action Potential Properties. Entropy (Basel) 2023; 25:1351. [PMID: 37761650 PMCID: PMC10527868 DOI: 10.3390/e25091351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, it has become clear that intrinsically disordered protein segments play diverse functional roles in many cellular processes, thus leading to a reassessment of the classical structure-function paradigm. One class of intrinsically disordered protein segments is entropic clocks, corresponding to unstructured random protein chains involved in timing cellular processes. Such clocks were shown to modulate ion channel processes underlying action potential generation, propagation, and transmission. In this review, we survey the role of entropic clocks in timing intra- and inter-molecular binding events of voltage-activated potassium channels involved in gating and clustering processes, respectively, and where both are known to occur according to a similar 'ball and chain' mechanism. We begin by delineating the thermodynamic and timing signatures of a 'ball and chain'-based binding mechanism involving entropic clocks, followed by a detailed analysis of the use of such a mechanism in the prototypical Shaker voltage-activated K+ channel model protein, with particular emphasis on ion channel clustering. We demonstrate how 'chain'-level alternative splicing of the Kv channel gene modulates entropic clock-based 'ball and chain' inactivation and clustering channel functions. As such, the Kv channel model system exemplifies how linkage between alternative splicing and intrinsic disorder enables the functional diversity underlying changes in electrical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ofer Yifrach
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (E.N.); (J.E.)
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6
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Gebhard LJ, Vershinin Z, Alarcón-Schumacher T, Eichler J, Erdmann S. Influence of N-Glycosylation on Virus-Host Interactions in Halorubrum lacusprofundi. Viruses 2023; 15:1469. [PMID: 37515157 PMCID: PMC10384203 DOI: 10.3390/v15071469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that occurs across all three domains of life. In Archaea, N-glycosylation is crucial for cell stability and motility, but importantly also has significant implications for virus-host interactions. While some archaeal viruses present glycosylated proteins or interact with glycosylated host proteins, the direct influence of N-glycosylation on archaeal virus-host interactions remains to be elucidated. In this study, we generated an N-glycosylation-deficient mutant of Halorubrum lacusprofundi, a halophilic archaeon commonly used to study cold adaptation, and examined the impact of compromised N-glycosylation on the infection dynamics of two very diverse viruses. While compromised N-glycosylation had no influence on the life cycle of the head-tailed virus HRTV-DL1, we observed a significant effect on membrane-containing virus HFPV-1. Both intracellular genome numbers and extracellular virus particle numbers of HFPV-1 were increased in the mutant strain, which we attribute to instability of the surface-layer which builds the protein envelope of the cell. When testing the impact of compromised N-glycosylation on the life cycle of plasmid vesicles, specialized membrane vesicles that transfer a plasmid between host cells, we determined that plasmid vesicle stability is strongly dependent on the host glycosylation machinery. Our study thus provides important insight into the role of N-glycosylation in virus-host interactions in Archaea, while pointing to how this influence strongly differs amongst various viruses and virus-like elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Johanna Gebhard
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Archaeal Virology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Zlata Vershinin
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 84105, Israel
| | | | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 84105, Israel
| | - Susanne Erdmann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Archaeal Virology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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7
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Marek R, Eichler J, Schwarze UY, Fischerauer S, Suljevic O, Berger L, Löffler JF, Uggowitzer PJ, Weinberg AM. Long-term in vivo degradation of Mg-Zn-Ca elastic stable intramedullary nails and their influence on the physis of juvenile sheep. Biomater Adv 2023; 150:213417. [PMID: 37087913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of bioresorbable magnesium (Mg)-based elastic stable intramedullary nails (ESIN) is highly promising for the treatment of pediatric long-bone fractures. Being fully resorbable, a removal surgery is not required, preventing repeated physical and psychological stress for the child. Further, the osteoconductive properties of the material support fracture healing. Nowadays, ESIN are exclusively implanted in a non-transphyseal manner to prevent growth discrepancies, although transphyseal implantation would often be required to guarantee optimized fracture stabilization. Here, we investigated the influence of trans-epiphyseally implanted Mg-Zinc (Zn)-Calcium (Ca) ESIN on the proximal tibial physis of juvenile sheep over a period of three years, until skeletal maturity was reached. We used the two alloying systems ZX10 (Mg-1Zn-0.3Ca, in wt%) and ZX00 (Mg-0.3Zn-0.4Ca, in wt%) for this study. To elaborate potential growth disturbances such as leg-length differences and axis deviations we used a combination of in vivo clinical computed tomography (cCT) and ex vivo micro CT (μCT), and also performed histology studies on the extracted bones to obtain information on the related tissue. Because there is a lack of long-term data regarding the degradation performance of magnesium-based implants, we used cCT and μCT data to evaluate the implant volume, gas volume and degradation rate of both alloying systems over a period of 148 weeks. We show that transepiphyseal implantation of Mg-Zn-Ca ESIN has no negative influence on the longitudinal bone growth in juvenile sheep, and that there is no axis deviation observed in all cases. We also illustrate that 95 % of the ESIN degraded over nearly three years, converging the time point of full resorption. We thus conclude that both, ZX10 and ZX00, constitute promising implant materials for the ESIN technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marek
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - J Eichler
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - U Y Schwarze
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - S Fischerauer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - O Suljevic
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - L Berger
- Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J F Löffler
- Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P J Uggowitzer
- Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Chair of Nonferrous Metallurgy, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - A-M Weinberg
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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8
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Eichler J. Halobacterium salinarum: Life with more than a grain of salt. Microbiology (Reading) 2023; 169. [PMID: 37068123 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Halobacterium salinarum is a halophilic (salt-loving) archaeon that grows in salt concentrations near or at saturation. Although isolated from salted fish a century ago, it was the 1971 discovery of bacteriorhodopsin, the light-driven proton pump, that raised interest in Hbt. salinarum across a range of disciplines, including biophysics, chemistry, molecular evolution and biotechnology. Hbt. salinarum have since contributed to numerous discoveries, such as advances in membrane protein structure determination and the first example of a non-eukaryal glycoprotein. Work on Hbt. salinarum, one of the species used to define Archaea, has also elucidated molecular workings in the third domain. Finally, Hbt. salinarum presents creative solutions to the challenges of life in high salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beersheva 84105, Israel
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9
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Boyarski A, Shlush N, Paz S, Eichler J, Alfonta L. Electrochemical characterization of a dual cytochrome-containing lactate dehydrogenase. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 152:108406. [PMID: 36931144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Flavin-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of L-lactate to L-pyruvate. In this study, four different enzymatic constructs were generated, and their catalytic and electrochemical properties were compared. Specifically, a truncated form of the native enzyme that includes only the catalytic domain, the native enzyme that includes an intrinsic electron-transferring cytochrome b2, a novel artificial enzyme containing a minimal cytochrome c and a version of the enzyme containing a fusion between two cytochromes were designed. All four variants were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and presented properly matured heme domains. Assessing in vitro biocatalytic performance as reflected by lactate oxidation revealed the fusion-containing enzyme to be ∼ 12 times more active than the native enzyme. Electrochemical studies of electrode drop-casted enzyme variants also showed the superior performance of the dual-cytochrome construct, which displayed a lower average redox-potential for lactate oxidation, oxygen insensitivity in the lactate oxidation potential range and a wider dynamic range for lactate sensing, relative to the native enzyme. Moreover, product inhibition of this variant occurred at much higher lactate concentrations than with the native enzyme. In addition, when lower potentials were scanned using cyclic voltammetry, lactate-dependent oxygen reduction was measured for the dual-cytochrome fusion enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasya Boyarski
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Noam Shlush
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Shiraz Paz
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Lital Alfonta
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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10
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Vershinin Z, Zaretsky M, Guan Z, Eichler J. Agl28 and Agl29 are key components of a Halobacterium salinarum N-glycosylation pathway. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2023; 370:fnad017. [PMID: 36866517 PMCID: PMC10022576 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Halobacterim salinarum provided the first example of N-glycosylation outside the Eukarya, only recently has attention focused on delineating the pathway responsible for the assembly of the N-linked tetrasaccharide decorating selected proteins in this haloarchaeon. In the present report, the roles of VNG1053G and VNG1054G, two proteins encoded by genes clustered together with a set of genes demonstrated to encode N-glycosylation pathway components, were considered. Relying on both bioinformatics and gene deletion and subsequent mass spectrometry analysis of known N-glycosylated proteins, VNG1053G was determined to be the glycosyltransferase responsible for addition of the linking glucose, while VNG1054G was deemed to be the flippase that translocates the lipid-bound tetrasaccharide across the plasma membrane to face the cell exterior, or to contribute to such activity. As observed with Hbt. salinarum lacking other components of the N-glycosylation machinery, both cell growth and motility were compromised in the absence of VNG1053G or VNG1054G. Thus, given their demonstrated roles in Hbt. salinarum N-glycosylation, VNG1053G and VNG1054G were re-annotated as Agl28 and Agl29, according to the nomenclature used to define archaeal N-glycosylation pathway components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Vershinin
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beersheva 84105, Israel
| | - Marianna Zaretsky
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beersheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beersheva 84105, Israel
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11
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Pei C, Lu H, Ma J, Eichler J, Guan Z, Gao L, Liu L, Zhou H, Yang J, Jin C. AepG is a glucuronosyltransferase involved in acidic exopolysaccharide synthesis and contributes to environmental adaptation of Haloarcula hispanica. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102911. [PMID: 36642187 PMCID: PMC9943897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The attachment of a sugar to a hydrophobic lipid carrier is the first step in the biosynthesis of many glycoconjugates. In the halophilic archaeon Haloarcula hispanica, HAH_1206, renamed AepG, is a predicted glycosyltransferase belonging to the CAZy Group 2 family that shares a conserved amino acid sequence with dolichol phosphate mannose synthases. In this study, the function of AepG was investigated by genetic and biochemical approaches. We found that aepG deletion led to the disappearance of dolichol phosphate-glucuronic acid. Our biochemical assays revealed that recombinant cellulose-binding, domain-tagged AepG could catalyze the formation of dolichol phosphate-glucuronic acid in time- and dose-dependent manners. Based on the in vivo and in vitro analyses, AepG was confirmed to be a dolichol phosphate glucuronosyltransferase involved in the synthesis of the acidic exopolysaccharide produced by H. hispanica. Furthermore, lack of aepG resulted in hindered growth and cell aggregation in high salt medium, indicating that AepG is vital for the adaptation of H. hispanica to a high salt environment. In conclusion, AepG is the first dolichol phosphate glucuronosyltransferase identified in any of the three domains of life and, moreover, offers a starting point for further investigation into the diverse pathways used for extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis in archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jiayin Ma
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linlu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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12
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Notaro A, Vershinin Z, Guan Z, Eichler J, De Castro C. An N-linked tetrasaccharide from Halobacterium salinarum presents a novel modification, sulfation of iduronic acid at the O-3 position. Carbohydr Res 2022; 521:108651. [PMID: 36037649 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Halobacterium salinarum, a halophilic archaeon that grows at near-saturating salt concentrations, provided the first example of N-glycosylation outside Eukarya. Yet, almost 50 years later, numerous aspects of such post-translational protein processing in this microorganism remain to be determined, including the architecture of glycoprotein-bound glycans. In the present report, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to define a tetrasaccharide N-linked to both archaellins, building blocks of the archaeal swimming device (the archaellum), and the S-layer glycoprotein that comprises the protein shell surrounding the Hbt. salinarum cell as β-GlcA(2S)-(1 → 4)-α-IdoA(3S)-(1 → 4)-β-GlcA-(1 → 4)-β-Glc-Asn. The structure of this tetrasaccharide fills gaps remaining from previous studies, including confirmation of the first known inclusion of iduronic acid in an archaeal N-linked glycan. At the same time, the sulfation of this iduronic acid at the O-3 position has not, to the best of our knowledge, been previously seen. As such, this may represent yet another unique facet of N-glycosylation in Archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Notaro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Zlata Vershinin
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel.
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy.
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13
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Vershinin Z, Zaretsky M, Guan Z, Eichler J. Identifying Components of a Halobacterium salinarum N-Glycosylation Pathway. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:779599. [PMID: 34925283 PMCID: PMC8674786 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.779599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas N-glycosylation is a seemingly universal process in Archaea, pathways of N-glycosylation have only been experimentally verified in a mere handful of species. Toward expanding the number of delineated archaeal N-glycosylation pathways, the involvement of the putative Halobacterium salinarum glycosyltransferases VNG1067G, VNG1066C, and VNG1062G in the assembly of an N-linked tetrasaccharide decorating glycoproteins in this species was addressed. Following deletion of each encoding gene, the impact on N-glycosylation of the S-layer glycoprotein and archaellins, major glycoproteins in this organism, was assessed by mass spectrometry. Likewise, the pool of dolichol phosphate, the lipid upon which this glycan is assembled, was also considered in each deletion strain. Finally, the impacts of such deletions were characterized in a series of biochemical, structural and physiological assays. The results revealed that VNG1067G, VNG1066C, and VNG1062G, renamed Agl25, Agl26, and Agl27 according to the nomenclature used for archaeal N-glycosylation pathway components, are responsible for adding the second, third and fourth sugars of the N-linked tetrasaccharide decorating Hbt. salinarum glycoproteins. Moreover, this study demonstrated how compromised N-glycosylation affects various facets of Hbt. salinarum cell behavior, including the transcription of archaellin-encoding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Vershinin
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Marianna Zaretsky
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
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14
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Jiang J, Eichler J, Bodner W, Fox J, Garg M, Kabarriti R, Kalnicki S, Mehta K, Rivera A, Tang J, Yap J, Ohri N, Klein J. Predictors of Financial Toxicity in Patients Receiving Concurrent Radiation and Chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.07.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Brodin P, Lubin J, Eichler J, Velten C, Zhu S, Saha S, Tomé W, Guha C, Kalnicki S, Kabarriti R, Garg M. PH-0106 FDG-PET features help predict distant metastases in oropharyngeal cancer patients with definitive RT. Radiother Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)07240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Vershinin Z, Zaretsky M, Guan Z, Eichler J. Revisiting N-glycosylation in Halobacterium salinarum: Characterizing a dolichol phosphate- and glycoprotein-bound tetrasaccharide. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1645-1654. [PMID: 34314490 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Halobacterium salinarum provided the first example of N-glycosylation outside the Eukarya, much regarding such post-translational modification in this halophilic Archaea remains either unclear or unknown. The composition of an N-linked glycan decorating both the S-layer glycoprotein and archaellins offers one such example. Originally described some 40 years ago, reports from that time on have presented conflicted findings regarding the composition of this glycan, as well as differences between the protein-bound glycan and that version of the glycan attached to the lipid upon which it is assembled. To clarify these points, liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was employed here to revisit the composition of this glycan both when attached to selected asparagine residues of target proteins and when bound to the lipid dolichol phosphate upon which the glycan is assembled. Such efforts revealed the N-linked glycan as corresponding to a tetrasacchride comprising a hexose, a sulfated hexuronic acid, a hexuronic acid and a second sulfated hexuronic acid. When attached to dolichol phosphate but not to proteins, the same tetrasaccharide is methylated on the final sugar. Moreover, in the absence of the oligosaccharyltransferase AglB, there is an accumulation of the dolichol phosphate-linked methylated and disulfated tetrasacchride. Knowing the composition of this glycan at both the lipid- and protein-bound stages, together with the availability of gene deletion approaches for manipulating Halobacterium salinarum, will allow delineation of the N-glycosylation pathway in this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Vershinin
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Marianna Zaretsky
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC, USA
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
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17
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Zerbib E, Schlussel S, Hecht N, Bagdadi N, Eichler J, Gur E. The prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein presents poor cleavage sites for proteasomal degradation. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109428. [PMID: 34320347 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In an event reminiscent of eukaryotic ubiquitination, the bacterial prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup)-proteasome system (PPS) marks target proteins for proteasomal degradation by covalently attaching Pup, the bacterial tagging molecule. Yet, ubiquitin is released from its conjugated target following proteasome binding, whereas Pup enters the proteasome and remains conjugated to the target. Here, we report that although Pup can be degraded by the bacterial proteasome, it lacks favorable 20S core particle (CP) cleavage sites and is thus a very poor 20S CP substrate. Reconstituting the PPS in vitro, we demonstrate that during pupylated protein degradation, Pup can escape unharmed and remain conjugated to a target-derived degradation fragment. Removal of this degradation fragment by Dop, a depupylase, facilitates Pup recycling and re-conjugation to a new target. This study thus offers a mechanistic model for Pup recycling and demonstrates how a lack of protein susceptibility to proteasome-mediated cleavage can play a mechanistic role in a biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Zerbib
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Shai Schlussel
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Nir Hecht
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Noy Bagdadi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Eyal Gur
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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18
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Chemla Y, Peeri M, Heltberg ML, Eichler J, Jensen MH, Tuller T, Alfonta L. A possible universal role for mRNA secondary structure in bacterial translation revealed using a synthetic operon. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4827. [PMID: 32973167 PMCID: PMC7518266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, translation re-initiation is crucial for synthesizing proteins encoded by genes that are organized into operons. The mechanisms regulating translation re-initiation remain, however, poorly understood. We now describe the ribosome termination structure (RTS), a conserved and stable mRNA secondary structure localized immediately downstream of stop codons, and provide experimental evidence for its role in governing re-initiation efficiency in a synthetic Escherichia coli operon. We further report that RTSs are abundant, being associated with 18%–65% of genes in 128 analyzed bacterial genomes representing all phyla, and are selectively depleted when translation re-initiation is advantageous yet selectively enriched so as to insulate translation when re-initiation is deleterious. Our results support a potentially universal role for the RTS in controlling translation termination-insulation and re-initiation across bacteria. The mechanisms for regulating translation re-initiation in bacteria remain poorly understood. Here, the authors screened a library of synthetic operons and identified a ribosome termination structure that modulates re-initiation efficiency and which is conserved across bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Chemla
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.,Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Michael Peeri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering and The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | | | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Mogens Høgh Jensen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tamir Tuller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering and The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
| | - Lital Alfonta
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel. .,Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel. .,Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.
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19
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Lu H, Pei C, Zhou H, Lü Y, He Y, Li Y, Han J, Xiang H, Eichler J, Jin C. Agl22 and Agl23 are involved in the synthesis and utilization of the lipid‐linked intermediates in the glycosylation pathways of the halophilic archaeaonHaloarcula hispanica. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:762-774. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Caixia Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yang Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yun He
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences Jiangsu Laboratory of Infection Immunity Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Yunsen Li
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences Jiangsu Laboratory of Infection Immunity Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Jing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Hua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beersheva Israel
| | - Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of Microbiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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20
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Eichler J, Rehm M, Azad SC. „Legal Highs“ (neue psychoaktive Substanzen). Anaesthesist 2020; 69:599-608. [DOI: 10.1007/s00101-020-00790-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Eichler J. N-glycosylation in Archaea-New roles for an ancient posttranslational modification. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:735-741. [PMID: 32633872 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genome analysis points to N-glycosylation as being an almost universal posttranslational modification in Archaea. Although such predictions have been confirmed in only a limited number of species, such studies are making it increasingly clear that the N-linked glycans which decorate archaeal glycoproteins present diversity in terms of both glycan composition and architecture far beyond what is seen in the other two domains of life. In addition to continuing to decipher pathways of N-glycosylation, recent efforts have revealed how Archaea exploit this variability in novel roles. As well as encouraging glycoprotein synthesis, folding and assembly into properly functioning higher ordered complexes, N-glycosylation also provides Archaea with a strategy to cope with changing environments. Archaea can, moreover, exploit the apparent species-specific nature of N-glycosylation for selectivity in mating, and hence, to maintain species boundaries, and in other events where cell-selective interactions are required. At the same time, addressing components of N-glycosylation pathways across archaeal phylogeny offers support for the concept of an archaeal origin for eukaryotes. In this MicroReview, these and other recent discoveries related to N-glycosylation in Archaea are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
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22
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Abstract
Eichler introduces the diversity of protein glycosylations and the roles of these modifications in regulating protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 84105, Israel.
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23
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Eichler J. Modifying Post‐Translational Modifications: A Strategy Used by Archaea for Adapting to Changing Environments? Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900207. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life SciencesBen Gurion University of the Negev Beersheva 84105 Israel
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24
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Kutnowski N, Shmulevich F, Davidov G, Shahar A, Bar-Zvi D, Eichler J, Zarivach R, Shaanan B. Specificity of protein-DNA interactions in hypersaline environment: structural studies on complexes of Halobacterium salinarum oxidative stress-dependent protein hsRosR. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:8860-8873. [PMID: 31310308 PMCID: PMC7145548 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between proteins and DNA are crucial for all biological systems. Many studies have shown the dependence of protein–DNA interactions on the surrounding salt concentration. How these interactions are maintained in the hypersaline environments that halophiles inhabit remains puzzling. Towards solving this enigma, we identified the DNA motif recognized by the Halobactrium salinarum ROS-dependent transcription factor (hsRosR), determined the structure of several hsRosR–DNA complexes and investigated the DNA-binding process under extreme high-salt conditions. The picture that emerges from this work contributes to our understanding of the principles underlying the interplay between electrostatic interactions and salt-mediated protein–DNA interactions in an ionic environment characterized by molar salt concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Kutnowski
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel
| | - Fania Shmulevich
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel
| | - Geula Davidov
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel.,National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel
| | - Anat Shahar
- Macromolecular Crystallography Research Center, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel
| | - Dudy Bar-Zvi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel.,National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel
| | - Boaz Shaanan
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410510, Israel
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25
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Guan Z, Delago A, Nußbaum P, Meyer BH, Albers SV, Eichler J. Gene deletions leading to a reduction in the number of cyclopentane rings in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius tetraether lipids. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:4675213. [PMID: 29211845 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane of (hyper)thermophilic archaea, including the thermoacidophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, incorporates dibiphytanylglycerol tetraether lipids. The hydrophobic cores of such tetraether lipids can include up to eight cyclopentane rings. Presently, nothing is known of the biosynthesis of these rings. In this study, a series of S. acidocaldarius mutants deleted of genes currently annotated as encoding proteins involved in sugar/polysaccharide processing were generated and their glycolipids were considered. Whereas the glycerol-dialkyl-glycerol tetraether core of a S. acidocaldarius tetraether glycolipid considered here mostly includes four cyclopentane rings, in cells where the Saci_0421 or Saci_1201 genes had been deleted, species containing zero, two or four cyclopentane rings were observed. At the same time, in cells lacking Saci_0201, Saci_0275, Saci_1101, Saci_1249 or Saci_1706, lipids containing mostly four cyclopentane rings were detected. Although Saci_0421 and Saci_1201 are not found in proximity to other genes putatively involved in lipid biosynthesis, homologs of these sequences exist in other Archaea containing cyclopentane-containing tetraether lipids. Thus, Saci_0421 and Saci_1201 represent the first proteins described that somehow contribute to the appearance of cyclopentane rings in the core moiety of the S. acidocaldarius glycolipid considered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Antonia Delago
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 84105, Israel
| | - Phillip Nußbaum
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute for Biology II-Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin H Meyer
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute for Biology II-Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonja-Verena Albers
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute for Biology II-Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 84105, Israel
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26
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Zaretsky M, Darnell CL, Schmid AK, Eichler J. N-Glycosylation Is Important for Halobacterium salinarum Archaellin Expression, Archaellum Assembly and Cell Motility. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1367. [PMID: 31275283 PMCID: PMC6591318 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Halobacterium salinarum are halophilic archaea that display directional swimming in response to various environmental signals, including light, chemicals and oxygen. In Hbt. salinarum, the building blocks (archaellins) of the archaeal swimming apparatus (the archaellum) are N-glycosylated. However, the physiological importance of archaellin N-glycosylation remains unclear. Here, a tetrasaccharide comprising a hexose and three hexuronic acids decorating the five archaellins was characterized by mass spectrometry. Such analysis failed to detect sulfation of the hexuronic acids, in contrast to earlier reports. To better understand the physiological significance of Hbt. salinarum archaellin N-glycosylation, a strain deleted of aglB, encoding the archaeal oligosaccharyltransferase, was generated. In this ΔaglB strain, archaella were not detected and only low levels of archaellins were released into the medium, in contrast to what occurs with the parent strain. Mass spectrometry analysis of the archaellins in ΔaglB cultures did not detect N-glycosylation. ΔaglB cells also showed a slight growth defect and were impaired for motility. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed dramatically reduced transcript levels of archaellin-encoding genes in the mutant strain, suggesting that N-glycosylation is important for archaellin transcription, with downstream effects on archaellum assembly and function. Control of AglB-dependent post-translational modification of archaellins could thus reflect a previously unrecognized route for regulating Hbt. salinarum motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Zaretsky
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | | | - Amy K Schmid
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel.
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28
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Grün N, Holweg P, Tangl S, Eichler J, Berger L, van den Beucken J, Löffler J, Klestil T, Weinberg A. Comparison of a resorbable magnesium implant in small and large growing-animal models. Acta Biomater 2018; 78:378-386. [PMID: 30059798 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fracture treatment in children needs new implant materials to overcome disadvantages associated with removal surgery. Magnesium-based implants constitute a biocompatible and bioresorbable alternative. In adults and especially in children, implant safety needs to be evaluated. In children the bone turnover rate is higher and implant material might influence growth capacity, and the long-term effect of accumulated particles or ions is more critical due to the host's prolonged post-surgery lifespan. In this study we aimed to investigate the degradation behavior of ZX00 (Mg-0.45Zn-0.45Ca; in wt.%) in a small and a large animal model to find out whether there is a difference between the two models (i) in degradation rate and (ii) in bone formation and in-growth. Our results 6, 12 and 24 weeks after ZX00 implantation showed no negative effects on bone formation and in-growth, and no adverse effects such as fibrotic or sclerotic encapsulation. The degradation rate did not significantly differ between the two growing-animal models, and both showed slow and homogeneous degradation performance. Our conclusion is that small animal models may be sufficient to investigate degradation rates and provide preliminary evidence on bone formation and in-growth of implant materials in a growing-animal model. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The safety of implant material is of the utmost importance, especially in children, who have enhanced bone turnover, more growth capacity and longer postoperative lifespans. Magnesium (Mg)-based implants have long been of great interest in pediatric orthopedic and trauma surgery, due to their good biocompatibility, biodegradability and biomechanics. In the study documented in this manuscript we investigated Mg-Zn-Ca implant material without rare-earth elements, and compared its outcome in a small and a large growing-animal model. In both models we observed bone formation and in-growth which featured no adverse effects such as fibrotic or sclerotic encapsulation, and slow homogeneous degradation performance of the Mg-based implant material.
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Zaretsky M, Roine E, Eichler J. Sialic Acid-Like Sugars in Archaea: Legionaminic Acid Biosynthesis in the Halophile Halorubrum sp. PV6. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2133. [PMID: 30245679 PMCID: PMC6137143 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a post-translational modification that occurs in all three domains. In Archaea, however, N-linked glycans present a degree of compositional diversity not observed in either Eukarya or Bacteria. As such, it is surprising that nonulosonic acids (NulOs), nine-carbon sugars that include sialic acids, pseudaminic acids, and legionaminic acids, are routinely detected as components of protein-linked glycans in Eukarya and Bacteria but not in Archaea. In the following, we report that the N-linked glycan attached to the S-layer glycoprotein of the haloarchaea Halorubrum sp. PV6 includes an N-formylated legionaminic acid. Analysis of the Halorubrum sp. PV6 genome led to the identification of sequences predicted to comprise the legionaminic acid biosynthesis pathway. The transcription of pathway genes was confirmed, as was the co-transcription of several of these genes. In addition, the activities of LegI, which catalyzes the condensation of 2,4-di-N-acetyl-6-deoxymannose and phosphoenolpyruvate to generate legionaminic acid, and LegF, which catalyzes the addition of cytidine monophosphate (CMP) to legionaminic acid, both heterologously expressed in Haloferax volcanii, were demonstrated. Further genome analysis predicts that the genes encoding enzymes of the legionaminic acid biosynthetic pathway are clustered together with sequences seemingly encoding components of the N-glycosylation pathway in this organism. In defining the first example of a legionaminic acid biosynthesis pathway in Archaea, the findings reported here expand our insight into archaeal N-glycosylation, an almost universal post-translational modification in this domain of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Zaretsky
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Elina Roine
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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Shalev Y, Soucy SM, Papke RT, Gogarten JP, Eichler J, Gophna U. Comparative Analysis of Surface Layer Glycoproteins and Genes Involved in Protein Glycosylation in the Genus Haloferax. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9030172. [PMID: 29558455 PMCID: PMC5867893 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the Haloferax genus, both the surface (S)-layer protein, and the glycans that can decorate it, vary between species, which can potentially result in many different surface types, analogous to bacterial serotypes. This variation may mediate phenotypes, such as sensitivity to different viruses and mating preferences. Here, we describe S-layer glycoproteins found in multiple Haloferax strains and perform comparative genomics analyses of major and alternative glycosylation clusters of isolates from two coastal sites. We analyze the phylogeny of individual glycosylation genes and demonstrate that while the major glycosylation cluster tends to be conserved among closely related strains, the alternative cluster is highly variable. Thus, geographically- and genetically-related strains may exhibit diverse surface structures to such an extent that no two isolates present an identical surface profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarden Shalev
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Shannon M Soucy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - R Thane Papke
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - J Peter Gogarten
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Uri Gophna
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Eichler J, Imperiali B. Stereochemical Divergence of Polyprenol Phosphate Glycosyltransferases. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 43:10-17. [PMID: 29183665 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the three domains of life, lipid-linked glycans contribute to various cellular processes ranging from protein glycosylation to glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis to peptidoglycan assembly. In generating many of these glycoconjugates, phosphorylated polyprenol-based lipids are charged with single sugars by polyprenol phosphate glycosyltransferases. The resultant substrates serve as glycosyltransferase donors, complementing the more common nucleoside diphosphate sugars. It had been accepted that these polyprenol phosphate glycosyltransferases acted similarly, given their considerable sequence homology. Recent findings, however, suggest that matters may not be so simple. In this Opinion we propose that the stereochemistry of sugar addition by polyprenol phosphate glycosyltransferases is not conserved across evolution, even though the GT-A fold that characterizes such enzymes is omnipresent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel.
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Godin N, Eichler J. The Mitochondrial Protein Atlas: A Database of Experimentally Verified Information on the Human Mitochondrial Proteome. J Comput Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2017.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noa Godin
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
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Elharar Y, Podilapu AR, Guan Z, Kulkarni SS, Eichler J. Assembling Glycan-Charged Dolichol Phosphates: Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of a Haloferax volcanii N-Glycosylation Pathway Intermediate. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2461-2470. [PMID: 28809486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation, the covalent attachment of glycans to select protein target Asn residues, is a post-translational modification performed by all three domains of life. In the halophilic archaea Haloferax volcanii, in which understanding of this universal protein-processing event is relatively well-advanced, genes encoding the components of the archaeal glycosylation (Agl) pathway responsible for the assembly and attachment of an N-linked pentasaccharide have been identified. As elsewhere, the N-linked glycan is assembled on phosphodolichol carriers before transfer to target Asn residues. However, as little is presently known of the Hfx. volcanii Agl pathway at the protein level, the seemingly unique ability of Archaea to use dolichol phosphate (DolP) as the glycan lipid carrier, rather than dolichol pyrophosphate used by eukaryotes, remains poorly understood. With this in mind, a chemoenzymatic approach was taken to biochemically study AglG, one of the five glycosyltransferases of the pathway. Accordingly, a novel regio- and stereoselective reduction of naturally isolated polyprenol gave facile access to S-dolichol via asymmetric transfer hydrogenation under very mild conditions. This compound was used to generate glucose-charged DolP, a precursor of the N-linked pentasaccharide, as well as DolP-glucose-glucuronic acid and DolP-glucuronic acid. AglG, purified from Hfx. volcanii membranes in hypersaline conditions, like those encountered in situ, was subsequently combined with uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronic acid and DolP-glucose to yield DolP-glucose-glucuronic acid. The in vitro system for the study of AglG activity developed here represents the first such tool for studying halophilic glycosyltransferases and will allow for a detailed understanding of archaeal N-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Elharar
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beersheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ananda Rao Podilapu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beersheva 8410501, Israel
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Shalev Y, Turgeman-Grott I, Tamir A, Eichler J, Gophna U. Cell Surface Glycosylation Is Required for Efficient Mating of Haloferax volcanii. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1253. [PMID: 28725221 PMCID: PMC5496957 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Halophilic archaea use a fusion-based mating system for lateral gene transfer across cells, yet the molecular mechanisms involved remain unknown. Previous work implied that cell fusion involves cell-cell recognition since fusion occurs more efficiently between cells from the same species. Long believed to be restricted only to Eukarya, it is now known that cells of all three domains of life perform N-glycosylation, the covalent attachment of glycans to select target asparagine residues in proteins, and that this post-translational modification is common for archaeal cell surface proteins. Here, we show that differences in glycosylation of the Haloferax volcanii surface-layer glycoprotein, brought about either by changing medium salinity or by knocking out key glycosylation genes, reduced mating success. Thus, different glycosylation patterns are likely to underlie mating preference in halophilic archaea, contributing to speciation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarden Shalev
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Israela Turgeman-Grott
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Tamir
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeersheva, Israel
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeersheva, Israel
| | - Uri Gophna
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
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Eichler J, Koomey M. Sweet New Roles for Protein Glycosylation in Prokaryotes. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:662-672. [PMID: 28341406 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Long-held to be a post-translational modification unique to Eukarya, it is now clear that both Bacteria and Archaea also perform protein glycosylation, namely the covalent attachment of mono- to polysaccharides to specific protein targets. At the same time, many of the roles assigned to this protein-processing event in eukaryotes, such as guiding protein folding/quality control, intracellular trafficking, dictating cellular recognition events and others, do not apply or are even irrelevant to prokaryotes. As such, protein glycosylation must serve novel functions in Bacteria and Archaea. Recent efforts have begun to elucidate some of these prokaryote-specific roles, which are addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Michael Koomey
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Eichler J, Guan Z. Lipid sugar carriers at the extremes: The phosphodolichols Archaea use in N-glycosylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:589-599. [PMID: 28330764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation, a post-translational modification whereby glycans are covalently linked to select Asn residues of target proteins, occurs in all three domains of life. Across evolution, the N-linked glycans are initially assembled on phosphorylated cytoplasmically-oriented polyisoprenoids, with polyprenol (mainly C55 undecaprenol) fulfilling this role in Bacteria and dolichol assuming this function in Eukarya and Archaea. The eukaryal and archaeal versions of dolichol can, however, be distinguished on the basis of their length, degree of saturation and by other traits. As is true for many facets of their biology, Archaea, best known in their capacity as extremophiles, present unique approaches for synthesizing phosphodolichols. At the same time, general insight into the assembly and processing of glycan-bearing phosphodolichols has come from studies of the archaeal enzymes responsible. In this review, these and other aspects of archaeal phosphodolichol biology are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva 84105, Israel.
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Guan Z, Delago A, Nußbaum P, Meyer B, Albers SV, Eichler J. N-glycosylation in the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius involves a short dolichol pyrophosphate carrier. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3168-78. [PMID: 27490243 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a post-translational modification that occurs across evolution. In the thermoacidophilic archaea Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, glycoproteins are modified by an N-linked tribranched hexasaccharide reminiscent of the N-glycans assembled in Eukarya. Previously, hexose-bearing dolichol phosphate was detected in a S. acidocaldarius Bligh-Dyer lipid extract. Here, we used a specialized protocol for extracting lipid-linked oligosaccharides to detect a dolichol pyrophosphate bearing the intact hexasaccharide, as well as its biosynthetic intermediates. Furthermore, evidence for N-glycosylation of two S. acidocaldarius proteins by the same hexasaccharide and its derivatives was collected. These findings thus provide novel insight into archaeal N-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Antonia Delago
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Phillip Nußbaum
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute for Biology II-Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Meyer
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute for Biology II-Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonja-Verena Albers
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Institute for Biology II-Microbiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel.
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Kandiba L, Lin CW, Aebi M, Eichler J, Guerardel Y. Structural characterization of the N-linked pentasaccharide decorating glycoproteins of the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii. Glycobiology 2016; 26:745-756. [PMID: 26863921 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Glycosylation is a post-translational modification performed in all three domains of life. In the halophilic archaea Haloferax volcanii, glycoproteins such as the S-layer glycoprotein are modified by an N-linked pentasaccharide assembled by a series of Agl (archaeal glycosylation) proteins. In the present study, mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to define the structure of this glycan attached to at least four of the seven putative S-layer glycoprotein N-glycosylation sites, namely Asn-13, Asn-83, Asn-274 and Asn-279. Such approaches detected a trisaccharide corresponding to glucuronic acid (GlcA)-β1,4-GlcA-β1,4-glucose-β1-Asn, a tetrasaccharide corresponding to methyl-O-4-GlcA-β-1,4-galacturonic acid-α1,4-GlcA-β1,4-glucose-β1-Asn, and a pentasaccharide corresponding to hexose-1,2-[methyl-O-4-]GlcA-β-1,4-galacturonic acid-α1,4-GlcA-β1,4-glucose-β1-Asn, with previous MS and radiolabeling experiments showing the hexose at the non-reducing end of the pentasaccharide to be mannose. The present analysis thus corrects the earlier assignment of the penultimate sugar as a methyl ester of a hexuronic acid, instead revealing this sugar to be a methylated GlcA. The assignments made here are in good agreement with what was already known of the Hfx. volcanii N-glycosylation pathway from previous genetic and biochemical efforts while providing new insight into the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Kandiba
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beersheva 84105, Israel
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Aebi
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, Beersheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yann Guerardel
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France
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Meischel M, Eichler J, Martinelli E, Karr U, Weigel J, Schmöller G, Tschegg E, Fischerauer S, Weinberg A, Stanzl-Tschegg S. Adhesive strength of bone-implant interfaces and in-vivo degradation of PHB composites for load-bearing applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 53:104-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chang MM, Imperiali B, Eichler J, Guan Z. N-Linked Glycans Are Assembled on Highly Reduced Dolichol Phosphate Carriers in the Hyperthermophilic Archaea Pyrococcus furiosus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130482. [PMID: 26098850 PMCID: PMC4476749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In all three domains of life, N-glycosylation begins with the assembly of glycans on phosphorylated polyisoprenoid carriers. Like eukaryotes, archaea also utilize phosphorylated dolichol for this role, yet whereas the assembled oligosaccharide is transferred to target proteins from dolichol pyrophosphate in eukaryotes, archaeal N-linked glycans characterized to date are derived from a dolichol monophosphate carrier, apart from a single example. In this study, glycan-charged dolichol phosphate from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus was identified and structurally characterized. Normal and reverse phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed the existence of dolichol phosphate charged with the heptasaccharide recently described in in vitro studies of N-glycosylation on this species. As with other described archaeal dolichol phosphates, the α- and ω-terminal isoprene subunits of the P. furiosus lipid are saturated, in contrast to eukaryal phosphodolichols that present only a saturated α-position isoprene subunit. Interestingly, an additional 1-4 of the 12-14 isoprene subunits comprising P. furiosus dolichol phosphate are saturated, making this lipid not only the longest archaeal dolichol phosphate described to date but also the most highly saturated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Chang
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beersheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Eichler J, Stephan G. The effect of plasma substitutes on coagulation. Bibl Haematol 2015; 33:452-6. [PMID: 5377194 DOI: 10.1159/000384867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kandiba L, Eichler J. Deciphering a pathway of Halobacterium salinarum N-glycosylation. Microbiologyopen 2014; 4:28-40. [PMID: 25461760 PMCID: PMC4335974 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic analysis points to N-glycosylation as being a common posttranslational modification in Archaea. To date, however, pathways of archaeal N-glycosylation have only been described for few species. With this in mind, the similarities of N-linked glycans decorating glycoproteins in the haloarchaea Haloferax volcanii and Halobacterium salinarum directed a series of bioinformatics, genetic, and biochemical experiments designed to describe that Hbt. salinarum pathway responsible for biogenesis of one of the two N-linked oligosaccharides described in this species. As in Hfx. volcanii, where agl (archaeal glycosylation) genes that encode proteins responsible for the assembly and attachment of a pentasaccharide to target protein Asn residues are clustered in the genome, Hbt. salinarum also contains a group of clustered homologous genes (VNG1048G-VNG1068G). Introduction of these Hbt. salinarum genes into Hfx. volcanii mutant strains deleted of the homologous sequence restored the lost activity. Moreover, transcription of the Hbt. salinarum genes in the native host, as well as in vitro biochemical confirmation of the predicted functions of several of the products of these genes provided further support for assignments made following bioinformatics and genetic experiments. Based on the results obtained in this study, the first description of an N-glycosylation pathway in Hbt. salinarum is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Kandiba
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
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Kandiba L, Eichler J. Archaeal S-layer glycoproteins: post-translational modification in the face of extremes. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:661. [PMID: 25505464 PMCID: PMC4245038 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corresponding to the sole or basic component of the surface (S)-layer surrounding the archaeal cell in most known cases, S-layer glycoproteins are in direct contact with the harsh environments that characterize niches where Archaea can thrive. Accordingly, early work examining archaeal S-layer glycoproteins focused on identifying those properties that allow members of this group of proteins to maintain their structural integrity in the face of extremes of temperature, pH, and salinity, as well as other physical challenges. However, with expansion of the list of archaeal strains serving as model systems, as well as growth in the number of molecular tools available for the manipulation of these strains, studies on archaeal S-layer glycoproteins are currently more likely to consider the various post-translational modifications these polypeptides undergo. For instance, archaeal S-layer glycoproteins can undergo proteolytic cleavage, both N- and O-glycosylation, lipid-modification and oligomerization. In this mini-review, recent findings related to the post-translational modification of archaeal S-layer glycoproteins are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Kandiba
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beersheva, Israel
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beersheva, Israel
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Godin N, Eichler J. aglgenes, A curated and searchable database of archaeal N-glycosylation pathway components. Database (Oxford) 2014; 2014:bau046. [PMID: 24890856 PMCID: PMC4207220 DOI: 10.1093/database/bau046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Whereas N-glycosylation is a posttranslational modification performed across evolution, the archaeal version of this protein-processing event presents a degree of diversity not seen in either bacteria or eukarya. Accordingly, archaeal N-glycosylation relies on a large number of enzymes that are often species-specific or restricted to a select group of species. As such, there is a need for an organized platform upon which amassing information about archaeal glycosylation (agl) genes can rest. Accordingly, the aglgenes database provides detailed descriptions of experimentally characterized archaeal N-glycosyation pathway components. For each agl gene, genomic information, supporting literature and relevant external links are provided at a functional intuitive web-interface designed for data browsing. Routine updates ensure that novel experimental information on genes and proteins contributing to archaeal N-glycosylation is incorporated into aglgenes in a timely manner. As such, aglgenes represents a specialized resource for sharing validated experimental information online, providing support for workers in the field of archaeal protein glycosylation. Database URL:www.bgu.ac.il/aglgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Godin
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beersheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beersheva 84105, Israel
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Salmassi A, Eichler J, Herz CP, Schnabel W. Evidence for Triplet Exciplex Formation in the Reaction of Amines with 1 -Pheny l-2-acetoxy-2-methy 1-propanone-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/zna-1980-1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
1-Phenyl-2-acetoxy-2-methylpropanone-1 has been irradiated with 25ns flashes of 347 nm light in benzene or cyclohexane solution. Absorption measurements yielded the following: at the end of the flash the triplet-triplet spectrum was observed (triplet decay rate constant: kT = (3.0 ±0.2) 105 s-1). In the presence of aliphatic amines (e.g. triethanol amine) radicals were formed much more slowly than triplets disappeared, as clearly indicated by spectral changes at wave lengths between 330 and 380 nm. The radical precursor thus evidenced is presumed to be an exciplex. Rate constants: kT + amine: (1.2 + 0.2) 109 l/mol s; kexciplex: (9± 1) 106 s-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Salmassi
- Hahn-Meitner-Institut für Kernforschung Berlin GmbH, Bereich Strahlenchemie und E. Merck, Zentrallaboratorium Industriechemikalien, Abt. Forschung
- Hahn-Meitner-Institut für Kernforschung Berlin GmbH, Bereich Strahlenchemie, D-1000 Berlin 39, Postfach
| | - J. Eichler
- Hahn-Meitner-Institut für Kernforschung Berlin GmbH, Bereich Strahlenchemie und E. Merck, Zentrallaboratorium Industriechemikalien, Abt. Forschung
- E. Merck, Zentrallaboratorium Industriechemikalien, Abt. Forschung. Frankfurter Str. 250, D-G100 Darmstadt
| | - C. P. Herz
- Hahn-Meitner-Institut für Kernforschung Berlin GmbH, Bereich Strahlenchemie und E. Merck, Zentrallaboratorium Industriechemikalien, Abt. Forschung
- E. Merck, Zentrallaboratorium Industriechemikalien, Abt. Forschung. Frankfurter Str. 250, D-G100 Darmstadt
| | - W. Schnabel
- Hahn-Meitner-Institut für Kernforschung Berlin GmbH, Bereich Strahlenchemie und E. Merck, Zentrallaboratorium Industriechemikalien, Abt. Forschung
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Abstract
Abstract
Elastic differential cross sections for scattering of photons with 145 keV and 317 keV were measured for Pb, W, Sn, Cd, Ag, Mo and Cu for angles from 5° to 40°. For measuring the strong energy dependence of the cross section at small angles, a well collimated beam (±0,5°) and a small detecting solid angle were used. For the energies and angles studied, agreement between experiment and form factor calculations is found. The results are compared with recent measurements of other authors, which found disagreement with form factor calculations
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Affiliation(s)
- S. de Barros
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - J. Eichler
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Gonçalves
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - M. Gaspar
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Abstract
Resonance scattering on Ba+-ions of the 4554 Å-line (6 2P3/2—6 2S1/2) of the Ba II-spectrum was observed at various magnetic fields. Measuring the change of polarisation degree (HANLE effect) the lifetime of the 6 2P3/2-term was deduced to be (0.70 ± 0.06) × 10-8 sec.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Bucka
- Institut für Kernphysik der Technischen Universität Berlin
| | - J. Eichler
- Institut für Kernphysik der Technischen Universität Berlin
| | - G. v. Oppen
- Institut für Kernphysik der Technischen Universität Berlin
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Jarrell KF, Ding Y, Meyer BH, Albers SV, Kaminski L, Eichler J. N-linked glycosylation in Archaea: a structural, functional, and genetic analysis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2014; 78:304-41. [PMID: 24847024 PMCID: PMC4054257 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00052-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation of proteins is one of the most prevalent posttranslational modifications in nature. Accordingly, a pathway with shared commonalities is found in all three domains of life. While excellent model systems have been developed for studying N-glycosylation in both Eukarya and Bacteria, an understanding of this process in Archaea was hampered until recently by a lack of effective molecular tools. However, within the last decade, impressive advances in the study of the archaeal version of this important pathway have been made for halophiles, methanogens, and thermoacidophiles, combining glycan structural information obtained by mass spectrometry with bioinformatic, genetic, biochemical, and enzymatic data. These studies reveal both features shared with the eukaryal and bacterial domains and novel archaeon-specific aspects. Unique features of N-glycosylation in Archaea include the presence of unusual dolichol lipid carriers, the use of a variety of linking sugars that connect the glycan to proteins, the presence of novel sugars as glycan constituents, the presence of two very different N-linked glycans attached to the same protein, and the ability to vary the N-glycan composition under different growth conditions. These advances are the focus of this review, with an emphasis on N-glycosylation pathways in Haloferax, Methanococcus, and Sulfolobus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken F Jarrell
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin H Meyer
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sonja-Verena Albers
- Molecular Biology of Archaea, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lina Kaminski
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beersheva, Israel
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Eichler J, Arbiv A, Cohen-Rosenzweig C, Kaminski L, Kandiba L, Konrad Z. N-glycosylation in Haloferax volcanii: adjusting the sweetness. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:403. [PMID: 24399998 PMCID: PMC3871713 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Long believed to be restricted to Eukarya, it is now known that cells of all three domains of life perform N-glycosylation, the covalent attachment of glycans to select target protein asparagine residues. Still, it is only in the last decade that pathways of N-glycosylation in Archaea have been delineated. In the haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii, a series of Agl (archaeal glycosylation) proteins is responsible for the addition of an N-linked pentasaccharide to modified proteins, including the surface (S)-layer glycoprotein, the sole component of the surface layer surrounding the cell. The S-layer glycoprotein N-linked glycosylation profile changes, however, as a function of surrounding salinity. Upon growth at different salt concentrations, the S-layer glycoprotein is either decorated by the N-linked pentasaccharide introduced above or by both this pentasaccharide as well as a tetrasaccharide of distinct composition. Recent efforts have identified Agl5–Agl15 as components of a second Hfx. volcanii N-glycosylation pathway responsible for generating the tetrasaccharide attached to S-layer glycoprotein when growth occurs in 1.75 M but not 3.4 M NaCl-containing medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beersheva, Israel
| | - Adi Arbiv
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beersheva, Israel
| | | | - Lina Kaminski
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beersheva, Israel
| | - Lina Kandiba
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beersheva, Israel
| | - Zvia Konrad
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beersheva, Israel
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